281:, and in 2006 in all of Canada, 13,030 farms occupying 2,316,566ha were counted by Statistics Canada. The same study of metayage found 2,489 farms covering 130,873ha in Ontario. The system was useful in Quebec for most agricultural properties at least as far back as the year 1800, and is still tracked statistically by value in Quebec as "loyer en espèces et à la part - agriculture". It appears to benefit from favourable tax treatment in Canada, where it is known as "sharecropping". In forestry metayage is the subject of a Government of Canada infosheet, and socio-economic report, and has been the subject in Quebec of recent scholarly research.
31:
1085:
176:, or halving - the halving, that is, of the produce of the soil between landowner and land-holder. Halving didn't imply equal amounts of the produce but rather division according to agreement. The produce was divisible in certain definite proportions, which obviously must have varied with the varying fertility of the soil and other circumstances and did in practice vary so much that the
219:, which consisted of letting a sizeable farm not to one métayer but to an association of several who would work together for the general good under the supervision of either the landlord or his bailiff. This arrangement got past the difficulty of finding tenants having sufficient capital and labour to run the larger farms.
180:'s share was sometimes as much as two-thirds, sometimes as little as one-third. Sometimes the landlord supplied all the stock, sometimes only part - the cattle and seed perhaps, while the farmer provided the implements; or perhaps only half the seed and half the cattle, the farmer finding the other halves. Thus the
304:
share to be divided between himself and his landlord and instead be encouraged to defraud the latter part of his rightful share. This was partly due to the métayer's relative state of destitution and with the fixed duration of his tenure - without which the metayage could not prosper. French metayers, in
191:
In the 18th
Century, métayage agreements began to give way to agreements to share profits from the sale of the crops and to straight tenant farming, although the practice in its original form could still be found in isolated communities until the early 20th Century. By 1929, there were still 200,000
303:
were paid by the métayer with the noble landowner being exempt. With the taxes being assessed according to the visible produce of the soil, they operated as penalties upon productiveness. Under this system, a métayer could fancy that his interest lay less in exerting himself to augment the total
114:, where burgeoning prosperity encouraged large-scale vineyard planting, similar to what the ancient Romans had accomplished using slave labor. The hyperinflation that followed the influx of Incan-American gold made Métayage preferable to cash tenancy and wage labour for both parties. Called
98:
population explosion of the late Middle Ages, combined with the relative lack of free land, made métayage an attractive system for both landowner and farmer. Once institutionalized, it continued into the 18th
Century, although the base causes had been relieved by emigration to the
258:. Métayage was used in French colonies, particularly after the demise of slavery. Also, because of its utility métayage spread to nearby British colonies such as Nevis, St. Lucia and Tobago. It still occurs in former French possessions, particularly in
91:, although it was not in widespread use. It proved useful after the emancipation of Roman slaves as the newly freed peasants had no land or cash (the same phenomenon happened in Brazil and the US when slavery was banned).
900:
937:
statcan.gc.ca: "Mode d'occupation, 2006: Tableau 4.5-5 - Mode d'occupation déclaré des terres possédées, louées, en métayage ou utilisées sous d'autres arrangements - Superficie en métayage, année de recensement
1000:
nrcan.gc.ca: "La ferme forestière en métayage. 2004. Masse, S. Ressources naturelles Canada, Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des
Laurentides, Québec, QC. L’éclaircie No. 11. 2 p."
901:"Le métayage d'élevage au Mexique : colonisations foncières et dynamiques d'une institution agraire dans l'histoire contemporaine" (H. Cochet, Eric Léonard, Bernard Tallet)
1011:"La viabilité socio-économique de la ferme forestière en métayage" (Masse, S: Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Natural Resources Canada)
959:
315:
wrote 'Le théâtre de l'agriculture' which recommends Métayage as cash tenants took all the risks so would demand lower rent while hired labour was expensive to manage.
319:
expressed dissatisfaction in 1819 with the institution of métayage because it reinforced the poverty of the peasants and prevented any social or cultural development.
146:
would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the
634:
204:
began to be applied to the old practice of sharing-out the actual crop, while métayage was used for the sharing-out of the proceeds from the sale of the crops.
1022:
ulaval.ca: "Des fermes forestières en métayage sur le territoire public québécois. Vers un outil d'évaluation pour les communautés" (Roy, ME: MSc thesis, 2006)
1105:
1100:
877:"irec.net: "Le metayage agricole comme l'un des moyens de la protection des ressources naturelles de kahuzi biega" (Ntamwira Kasigwa: thesis, 2000)"
308:'s time, were "removable at pleasure, and obliged to conform in all things to the will of their landlords," and so in general they so remained.
922:
652:
322:
Although métayage and extreme rural poverty usually coincided, there were provinces in France and Italy (especially on the plains of
1073:
917:
837:
698:
709:
Land Tenure and
Political Tendency in Rural France: The Case of Sharecropping, S Sokoloff, European Studies Review, 1980, page 361
1057:
973:
316:
263:
725:
188:
was combined within métayage. Taxes were also frequently divided, being paid wholly by one or the other, or jointly by both.
1048:
The
Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France, Philip Hoffman, The Journal of Economic History 1984, page 312
876:
267:
157:
In the eighteenth century c. 75% of leased lands in western, southern and central France were sharecropped. North of the
863:
Dynamics in Social
Service Delivery and the Rural Economy of Madagascar: Descriptive Results of the 2004 Commune Survey
817:
806:
795:
222:
In France, since 1983, these métayage and similar farming contracts have been regulated by Livre IV of the Rural Code.
1122:
1010:
631:
522:
50:
system is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of
154:
was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in
Switzerland.
30:
277:
is also applied to modern-day flexible cash leases at least in the nominally common law
Canadian province of
559:
238:, and survived there in places until the end of the nineteenth century. Similar systems formerly existed in
305:
128:) would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French
784:
Du Droit a l'Oisiveté et de l'Organisation du
Travail Servile Dans les Républiques Grecques et Romaine
255:
76:
848:
Marshall, W.K. (1965) “Métayage in the Sugar
Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865"
270:
as a means to protect the natural environment. In Mexico the system is used in animal husbandry.
39:
1062:
Nouveaux principes d'economie politique, ou de la Richesse dans ses rapports avec la population
1069:
1021:
920:
833:
694:
312:
915:
649:
192:
Métayers, farming 11% of French cultivated land (same % in 1892). It was most common in
492:
484:
479:
471:
437:
431:
372:
295:
290:
147:
573:
977:
936:
729:
691:
Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500-1900
656:
638:
578:
466:
458:
366:
517:
988:
948:
970:
293:
adopted a different tone. They judged it by its appearance in France, where under the
1116:
1096:
1091:
527:
345:
335:
193:
51:
741:
27:
Cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce
718:
340:
914:, Factsheet 812 (2001) Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Ontario accessed at
548:
999:
243:
107:
95:
880:
259:
209:
861:
75:, the origin of some place names in areas where the system was used, such as
1066:
New Principles of Political Economy of Wealth in Its Relation to Population
912:
Flexible Cash Lease Agreements/Contrats de métayage portant sur les cultures
185:
111:
100:
88:
35:
757:
742:
Art. L. 462-28, French National Assembly, Law No 2006-11 of January 5 2006
960:
bdso.gouv.qc.ca: "Databank of Official Statistics on Québec - Definitions"
771:
323:
239:
177:
162:
130:
120:
67:, whereby the rent is paid annually in banknotes. A farm operating under
17:
1109:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
289:
British writers were unanimous in condemning the métayage system, until
278:
200:(72% and 49% respectively). As the métayage practice changed, the term
62:
55:
818:
eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1444/2002 DE LA COMMISSION" 24 Jul 2002
807:
eur-lex.eu: "REGLEMENT (CE) No 1837/2001 DE LA COMMISSION" 10 Sep 2001
796:
eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1200/2009 DE LA COMMISSION" 30 Nov 2009
553:
251:
247:
235:
197:
971:"Énoncé de politique sur la TPS/TVH - Metayage" (P-253) 13 Jan 2009
632:
Excerpts from R. Dion’s “ Histoire de la Vigne et du Vin en France“
1090:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
231:
158:
830:
The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992: A Regional Geography
208:
was still practised in the French overseas departments, notably
94:
In what is now northern Italy and southeastern France, the post
405:
300:
402:
443:
417:
387:
381:
989:
cra-arc.gc.ca: "Revenus de location 2013" T4036(F) Rév. 13
449:
396:
1068:
by Richard Hyse, Transaction Publishers: London (1991).
1031:
1029:
230:
The system was once universal in certain provinces of
865:
International Labour organization (ILO), (April 2005)
786:
Chez Guillaumin et Ce, Libraires: Paris, pp. 258-261.
411:
375:
772:
D. Vassberg "Land and Society in Golden Age Castile"
440:
420:
384:
667:
Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres, page 18
446:
414:
390:
378:
54:. Another class of land tenancy in France is named
650:agrivalais.ch: "Contrat de métayage dans la vigne"
254:. It is tracked to this day in statistics of the
168:In Italy and France, respectively, it was called
832:Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 74.
34:Contract for metayage, papyrus, 35th year of
8:
949:biographi.ca: "DCB entry for ANTROBUS, JOHN"
693:State University of New York Press: Albany.
932:
930:
744:Journal officiel de la République Française
215:In France, there was also a system termed
142:would have ownership of the vines and the
782:Moreau-Christophe, Louis-Mathurin (1849)
678:Law and Life of Rome: 90 B.C. to A.D. 212
607:Law and Life of Rome: 90 B.C. to A.D. 212
721:Clicanoo, Journal de l'Ile de la Réunion
680:Cornell Univ. Press: Ithaca, NY. p. 158
609:Cornell Univ. Press: Ithaca, NY. p. 157
250:, and in the countries bordering on the
29:
509:
357:
266:the system is used in the vicinity of
491:
478:
465:
7:
212:, until 2006 when it was abolished.
326:) where the contrary was the case.
25:
1083:
436:
371:
622:pg 116. Simon and Schuster 1989
106:Métayage was used early in the
850:The Jamaican Historical Review
579:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
828:Richardson, Bonham C. (1992)
87:Métayage was available under
758:French Rural Code Livre IV
110:in northern France and the
1139:
620:Vintage: The Story of Wine
523:Collins English Dictionary
268:Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
596:Capitula CXXXVI - CXXXVII
919:with English version at
689:Shaffer, John W. (1982)
1106:Encyclopædia Britannica
1035:Cruveilhier, J. (1894)
719:"Le colonat partiaire"
560:Oxford University Press
118:, a laborer (in French
728:8 October 2007 at the
493:[meddzaˈdriːa]
488:
475:
462:
311:In 1600, the landlord
161:it was only common in
43:
1037:Étude sur le métayage
592:Cato, Marcus Porcius
556:UK English Dictionary
33:
1058:de Sismondi, Simonde
480:[meðjeˈɾi.a]
217:métayage par groupes
676:Crook, J.A. (1967)
605:Crook, J.A. (1967)
554:Oxford Dictionaries
317:Simonde de Sismondi
256:European Commission
83:Origin and function
77:Metairie, Louisiana
1123:Agricultural labor
976:2013-10-04 at the
746:of January 6, 2006
655:2012-12-24 at the
637:2007-09-27 at the
582:. Merriam-Webster.
182:instrumentum fundi
44:
467:[metɛjaʒ]
313:Olivier de Serres
206:Colonat partiaire
202:colonat partiaire
16:(Redirected from
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1101:Métayage System
1099:, ed. (1911). "
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40:26th Dynasty
760:Baux ruraux
723:15 May 2006
299:all direct
108:Middle Ages
96:Black Death
61: [
887:2014-04-09
574:"métayage"
549:"métayage"
518:"Metayage"
504:References
262:. In the
260:Madagascar
226:Localities
136:concedente
112:Rhinelands
533:March 23,
489:mezzadria
285:Criticism
273:The term
246:, and in
186:Roman Law
170:mezzadria
101:New World
89:Roman law
38:(533 BC,
36:Amasis II
18:Mezzadria
1117:Category
974:Archived
852:5:28-55.
726:Archived
653:Archived
635:Archived
476:mediería
463:métayage
330:See also
324:Lombardy
275:métayage
240:Portugal
178:landlord
174:métayage
163:Lorraine
152:Bailleur
144:bailleur
140:prendeur
131:bailleur
126:mezzadro
121:prendeur
116:complant
73:métairie
69:métayage
48:metayage
1094::
1060:(1819)
485:Italian
472:Spanish
279:Ontario
244:Castile
210:Réunion
138:). The
57:fermage
1088:
1072:
1039:Paris.
836:
697:
459:French
252:Danube
248:Greece
236:France
198:Allier
194:Landes
938:2006"
352:Notes
301:taxes
264:Congo
232:Italy
159:Loire
65:]
1070:ISBN
834:ISBN
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535:2019
234:and
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172:and
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