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was affected due to the physical revolts and creation of internal customs. As a regional trader over an extensive network, with 350 mules to carry trade-goods, he was in an excellent position to forge relationships with those he traded with and gather information about local conditions and concerns. As a person of mixed roots, he felt that he touched all of the injustices to his people firsthand. He came up with strategies and official applications to the authorities of Tinta
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Micaela fought against her executioners, until they finally subdued her and cut off her tongue. Her thin neck could not reach the winch, so they threw ties around her neck that pulled it from side to side to strangle her. They hit her with a club and ended up killing her with kicks in the stomach and breasts.
360:
In 1780, the channels of dialogue with the representatives of the
Spanish crown were exhausted, José Gabriel Condorcanqui started a movement against Spanish domination. It was supported by curacas linked to landowners from Cusco who were united against the new customs, Creoles, Indians and mestizos.
420:
Micaela
Bastidas fought against gender standards established by colonialism as a wife, a woman, and a member of an indigenous people who had been subjugated. The rigid bipolarity of the Spanish gender system treated her as a 'hypermasculine' individual and a gender transgressor in an effort to deal
387:
A true legion of Andean fighters, and Aymara worked together with
Micaela in the uprising, carried out strategies and gave support to the troops. Her goal was not only to let free her people from Spanish exploitation, but also to reestablish the role of indigenous women with their participation in
341:
men and women in a battle for independence as well as organizing supplies and recruiting forces. She was known as being a "superior strategist to Tupac Amaru II, and certainly more daring." In a joint attack against the
Spaniards, she encouraged Amaru to march on Cuzco quickly in order to surprise
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from his Jesuit education. He was the owner of large extensions of land and riches, having many roles of administration of their property. As a chief, he would mediate between the chief magistrate and indigenous people and their crime charges. As he prospered, he saw how the rest of the population
207:
or a priest) and Josefa
Puyucahua Sisa. Given her status as an illegitimate child perhaps either of a priest or a Black man, she was marginalized in the overwhelmingly indigenous Andean highlands. Micaela spoke Quechua better than Spanish. She was a devout Catholic, but had little formal schooling.
174:
and like him, suffered martyrdom of execution by the
Spaniards when the revolt failed. She was a very full partner in her husband's enterprises before the revolt, and "an exceptionally able leader of the rebellion." She has been described as the "celebrated wife of José Gabriel Condorcanqui Momento
416:
Her role in the revolt was important since women were usually seen as weak. "The female involvement shocked the
Spanish authorities because they were unable to bring up the customary gendered legal argument, which focused on the fragility and lack of education of women. The leading ladies of these
395:
On
November 18, 1780, the rebel army defeated the Spanish in the battle of Sangarará. Túpac Amaru sent a message to the peoples of Peru, calling on the Creoles to join the Indian cause: “Creoles, mestizos, zambos and Indians because we are all compatriots, as we were born in these lands and are of
379:
were prohibited from possessing firearms, therefore one of the biggest problems they faced was obtaining weapons. Micaela was in charge of supplying the troops, which included obtaining and distributing money, food, clothing and weapons. She issued the safe-conducts to facilitate the movement of
202:
Daughter of Josefa
Puyucahua and Manuel Bastidas. The documentation on the life of Micaela Bastidas is not ample in comparison to that of her husband, but the historical record documents her birth, marriage, and death. Micaela was born in Pampamarca province of Canas (laqaymarca annexed iromocco
433:
to be executed one by one. His son Hipólito first had his tongue cut out, for having spoken against the
Spanish, and then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were forced to witness the death of their son, then they made her climb to the platform. In front of her husband and her son Fernando
412:
In the Andes, women were increasingly frequently involved in leading uprisings, particularly in the late eighteenth century. Several women became supporters of the camp in the rebel forces, but other women "functioned as soldiers and even military commanders." Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua, was a
399:
In March 1781 the army of Túpac Amaru had seven thousand men and women willing to fight to the death against the Spanish crown, who proclaimed Túpac Amaru II as Emperor of America.In testimonies of the time it is Micaela appeared as the main strategist through political tasks, military and
391:
These women also participated in the battle, along with their children and husbands. So did Micaela, who with her energetic character gave Túpac Amaru encouragement from the same battlefield. After the triumph of Sangarará, she was constituted as acting chief of the rebellion.
437:
Then they took Túpac Amaru to the center of the plaza, who was also subjected to a dreadful death. Both were dismembered and their parts sent to different towns in the region to be exhibited in public squares, warning the inhabitants of the consequences of rebelling.
421:
with her as a female subject with agency, despite the fact as a woman, she was not supposed to have any subjectivity or control. Consequently, she received an unavoidable punishment, given to her as she was a male criminal who dared to oppose colonial forces.
333:
The marriage was a happy one and a full partnership. An important series of letters in Spanish exchanged between them during the early period of the rebellion include endearments and pet names for each other, as well as concerns about the other's safety.
388:
social life and politics, a tradition that the colonial system tried to abolish by making them victims of all kinds of abuses. There were women leaders within the movement Cecilia Túpac Amaru and Tomasa Tito Condemayta, chief of Acos, and many others.
380:
those who traveled through wide territories. She was in charge of the indigenous rearguard, demonstrating diligence and ability, implementing security measures and fighting espionage. She implemented an efficient communications system, organizing a
417:
uprisings were considered as overly assertive, even masculine, and as a result, they suffered the same severe penalties as the men. In numerous instances, colonial officials even publicly assassinated the women, displaying their heads and limbs."
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In 1976 the Peruvian government declared the law N° 21705, which exposes the importance of historical importance the celebration of the Bicentennial of the Emancipatory Rebellion of Túpac Amaru and Micaela Bastidas.
500:
208:
An account describes her as being "a beautiful Indian girl." It is unclear whether she was of African descent, since virtually nothing is known about her father, but some documents refer to her as a
349:
by the Spanish very painfully on May 18, 1781, at 36 years of age. The Spanish attempted to use a hand-cranked garrote on her that had been designed for the occasion and first used on fellow rebel
484:
307:
so that indigenous people were freed from obligatory work in the mines and exonerated from compliance with forced labor. He usually met with negativity and indifference, but began to develop a
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413:
commander; she was called by the local rulers Señora Gobernadora, La Coya, or La Reina. Using these names reveals an indigenous parallel-gender pondering in its late imperialism expression.
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them and take advantage of their weakened city guard. However, Amaru held off which allowed the Spaniards to bring in reinforcements and capture Bastidas, Amaru, and many of their soldiers.
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community of Pabellones, of the district of Pampamarca, of the province of Canas in 1744). She was the natural daughter of Manuel Bastidas (d. 1746) (perhaps of
1399:
920:"CVC. Rinconete. Cultura y tradiciones. Heroínas de las independencias latinoamericanas (7). Micaela Bastidas (Perú, 1744-1781), por Concepción Bados Ciria"
372:. The local commander of Spanish rule, Antonio de Arriaga, was taken prisoner and was later hanged. The rebels established their headquarters in Tungasuca.
1404:
353:, but because her neck was so slender she was instead strangled with a rope. Her son Hipólito was also executed by the Spanish, both of them in front of
1444:
400:
administrative and main advisor to the leader. With her solid principles, clarity of thought and high intuition, became the sixth sense of rebellion.
996:
224:), but there was considerable fluidity in the system of racial classification, and such a designation may have been a "sign of respectability."
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On November 4, 1780 Túpac Amaru II presented the first cry for freedom and issued an independence proclamation. This was the beginning of the
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1378:
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271:. The couple produced three sons, Hipólito (1761), Mariano (1762), and Fernando (1768), baptized by the same priest that married them.
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1429:
1362:
Herrera Cuntti, Arístides (2004, 2006). Divagaciones históricas en la web. Chincha, Perú: AHC Ediciones Perú (RUC N° 10078391575).
1131:[Micaela Bastidas and the heroines of the Independence of Peru]. In Cuartero, Izaskun Alvarez; Gómez, Julio Sánchez (eds.).
1373:
Herrera Cuntti, Arístides (2004, 2006). Divagaciones históricas en la web. Chincha, Perú: AHC Ediciones Perú (RUC N° 10078391575).
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Schmidt, Ella (July 2016). "History as Narration: Resistance and Subaltern Subjectivity in Micaela Bastidas' 'Confession'".
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369:
109:
326:, and people of mixed races, while guiding the independence of the territory and commerce from the decisions of the
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Maren (Túpac Amaru II)... who played a paramount role in the logistics of the rebel army in Cuzco in 1780 and 1781.
1314:
Collection of works and documents related to the ancient and modern history of the provinces of the Rio de la Plata
674:
Guardia, Sara Beatriz, "Reconociendo las huellas: Micaela Bastidas y las heroinas de la independencia del Perú" in
256:
227:
On May 25, 1760, before her sixteenth birthday, Micaela married José Gabriel Condorcanqui, who later used the name
53:
1102:
267:. The title and perquisites of power were hereditary. He fixed his residency with Micaela in Tinta, a region of
1310:
Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las provincias del Rio de la Plata
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After that she was captured in a failed uprising. She had joined her spouse in leading the rebellion, leading
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663:
Mártires y heroinas (documentos inéditos del año de 1780 a 1782). Lima: Imprenta D. Miranda 1945, pp. 18-42
640:
Micaela Bastidas en la historia, literatura y cultura peruana: Analisis de sus reconfiguraciones discursivas
1195:
Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America's Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present
651:
430:
350:
73:
645:
Micaela Bastidas in Peruvian History, Literature and Culture: Analysis of Her Discursive Reconfigurations
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The whole event was, of course, an inspiration to be continued in Spanish American wars of independence.
1271:"De Micaela Bastidas a Magda Portal: recuperaciones crítico-literarias de las independentistas del Perú"
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service on horseback that quickly carried information from one point to another in the rebel territory.
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1414:
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1273:[Micaela Bastidas to Magda Portal: recoveries critical-literary of the separatists of Peru].
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220:, African and indigenous. Her marriage certificate listed her parents as both being "Spaniards" (
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At that time, he chose the name of Túpac Amaru II for himself, in honor of his ancestor the last
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The Plebeian Republic: The Huant Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850
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Campbell, Leon G. (1985). "Women and the Great Rebellion in Peru, 1780-1783".
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Visions and revisions of American independence: subalternity and independence
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The World of Tupac Amaru: Conflict, Community and Identity in Colonial Peru
235:. José Gabriel was a young mixed-race descendant of an important figure in
1139:] (in Spanish). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 153–174.
759:, Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2014, p. 21
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Leader of a large Andean uprising against the Spanish in Peru (1738–1781)
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Virgen del Carmen with donors, also known as Túpac Amaru II and family.
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1061:"El Dia del Pueblo - Mujeres ejemplares del Perú: MICAELA BASTIDAS"
699:. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2014.
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in front of the Spanish crown, in Micaela Bastidas Square, Abancay
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José Gabriel had received a privileged education in the school of
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The Tupac Amaru and Catarista Rebellions: An Anthology of Sources
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at a school for the sons of indigenous lords. He spoke and wrote
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1129:"Micaela Bastidas y las heroínas de la Independencia del Perú"
357:, who himself was then quartered and beheaded by the Spanish.
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I, executed by the Spanish in 1572. In 1764, he was named the
195:
Effigy of Micaela Bastidas in the Panteón de los Próceres in
871:
Uglow, Jennifer; Maggy Hendry (1999). Frances Hinton (ed.).
231:, in the church of Our Lady of Purification in the city of
526:
in the center of Micaela Bastidas Square, Abancay Province
811:. London: John Murray 1862, pp. 135-36 cited in Walker,
604:"The Army of Peru and the Túpac Amaru Revolt, 1780-1783"
1316:] (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Imprenta del estado.
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A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
859:
Colección Documental del de la Independencia del Perú
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969:"Bastidas, Micaela (1745–1781) | Encyclopedia.com"
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255:of the territories corresponding with his legacy:
1337:República, Subgerencia Cultural del Banco de la.
1103:"Túpac Amaru, padre de la emancipación americana"
944:"Revista El Cóndor Agosto 2017 Parlamento Andino"
772:. Durham: Duke University Press 2005, pp. 174-75.
676:Las mujeres en la independencia de América Latina
875:The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography
857:, p. 99. Walker cites letters published in the
692:. 2 vols. Cuzco: Municipalidad del Qosqo 1995.
678:, ed. Sara Beatriz Guardia. Lima: CEMHAL 2010.
671:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1999.
8:
658:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1966.
1339:"La Red Cultural del Banco de la República"
1269:Valero Juan, Eva María (15 December 2009).
29:
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721:"Micaela Bastidas. Un fulgor que no cesa"
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685:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing 2008.
429:On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the
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1400:Indigenous activists of the Americas
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719:Guardia, Sara Beatriz (2020-11-06).
681:Stavig, Ward and Ella Schmidt, eds.
637:Fernandez Dominguez, Renata (2005).
408:Importance in Peruvian Women History
608:Hispanic American Historical Review
602:Campbell, Leon G. (February 1976).
1405:Peruvian people of Quechua descent
1170:10.1093/oso/9780195123814.001.0001
170:, she led a rebellion against the
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1085:Valcárcel, Carlos Daniel (1973).
146:, May 18, 1781) was a pioneering
1445:18th-century executions by Spain
1197:. Oxford University Press, USA.
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166:independence. With her husband
1127:Guardia, Sara Beatriz (2012).
734:10.26439/lienzo.2020.n041.4931
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1425:Women in war in South America
1395:Women in 18th-century warfare
1277:(in Spanish) (13–14): 64–72.
656:The Last Inca Revolt, 1780-83
214:colonial-era racial hierarchy
1420:18th-century Peruvian people
1063:. 2014-07-25. Archived from
995:. 2017-11-11. Archived from
690:Túpac Amaru y sus compañeros
647:] (Thesis) (in Spanish).
1284:10.14198/AMESN2009.13-14.09
579:Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
370:rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
110:Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
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1308:Angelis, Pedro de (1836).
1088:La rebelión de Túpac Amaru
212:, a name given during the
136:Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua
42:Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua
855:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
842:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
829:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
813:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
809:Travels in Peru and India
796:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
783:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
757:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
697:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
506:Micaela Bastidas Park in
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1435:Peruvian revolutionaries
1430:Executed revolutionaries
621:10.1215/00182168-56.1.31
462:and her family, in Cusco
314:based on the defense of
1440:Executed Peruvian women
1323:2027/mdp.39015027990384
1193:Kellogg, Susan (2005).
1160:Kellogg, Susan (2005).
652:Fisher, Lillian Estelle
431:Plaza de Armas in Cuzco
1343:www.banrepcultural.org
351:Tomasa Tito Condemayta
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906:, Second Edition, by
807:Clements R. Markham,
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1091:(in Spanish). Peisa.
973:www.encyclopedia.com
458:Plaque dedicated to
755:Charles F. Walker,
695:Walker, Charles F.
661:Loayza, Francisco,
584:Viceroyalty of Peru
88:Cause of death
82:Viceroyalty of Peru
62:Viceroyalty of Peru
1275:América sin nombre
396:the same origin”.
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1379:978-9972-2908-2-4
1368:978-9972-2908-1-7
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1179:978-0-19-512381-4
1146:978-84-9012-152-8
890:978-1-55553-421-9
785:, pp. 20-21, 289.
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156:South America
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1347:. Retrieved
1345:(in Spanish)
1342:
1332:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1274:
1264:
1234:(1): 34–49.
1231:
1227:
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1188:
1161:
1155:
1136:
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1111:. Retrieved
1109:(in Spanish)
1106:
1097:
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1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1055:
1022:
1019:The Americas
1018:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
987:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
947:
938:
927:. Retrieved
923:
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614:(1): 31–57.
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152:Spanish rule
135:
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106:Battles/wars
51:23 June 1744
1415:1781 deaths
1410:1745 births
1294:10045/13358
1107:studylib.es
309:libertarian
241:Tupac Amaru
71:18 May 1781
38:Native name
1389:Categories
1349:2021-02-06
1256:1803974355
1213:2131731667
1113:2021-02-01
1071:2021-01-20
1003:2021-01-16
978:2021-01-16
954:2021-01-16
929:2021-01-11
705:References
538:Statue of
339:indigenous
257:Pampamarca
218:mixed race
148:indigenous
54:Pampamarca
1248:148063199
1047:147686939
815:, p. 289.
743:2523-6318
490:Stamp of
425:Execution
261:Tungasuca
222:españoles
187:Biography
138:(born in
116:Spouse(s)
92:Execution
1252:ProQuest
1209:ProQuest
861:, II, 2.
853:Walker,
844:, p. 21.
840:Walker,
827:Walker,
798:, p. 21.
794:Walker,
781:Walker,
563:See also
474:Heroine
382:chasquis
347:executed
345:She was
312:ideology
290:, spoke
265:Surimana
233:Surimana
164:Peruvian
158:, and a
140:Tamburco
126:Children
1039:1007207
831:, p. 21
630:2513724
445:Gallery
324:creoles
292:Quechua
288:Spanish
276:Jesuits
246:cacique
172:Spanish
96:hanging
1377:
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1211:
1201:
1176:
1143:
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1037:
887:
741:
725:Lienzo
628:
494:, 1971
320:slaves
263:, and
252:kuraka
160:martyr
1312:[
1244:S2CID
1135:[
1043:S2CID
1035:JSTOR
948:Issuu
643:[
626:JSTOR
301:Cusco
296:Latin
284:Cusco
269:Cusco
210:Zamba
144:Cusco
78:Cusco
1375:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1141:ISBN
885:ISBN
739:ISSN
478:1780
375:The
305:Lima
303:and
282:and
280:Lima
197:Lima
162:for
98:and
94:via
68:Died
48:Born
1318:hdl
1289:hdl
1279:doi
1236:doi
1232:113
1166:doi
1027:doi
729:doi
616:doi
278:in
249:or
154:in
1391::
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883:.
881:75
820:^
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