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223:(30 ft) above anything within 150 m (490 ft). Better locations for turbines are far from large upwind obstacles, as wind tunnel studies show significant negative effects from nearby obstacles can extend up to 80 times the obstacle's height downwind, although this is an extreme case. Another option for placing a small turbine is using a model based on actual wind measurements to predict how nearby obstacles will affect local wind conditions at the potential turbine location, considering the size, shape, and distance to the obstacles.
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416:(AWEA). This growth represented a 78% increase in the domestic market for small wind turbines. AWEA's "2009 Small Wind Global Market Study" attributed the increase to higher manufacturing volumes, thanks to private investment financing plant expansions, and rising electricity prices and public awareness of wind technologies driving residential sales.
489:
In
Germany the feed-in tariff for small wind turbines has always been the same as for large turbines. This is the main reason the small wind turbine sector in Germany developed slowly. In contrast, small photovoltaic systems in Germany benefited from a high feed-in tariff, at times above 50 Euro-Cent
422:
The US small wind industry also benefits from the global market, as it controls about half of the global market share. US manufacturers garnered $ 77 million of the $ 156 million that was spent throughout the world on small wind turbine installations. A total of 38.7 MW of small wind power capacity
164:
are susceptible to quality variations, high moisture uptake and low thermal stability that make them undesirable for larger blades, small turbines can still take advantage of them. Wood can be used, and the type of wood should be chosen based on availability, cost and growth time, average density,
497:
Due to the low feed-in tariff and high electricity prices in
Germany, the economic operation of a small wind turbine depends on a large self-consumption rate of the electricity produced by the small wind turbine. Private households pay on average 28 cent per kilowatt hour for electricity (19% VAT
449:
To enable consumers to make an informed decision when purchasing a small wind turbine, a method for consumer labeling has been developed by IEA Wind Task 27 in collaboration with IEC TC88 MT2. In 2011 IEA Wind published a
Recommended Practice, which describes the tests and procedures required to
222:
Small wind turbines must reach a certain wind speed, called the cut-in speed, to start generating electricity. This speed is usually around 4 metres per second (8.9 mph), but some turbines can work at lower speeds. To avoid obstacles, turbines are often placed on towers at least 9 m
205:
ability—which makes bamboo materials environmentally friendly. Furthermore, relative to wood, bamboo has higher fracture toughness, higher strength, lower processing costs and fast growth rate. Ongoing materials developments include bamboo laminates using resins and hybrid bamboo carbon-fiber
438:
per watt), although there are incentives and rebates available in 19 states that can reduce the purchase price for homeowners by up to 50 percent, to $ 3 per watt. The US manufacturer
Southwest Windpower estimates a turbine to pay for itself in energy savings in 5 to 12 years.
383:
investment in part as a response to the
Fukushima radiation crisis in March 2011. The feed-in tariff applies to solar panels and small wind turbines and requires utilities to buy back electricity generated from renewable energy sources at government-established rates.
493:
In August 2014 the German renewable energy law was adjusted, also affecting the feed-in tariffs for wind turbines. For the operation of a small wind turbine with a capacity below 50 kilowatt the tariff amounts to 8.5 Euro-Cent for a period of 20 years.
501:
As part of the German renewable energy law 2014 a fee on self-consumed electricity was introduced in August 2014. The regulation does not apply to small power plants with a capacity below 10 kilowatt. With an amount of 1.87 Euro-Cents the fee is low.
229:
can be installed on a roof, but may face issues such as vibration and turbulence caused by the roof ledge, which can impact their power generation. These turbines often struggle to generate significant amounts of power, particularly in urban areas.
361:
across the whole system must be appropriate for the amount of current running through it. The resistance of the wire, which increases linearly with its length, should not create a voltage drop that is more than 2-5% of the total voltage drop.
395:
Properties in rural or suburban parts of the UK can opt for a wind turbine with inverter to supplement local grid power. The UK's
Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) provides feed-in tariffs to owners of qualified small wind turbines.
902:
Mishnaevsky, Leon; Freere, Peter; Sinha, Rakesh; Acharya, Parash; Shrestha, Rakesh; Manandhar, Pushkar (2011). "Small wind turbines with timber blades for developing countries: Materials choice, development, installation and experiences".
333:
is a technique used to regulate the speed of a turbine by discharging excess energy through a resistive load during high winds to prevent damage. The controller, activated when batteries reach a certain voltage, turns on the load using a
1022:
633:
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Locally manufactured small wind turbines, being small-scale, low-cost, socially-embedded, adoptive to local contexts and based on the open sharing of knowledge, have been framed under or associated with the perspectives of
124:
for small-scale wind turbines are typically 1.5 to 3.5 metres (4 ft 11 in – 11 ft 6 in) in diameter and produce 0.5-10 kW at their optimal wind speed. Most small wind turbines are
519:
have built wind turbines from kits, sourced components, or from scratch. DIY wind turbines are usually smaller (rooftop) turbines of approximately 1 kW or less. These small wind turbines are usually
938:
Holmes, John W.; Brøndsted, Povl; Sørensen, Bent F.; Jiang, Zehui; Sun, Zhengjun; Chen, Xuhe (2009). "Development of a Bamboo-Based
Composite as a Sustainable Green Material for Wind Turbine Blades".
477:
and numerous islands with no access to the electric grid. In winter months when there is less sun, but more wind, small wind turbines are a great addition to isolated renewable energy sites (
218:
Wind turbines small enough to be held by a single steel pipe are often secured with scaffold base plate mounted to a concrete foundation. A hinged design allows easy lowering for maintenance.
2136:
1704:
Latoufis, Kostas C.; Pazios, Thomas V.; Hatziargyriou, Nikos D. (March 2015). "Locally
Manufactured Small Wind Turbines: Empowering communities for sustainable rural electrification".
379:
approved by
Japanese Industry Minister Yukio Edano went into effect, promising to boost the country's production of wind and solar energy production. The country is aiming to increase
1029:
640:
819:
Sinha, Rakesh; Acharya, Parash; Freere, Peter; Sharma, Ranjan; Ghimire, Pramod; Mishnaevsky, Leon (2010). "Selection of
Nepalese Timber for Small Wind Turbine Blade Construction".
419:
In 2019, much of the US demand for small wind turbines was for power generation at remote locations, and for purposes of site assessment for large scale wind power installations.
561:
Designs of DIY small wind turbines date back to the early 1970s, and were further developed by the back-to-the-land movement of the late 1970s in the United States and Europe.
103:
They usually produce between 500 W and 10 kW, with some as small as 50 W. The Canadian Wind Energy Association considers small wind turbines to be up to 300 kW, while the
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high stiffness, and breaking strain. Coatings are generally used to reduce moisture, and white enamel with primer has been found to be particularly effective.
133:(VAWTs) may have benefits in maintenance and placement, although they are less efficient at converting wind to electricity. To optimize efficiency, the
303:
The DC end of the rectifier is then connected to the batteries. This connection should be as short as possible to avoid power losses, typically with a
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have designed DIY wind turbines that can be easily built by communities in developing nations and are supplying concrete documents on how to do so.
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201:, and lakuri wood. Beyond wood, bamboo-based composites may also be used in both large and small wind turbines due to their low density and
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In 2008, small wind turbines with capacities of 100 kW or less added a total of 17.3 MW of generating capacity in the US, according to the
54:
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A range of synthetic materials including carbon fiber reinforced polymers, nanocomposites, and E-glass-polyester are available. Although
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Small-scale wind power (turbines of less than 20 kW capacity) will be subsidized at least 57.75 JPY (about 0.74 USD per kwh).
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standard defines them as having a rotor area smaller than 200 m and generating voltage below 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c.
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346:, which can be achieved through a delay function or using a stock PWM charge controller with a diversion function.
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481:, stations, marinas etc.). That way solar and wind power provide consistent energy throughout the year.
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have been used in turbine blades. Nepal has used small blade turbines made of coated timber including
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In the United States, residential wind turbines with outputs of 2–10 kW typically cost between
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Resistors being used as a diversion load which protect the turbine in the event of strong winds.
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materials. Hemp, flax, wood and bamboo are all candidate blade materials for small turbines.
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186:
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795:"Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Blade Applications"
665:
Gipe, Paul. Wind energy basics: a guide to home- and community-scale wind energy systems.
611:
330:
316:
304:
134:
78:
1659:"Practical action producing info to construct DIY wind turbines for the developing world"
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used to raise and lower the tower. Full mounting sets called "tower kits" are available.
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Thirumalai, Durai Prabhakaran Raghavalu; Kale, Sandip A.; Prabakar, K., eds. (2015).
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generator and use a tail fin to point into the wind, whereas larger turbines have
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is used to convert the AC to rectified DC for battery charging, especially in
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or DIY-wind turbine construction has been made popular by magazines such as
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357:, should be used in cases where the wiring is exposed to the elements. The
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A three phase rectifier being used on a rooftop mounted urban wind turbine.
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639:(Report). Canadian Wind Energy Association. pp. 3–4. Archived from
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The dominant models on the market, especially in the United States, are
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2082:
2077:
1681:"Basics on diy small scale windturbines and domestic power consumption"
1515:"Common FAQs of wind turbine construction and info for proper building"
1327:"EERE News: AWEA: U.S. Market for Small Wind Turbines Grew 78% in 2008"
696:"5 Disadvantages of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) | The Windy Blog"
521:
467:
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2100:
1987:
1028:(Report). Canadian Wind Energy Association. p. 6. Archived from
43:
1635:"OtherPower and Home Power as popular diy microgeneration magazines"
1537:"Overview of wind turbine construction and info for proper building"
1492:
148:
Ground mounted small wind turbines are typically supported by four
874:, Green Energy and Technology, Springer London, pp. 119–143,
516:
457:
403:
321:
315:, which converts the power back to AC at a constant frequency for
294:
242:
A high level wiring diagram for an off-grid hybrid wind/PV system.
237:
213:
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37:
29:
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in between for monitoring. The batteries are then connected to a
1232:"Japan approves renewable subsidies in shift from nuclear power"
198:
1814:
1206:"Endurance E-3120-50 kW Wind Turbine from Endurance Wind Power"
1056:"Small-Scale "Dragonfly" Wind Turbine Works at Low Wind Speeds"
462:
Hybrid system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island
870:
Wood, David (2011), "Blade Design, Manufacture, and Testing",
478:
1810:
746:"Multi-dimensional optimization of small wind turbine blades"
1789:
802:
International Journal of Scientific Development and Research
53:
1123:"Development of a Neural Network based Obstacle Wake Model"
350:
81:. These turbines are typically smaller than those found in
1587:"Smaller wind turbines usually of tilt-up or fixed design"
793:
Kalagi, Ganesh; Patil, Rajashekar; Nayak, Narayan (2016).
473:
Croatia is an ideal market for small wind turbines due to
1804:
1489:"British Wind and Energy Agency's DIY wind turbines page"
1422:
408:
A small-scale wind tower in rural Indiana, United States
1179:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Archived from
989:
Bron̜dsted, Povl; Nijssen, Rogier P. L., eds. (2013).
1303:"What's Up With The Micro Wind Turbines? They're Up!"
2129:
2068:
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1943:
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991:
Advances in wind turbine blade design and materials
246:The generators for small wind turbines are usually
1401:"Wind Power for Commercial Projects: Case Studies"
42:A 1 kW micro windmill installed in the suburbs of
137:(the ratio of blade tip speed to wind speed) and
353:radiation and temperature fluctuations, such as
268:After running the three phase AC wire through a
1826:
1445:"Kako i zašto ostvarujemo najbolje rezultate"
272:and down to the receiving end, a three-phase
34:Diagram of a small wind turbine and repeller.
8:
1774:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
721:Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development
628:
626:
1807:, a group of alternative energy enthusiasts
1101:"Wind tunnel measurements near an obstacle"
1833:
1819:
1811:
1469:. klein-windkraftanlagen.com. 15 June 2012
1801:from the American Wind Energy Association
769:
284:for cooling, with the option of adding a
100:that are actively pointed into the wind.
85:. Small wind turbines often have passive
744:Sessarego, Matias; Wood, David (2015).
622:
280:. The rectifier should be mounted to a
253:generators and the trend is to use the
1767:
1348:Shevory, Kristina (13 December 2007).
1148:"Home wind turbines dealt killer blow"
89:as opposed to active ones. They use a
1563:. Youtube. 7 May 2015. Archived from
1350:"Homespun Electricity, From the Wind"
27:Wind turbines of 500 W to 10 kW power
7:
2263:
1790:information about small wind market
1079:"Windspeed Measurement In The City"
1023:Small Wind Turbine Purchasing Guide
669:, 2009. Accessed: 18 December 2010.
634:Small Wind Turbine Purchasing Guide
1467:"German Small Wind Turbine Portal"
750:Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar
141:should be kept at optimal levels.
25:
2274:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2238:
1613:"Modified Chispito Wind Turbine"
1377:. Windenergy.com. Archived from
1258:"Japan Approves Feed-in Tariffs"
1103:. Ntrs.nasa.gov. 15 October 2011
1054:Luleva, Mila (28 October 2013).
423:was installed globally in 2008.
414:American Wind Energy Association
1750:Dan Fink; Dan Bartmann (2008).
1280:"Feed-In Tariffs Scheme (FITs)"
1077:Hugh Piggott (6 January 2007).
993:. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing.
288:that is activated by a bimetal
257:, although some models utilize
58:Small wind turbine power output
1754:. Buckville Publications LLC.
1172:Forsyth, Trudy (20 May 2009).
1146:Leake, Jonathan (2006-04-16).
77:that generate electricity for
1:
2147:Blade element momentum theory
1706:IEEE Electrification Magazine
596:World Wind Energy Association
444:horizontal-axis wind turbines
127:horizontal-axis wind turbines
2137:2020s in wind power research
917:10.1016/j.renene.2011.01.034
227:Small-scale rooftop turbines
2157:Energy return on investment
880:10.1007/978-1-84996-175-2_7
607:Grid-tied electrical system
131:vertical axis wind turbines
2330:
1491:. Bwea.com. Archived from
1301:Casey, Tina (2019-09-19).
960:10.1260/030952409789141053
841:10.1260/0309-524X.34.3.263
319:connectivity and end use.
278:solar hybrid power systems
169:(used in propellers), and
2232:
2204:Variable renewable energy
1718:10.1109/MELE.2014.2380073
771:10.1186/s40807-015-0009-x
2224:Wind resource assessment
667:Chelsea Green Publishing
573:, convivial technology,
1329:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov
1174:"Small Wind Technology"
571:intermediate technology
259:single-phase generators
2314:Distributed generation
2219:Wind profile power law
2214:Wind power forecasting
1517:. Wind-turbine-24v.com
1447:(in Hungarian). Veneko
549:Organizations such as
470:
409:
344:parasitic oscillations
327:
300:
243:
219:
157:
59:
51:
35:
2245:Wind power portal
1661:. Practicalaction.org
1615:. Greenterrafirma.com
1375:"Southwest Windpower"
1260:. Reuters. 2012-06-22
475:Mediterranean climate
461:
407:
325:
298:
292:for active cooling.
241:
217:
147:
57:
41:
33:
2050:Consulting companies
1858:Airborne wind energy
1560:Diy wind turbine 1kw
1423:"IEA Wind Home Page"
375:In July 2012, a new
203:carbon sequestration
2309:Small wind turbines
2279:Additional portals:
2209:Virtual power plant
2042:Wind power industry
1920:Lists of wind farms
1752:Homebrew Wind Power
952:2009WiEng..33..197H
872:Small Wind Turbines
833:2010WiEng..34..263S
762:2015RWWS....2....9S
602:Wind turbine design
557:Local manufacturing
490:per kilowatt hour.
349:Cable resistant to
251:alternating current
71:urban wind turbines
67:micro wind turbines
63:Small wind turbines
1495:on 4 December 2011
1381:on 11 January 2012
1354:The New York Times
1058:. Green Optimistic
700:www.luvside.de/en/
583:open manufacturing
471:
410:
328:
301:
244:
220:
158:
139:lift-to-drag ratio
60:
52:
36:
18:Micro wind turbine
2296:
2295:
1888:on public display
1761:978-0-9819201-0-8
1593:on 1 October 2011
1081:. Scoraigwind.com
683:978-1-60358-030-4
450:apply the label.
340:solid-state relay
16:(Redirected from
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2283:Renewable energy
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2089:GE Offshore Wind
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1589:. Archived from
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1539:. Otherpower.com
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1186:on 17 March 2013
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1152:The Sunday Times
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940:Wind Engineering
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911:(8): 2128–2138.
905:Renewable Energy
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821:Wind Engineering
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551:Practical Action
511:DIY construction
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381:renewable energy
65:, also known as
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2199:Tip-speed ratio
2194:Net energy gain
2152:Capacity factor
2125:
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1939:
1925:Community-owned
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1744:Further reading
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2184:Hybrid power
1992:
1953:Aerodynamics
1751:
1712:(1): 68–78.
1709:
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1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1675:
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1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1629:
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1607:
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1591:the original
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1569:. Retrieved
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1493:the original
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1238:. 2012-06-18
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1216:20 September
1214:. Retrieved
1209:
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1181:the original
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167:Sitka spruce
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91:direct drive
70:
66:
62:
61:
1286:29 December
579:open design
567:appropriate
498:included).
434:installed (
355:solar cable
248:three-phase
171:Douglas Fir
98:powertrains
87:yaw systems
2303:Categories
2189:Laddermill
2142:Betz's law
2087:including
2020:Yaw system
1912:Wind farms
1863:By country
1850:Wind power
1842:Wind power
1805:Otherpower
1799:Fact sheet
1689:4 December
1665:4 December
1643:4 December
1619:4 December
1597:4 December
1543:4 December
1521:4 December
1499:4 December
1473:4 February
1429:4 December
1385:4 December
1359:4 December
1333:4 December
1312:2019-09-21
1210:AZoNetwork
1158:2009-07-13
1131:4 December
1107:4 December
1085:4 December
705:2021-03-11
618:References
544:Home Power
540:OtherPower
432:US$ 55,000
428:US$ 12,000
359:wire gauge
83:wind farms
1770:cite book
1726:2325-5897
1009:864361386
976:110079336
968:0309-524X
925:110380390
857:110333693
849:0309-524X
780:2198-994X
694:LuvSide.
517:hobbyists
309:wattmeter
282:heat sink
274:rectifier
270:slip ring
210:Placement
105:IEC 61400
2257:Category
2130:Concepts
2096:Goldwind
2060:Software
2013:Darrieus
2008:Savonius
1973:Floating
1958:Airborne
1900:panemone
1895:Windmill
1883:Turbines
1878:Offshore
1403:. XZERES
808:: 28–37.
756:(1): 9.
589:See also
575:degrowth
532:towers.
336:solenoid
307:digital
265:output.
154:gin pole
152:, and a
150:guy-wire
120:Turbine
48:Pakistan
2269:Commons
2106:Senvion
2083:GE Wind
2078:Enercon
2025:bearing
1978:Nacelle
1868:History
1264:22 June
1242:18 June
1236:Reuters
1039:1 March
948:Bibcode
829:Bibcode
758:Bibcode
650:1 March
522:tilt-up
485:Germany
468:Croatia
454:Croatia
366:Markets
305:shunted
2288:Energy
2121:Vestas
2116:Suzlon
2101:Nordex
1988:QBlade
1968:Design
1758:
1734:868486
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234:Wiring
187:Uttish
129:, but
122:blades
116:Blades
111:Design
95:geared
73:, are
44:Lahore
2030:drive
1993:Small
1730:S2CID
1684:(PDF)
1638:(PDF)
1282:. MCS
1184:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
1026:(PDF)
972:S2CID
921:S2CID
853:S2CID
798:(PDF)
644:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
530:guyed
526:fixed
515:Some
464:Žirje
436:US$ 6
371:Japan
195:Okhar
183:Sisau
2179:HVDC
2167:grid
1794:WWEA
1776:link
1756:ISBN
1722:ISSN
1691:2011
1667:2011
1645:2011
1621:2011
1599:2011
1573:2015
1545:2011
1523:2011
1501:2011
1475:2015
1453:2015
1431:2011
1409:2015
1387:2011
1361:2011
1335:2011
1288:2012
1266:2012
1244:2012
1218:2013
1192:2013
1154:. UK
1133:2011
1109:2011
1087:2011
1064:2015
1041:2016
1005:OCLC
995:ISBN
964:ISSN
884:ISBN
845:ISSN
776:ISSN
725:ISBN
679:ISBN
672:ISBN
652:2016
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430:and
317:grid
199:pine
191:Tuni
179:Saur
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