1232:
1366:, and as an antitumor agent. Insertion of foreign materials into the body often triggers an immune response, which can have a variety of positive or negative outcomes depending on the bodies response to the material. Implanting something made from naturally synthesized proteins, such as a keratin based implant, has the potential to be recognized as natural tissue by the body. This can lead either to integration in rare cases where the structure of the implant promotes regrowth of tissue with the implant forming a superstructure or degradation of the implant in which the backbones of the proteins are recognized for cleavage by the body.
833:
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1089:, and beaks. The two different structures of keratin have dissimilar mechanical properties, as seen in their dissimilar applications. The relative alignment of the keratin fibrils significantly impacts the mechanical properties. In human hair the filaments of alpha keratin are highly aligned, giving a tensile strength of approximately 200MPa. This tensile strength is an order of magnitude higher than human nails (20MPa), because human hair's keratin filaments are more aligned.
1046:
38:
1223:, a small molecule easing passage of polymer chains and in doing so increasing ductility and toughness. When using natural fibers in applications outside of their native use, the original level of hydration must be taken into account. For example when hydrated, the Young's Modulus of collagen decreases from 3.26 to 0.6 GPa and becomes both more ductile and tougher. Additionally the density of collagen decreases from 1.34 to 1.18 g/cm.
514:
526:
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951:, with collagen being the first. It is a "linear polysaccharide of β-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose". Chitin is highly crystalline and is usually composed of chains organized in a β sheet. Due to its high crystallinity and chemical structure, it is insoluble in many solvents. It also has low toxicity in the body and is inert in the intestines. Chitin also has antibacterial properties.
993:
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Difficulties in natural fiber nanocomposites arise from dispersity and the tendency small fibers to aggregate in the matrix. Because of the high surface area to volume ratio the fibers have a tendency to aggregate, more so than in micro-scale composites. Additionally secondary processing of collagen
1322:
are all nanocomposites. As of 2010, most synthetic polymer nanocomposites exhibit inferior toughness and mechanical properties compared to biological nanocomposites. Completely synthetic nanocomposites do exist, however nanosized biopolymers are also being tested in synthetic matrices. Several types
954:
Chitin forms crystals that make fibrils that become surrounded by proteins. These fibrils can bundle to make larger fibers that contribute to the hierarchical structure of many biological materials. These fibrils can form randomly oriented networks that provide the mechanical strength of the organic
1338:
Traditionally in composite science a strong interface between the matrix and filler is required to achieve favorable mechanical properties. If this is not the case, the phases tend to separate along the weak interface and makes for very poor mechanical properties. In a MCC composite however this is
1218:
The presence of water plays a crucial role in the mechanical behavior of natural fibers. Plants depend on water to help them grow. If the humidity was too high, then it would cause the plants to create mold and bacteria. Humidity would also increase the amount of pests around the plants. Hydrated,
1205:
Properties also decrease with the age of the fiber. Younger fibers tend to be stronger and more elastic than older ones. Many natural fibers exhibit strain rate sensitivity due to their viscoelastic nature. Bone contains collagen and exhibits strain rate sensitivity in that the stiffness increases
1330:
microfibrils are sheared in the amorphous region, resulting in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). These small, crystalline cellulose fibrils are at this points reclassified as a whisker and can be 2 to 20 nm in diameter with shapes ranging from spherical to cylindrical. Whiskers of collagen,
1279:
Natural fibers are also used in composite materials, much like synthetic or glass fibers. These composites, called biocomposites, are a natural fiber in a matrix of synthetic polymers. One of the first biofiber-reinforced plastics in use was a cellulose fiber in phenolics in 1908. Usage includes
1283:
Natural fibers can have different advantages over synthetic reinforcing fibers. Most notably they are biodegradable and renewable. Additionally, they often have low densities and lower processing costs than synthetic materials. Design issues with natural fiber-reinforced composites include poor
1000:
Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin. When the acetylated composition of the copolymer is below 50% it is chitosan. Chitosan is a semicrystalline "polymer of β-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose". One difference between chitin and chitosan is that chitosan is soluble in acidic aqueous
1357:
Natural fibers often show promise as biomaterials in medical applications. Chitin is notable in particular and has been incorporated into a variety of uses. Chitin based materials have also been used to remove industrial pollutants from water, processed into fibers and films, and used as
1302:
length scale, the surface to volume ratio of the filler material is high, which influences the bulk properties of the composite more compared to traditional composites. The properties of these nanosized elements is markedly different from that of its bulk constituent.
1210:. Spider silk has hard and elastic regions that together contribute to its strain rate sensitivity, these cause the silk to exhibit strain hardening as well. Properties of natural fibers are also dependent on the moisture content in the fiber.
2283:
23. Kuivaniemi, Helena, and Gerard Tromp. "Type III collagen (COL3A1): Gene and protein structure, tissue distribution, and associated diseases." Gene vol. 707 (2019): 151-171. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.003
662:
plant, for example, produce fabrics that are light in weight, soft in texture, and which can be made in various sizes and colors. Clothes made of natural fibers such as cotton are often preferred over clothing made of
1264:
Of industrial value are four animal fibers: wool, silk, camel hair, and angora as well as four plant fibers: cotton, flax, hemp, and jute. Dominant in terms of scale of production and use is cotton for textiles.
1331:
chitin, and cellulose have all be used to make biological nanocomposites. The matrix of these composites are commonly hydrophobic synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of
1001:
solutions. Chitosan is easier to process that chitin, but it is less stable because it is more hydrophilic and has pH sensitivity. Due to its ease of processing, chitosan is used in biomedical applications.
1284:
strength (natural fibers are not as strong as glass fibers) and difficulty with actually bonding the fibers and the matrix. Hydrophobic polymer matrices offer insufficient adhesion for hydrophilic fibers.
977:
with chitin's deacetylated derivative, chitosan. When the acetylized composition of the copolymer is over 50% acetylated it is chitin. This copolymer of chitin and chitosan is a random or block copolymer.
1323:
of protein based, nanosized fibers are being used in nanocomposites. These include collagen, cellulose, chitin and tunican. These structural proteins must be processed before use in composites.
2203:
Azizi Samir, My Ahmed Said; Alloin, Fannie; Dufresne, Alain (March 2005). "Review of Recent
Research into Cellulosic Whiskers, Their Properties and Their Application in Nanocomposite Field".
1362:
in the food industry. Chitin has also been used several of medical applications. It has been incorporated as a bone filling material for tissue regeneration, a drug carrier and
1339:
not the case, if the interaction between the filler and matrix is stronger than the filler-filler interaction the mechanical strength of the composite is noticeably decreased.
2070:
Heng, Jerry Y. Y.; Pearse, Duncan F.; Thielmann, Frank; Lampke, Thomas; Bismarck, Alexander (2007-01-01). "Methods to determine surface energies of natural fibres: a review".
1343:
sources to obtain sufficient purity collagen micro fibrils adds a degree of cost and challenge to creating a load bearing cellulose or other filler based nanocomposite.
2121:
Rajesh, Murugan; Pitchaimani, Jeyaraj (2017). "Mechanical
Properties of Natural Fiber Braided Yarn Woven Composite: Comparison with Conventional Yarn Woven Composite".
1971:
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Bast fibers are collected from the outer cell layers of the plant's stem. These fibers are used for durable yarn, fabric, packaging, and paper. Some examples are
1231:
719:
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Chitin provides protection and structural support to many living organisms. It makes up the cell walls of fungi and yeast, the shells of mollusks, the
1385:
2777:
1895:
Meyers, Marc A.; Chen, Po-Yu; Lopez, Maria I.; Seki, Yasuaki; Lin, Albert Y. M. (2011-07-01). "Biological materials: A materials science approach".
474:
470:
568:
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Meyers, Marc André; Chen, Po-Yu; Lin, Albert Yu-Min; Seki, Yasuaki (2008-01-01). "Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties".
2049:
1947:
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698:
1696:
Todkar, Santosh (2019-10-01). "Review on mechanical properties evaluation of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced polymer composites".
655:, and reduced skin irritation. Further, unlike glass fibers, natural fibers can be broken down by bacteria once they are no longer used.
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2254:
1395:
1899:. Special Issue on Natural Materials / Papers from the Third International Conference on the Mechanics of Biomaterials and Tissues.
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applications where energy absorption is important, such as insulation, noise absorbing panels, or collapsable areas in automobiles.
383:
1061:, that are found in different classes of chordates. The naming convention for these keratins follows that for protein structures:
1015:
Collagen is a structural protein, often referred to as "the steel of biological materials". There are multiple types of collagen:
2313:
832:
518:
1750:
561:
2241:
Mohanty, A; Misra, M; Henrichsen, G (March 2000). "Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites:An overview".
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The fibers collected from the seeds of various plants are known as seed fibers. The most relevant example is cotton.
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1817:
1449:
Natural fibres : advances in science and technology towards industrial applications: from science to market
715:
Fibers collected from the cells of a leaf are known as leaf fibers, for example, banana, pineapple (PALF), etc.
1019:(comprising skin, tendons and ligaments, vasculature and organs, as well as teeth and bone and artery walls);
658:
Natural fibers are good water absorbents and can be found in various textures. Cotton fibers made from the
1595:
Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009).
554:
1053:
Keratin is a structural protein located at the hard surfaces in many vertebrates. Keratin has two forms,
771:
1653:
Fuqua, Michael A.; Huo, Shanshan; Ulven, Chad A. (2012-07-01). "Natural Fiber
Reinforced Composites".
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2028:
Erik Frank; Volker Bauch; Fritz
Schultze-Gebhardt; Karl-Heinz Herlinger (2011). "Fibers, 1. Survey".
1608:
1298:
Nanocomposites are desirable for their mechanical properties. When fillers in a composite are at the
1031:, and fibers. Collagen are a family of protein that support and strengthen many tissues in the body.
589:
313:
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fiber: Fiber secreted by glands (often located near the mouth) of insects during the preparation of
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materials, where the orientation of fibers impacts the properties. Natural fibers can also be
320:
293:
233:
2159:
Ji, Baohua; Gao, Huajian (2010-07-02). "Mechanical
Principles of Biological Nanocomposites".
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Summerscales, John; Dissanayake, Nilmini P. J.; Virk, Amandeep S.; Hall, Wayne (2010-10-01).
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In regards to natural fibers, some of the best example of nanocomposites appear in biology.
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966:. In shells and exoskeletons, the chitin fibers contribute to their hierarchical structure.
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Natural fibers tend to have decreased stiffness and strength compared to synthetic fibers.
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Fibers obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals or minerals without synthesis
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biopolymers generally have enhanced ductility and toughness. Water plays the role of a
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37:
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1834:
Rinaudo, Marguerite (2006-07-01). "Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications".
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parts for automobiles and medical supplies. Compared to composites reinforced with
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2003:
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1751:"A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 1 – Fibres as reinforcements"
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651:, composites with natural fibers have advantages such as lower density, better
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1027:); and others. Collagen has a hierarchical structure, forming triple helices,
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John, Maya Jacob; Thomas, Sabu (2008-02-08). "Biofibres and biocomposites".
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10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1<1::AID-MAME1>3.0.CO;2-W
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Fibers collected from the fruit of the plant, for example, coconut fiber (
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hair, skin, nails, horn and quills, while beta keratin can be found in
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Sousa, Fangueiro, Raul Manuel
Esteves de; Sohel, Rana (2016-02-11).
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taken from animals or hairy mammals. e.g. sheep's wool, goat hair (
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Gillick, T. J. (1959-08-01). "Natural and
Synthetic Fiber Felts".
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Diagram showing the creation of alpha keratins helical structure.
643:. Natural fibers can be used for high-tech applications, such as
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The earliest evidence of humans using fibers is the discovery of
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Biomaterials: The
Intersection of Biology and Materials Science
1496:"New Manufacturing Method for Paper Filler and Fiber Material"
151:
1897:
Journal of the
Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
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1940:
BIOMECHANICS: mechanical properties of living tissues (1)
1023:(a component in cartilage); Type III (often found in
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2625:
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2338:
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947:Chitin is the world's second most abundant natural
1073:keratin is sheet-like. Alpha keratin is found in
812:Fibers from the stalks of plants, e.g. straws of
1985:Fratzl, Peter; Weinkamer, Richard (2007-11-01).
1101:Tensile Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers
1560:Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man".
2030:ULLMANN'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
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1970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1479:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1386:International Year of Natural Fibres 2009
973:) does not exist. It instead exists as a
955:layer in different biological materials.
2243:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
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1527:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
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898:Animal hair (wool or hairs): Fiber or
608:. They can be used as a component of
7:
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2183:10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104424
996:Chemical structure of chitosan chain
2162:Annual Review of Materials Research
943:Chemical structure of chitin chains
519:Agriculture and agronomy portal
1848:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001
1597:"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers"
1396:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
14:
1987:"Nature's hierarchical materials"
1812:Meyers, M.A.; Chen, P.Y. (2014).
1770:10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.001
1710:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106927
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1347:Biomaterial and biocompatibility
1326:To use cellulose as an example,
1206:with strain rate, also known as
536:
535:
524:
512:
36:
2271:Temenoff, J.; Mikos, A (2008).
1235:19th century knowledge weaving
723:Abacá banana leaf fibres drying
2014:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-5628-D
1:
2135:10.1016/s1672-6529(16)60385-2
2123:Journal of Bionic Engineering
2042:10.1002/14356007.a10_451.pub2
2004:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001
1991:Progress in Materials Science
1882:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
1870:Progress in Materials Science
1434:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.040
969:In nature, pure chitin (100%
1814:Biological Materials Science
1667:10.1080/15583724.2012.705409
1494:Doelle, Klaus (2013-08-25).
705:Cotton growing on the plant
1938:C., FUNG, Y. (1981-01-01).
1909:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.08.005
1836:Progress in Polymer Science
1148:Mud Crab Exoskeleton (wet)
702:Cotton growing on the plant
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2092:10.1163/156855407782106492
1818:Cambridge University Press
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729:banana leaf fibres drying
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1574:10.1126/science.325_1329a
639:that date back to 36,000
2275:. Pearson/Prentice Hall.
1269:Natural fiber composites
1162:Prawn Exoskeleton (wet)
600:, or from the bodies of
1621:10.1126/science.1175404
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1112:Elastic Modulus (GPa)
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531:Engineering portal
1422:Carbohydrate Polymers
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802:Coconut fibre (coir)
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596:that are produced by
314:Semi-synthetic fibers
2072:Composite Interfaces
1255:and vegetable fibers
616:into sheets to make
598:geological processes
590:spelling differences
2175:2010AnRMS..40...77J
2084:2007ComIn..14..581H
1613:2009Sci...325.1359K
1539:10.1021/ie50596a025
1214:Moisture dependence
1102:
1085:species in scales,
866:; examples include
850:generally comprise
637:Republic of Georgia
24:Part of a series on
1816:. United Kingdom:
1719:20.500.12010/19705
1335:and polyacrylate.
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914:, horse hair, etc.
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294:Regenerated fibers
2863:Natural materials
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2217:10.1021/bm0493685
2205:Biomacromolecules
2051:978-3-527-30673-2
1949:978-1-4757-1752-5
1764:(10): 1329–1335.
1758:Composites Part A
1698:Composites Part B
1458:978-94-017-7513-7
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1328:semicrystalline
1296:
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1277:
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1262:
1229:
1216:
1115:Strength (MPa)
1095:
1043:
1037:
1013:
1007:
990:
984:
962:of insects and
937:
931:
845:
673:
575:
546:
523:
513:
511:
503:
502:
501:
408:
407:
400:
370:
369:
361:
351:
350:
316:
306:
305:
301:Artificial silk
296:
279:
278:
269:
259:
258:
167:
157:
156:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2876:
2874:
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2695:
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2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
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2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2627:Semi-synthetic
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
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2577:
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2569:
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2566:
2565:
2560:
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2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
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2365:
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2355:
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2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2288:External links
2286:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2230:
2211:(2): 612–626.
2188:
2148:
2129:(1): 141–150.
2113:
2057:
2050:
2020:
1977:
1948:
1930:
1903:(5): 626–657.
1887:
1853:
1842:(7): 603–632.
1823:
1785:
1741:
1688:
1661:(3): 259–320.
1642:
1607:(5946): 1359.
1587:
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1533:(8): 904–907.
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1428:(3): 343–364.
1406:
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1368:
1351:Main article:
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1288:Nanocomposites
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1260:Industrial use
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836:Bamboo forest
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707:
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695:
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686:
685:
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672:
669:
586:natural fibres
582:Natural fibers
577:
576:
574:
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566:
559:
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46:Natural fibers
42:
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2875:
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2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
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2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
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2699:
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2169:(1): 77–100.
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1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
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1361:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:abalone shell
1309:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:Nanocomposite
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
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1259:
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1128:
1125:
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1119:
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1111:
1108:
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1098:
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1076:
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981:
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941:
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869:
865:
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849:
848:Animal fibers
843:Animal fibers
842:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
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805:
797:
793:
790:
786:
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773:
769:
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751:, industrial
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623:
619:
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611:
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599:
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587:
583:
572:
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560:
558:
553:
552:
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543:
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532:
527:
522:
520:
510:
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498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
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410:
406:
397:
394:
392:
389:
385:
380:
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375:
372:
368:
360:
355:
354:
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344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
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329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
310:
309:
302:
299:
298:
295:
290:
289:
286:
282:
275:
272:
271:
268:
263:
262:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
203:
198:
195:
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190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
166:
161:
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153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
56:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
2773:Polyethylene
2330:
2282:
2272:
2246:
2242:
2208:
2204:
2166:
2160:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2075:
2071:
2029:
2023:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1942:. SPRINGER.
1939:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1876:(1): 1–206.
1873:
1869:
1839:
1835:
1813:
1779:10026.1/9928
1761:
1757:
1744:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1658:
1654:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1489:
1451:. Springer.
1448:
1442:
1425:
1421:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1320:tooth enamel
1305:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1275:Biocomposite
1263:
1227:Applications
1217:
1204:
1176:Bovine Hoof
1096:
1052:
1014:
999:
968:
960:exoskeletons
957:
953:
946:
846:
671:Plant fibers
657:
649:glass fibers
626:
585:
581:
580:
466:Polyethylene
45:
18:
2604:Regenerated
2548:Spider silk
1391:Spider silk
1353:Biomaterial
1333:polystyrene
1249:Manila hemp
1221:plasticizer
1065:keratin is
971:acetylation
912:alpaca hair
808:Stalk fiber
799:Coir fibre
783:Fruit fiber
137:Spider silk
2852:Categories
2753:Modacrylic
2748:Microfiber
2665:Triacetate
2617:Milk fiber
2483:Camel hair
2415:Lotus silk
1704:: 106927.
1402:References
1360:biosensors
1093:Properties
964:arthropods
820:, barley,
735:Bast fiber
711:Leaf fiber
690:Seed fiber
446:Modacrylic
441:Microfiber
346:Triacetate
77:Camel hair
2768:Polyester
2640:Diacetate
2595:Synthetic
2498:Chiengora
2143:136362311
2100:0927-6440
2034:Wiley-VCH
1966:cite book
1958:968439866
1736:189974174
1728:1359-8368
1683:138171705
1675:1558-3724
1637:206520793
1547:0019-7866
1475:cite book
1467:938890984
1364:excipient
1300:nanometer
1137:Collagen
1123:Collagen
1106:Material
1083:reptilian
1075:mammalian
1059:β-keratin
1055:α-keratin
975:copolymer
678:Category
645:composite
631:and dyed
610:composite
461:Polyester
326:Diacetate
92:Chiengora
2827:Category
2736:Technora
2698:Metallic
2581:Asbestos
2523:Pashmina
2488:Cashmere
2249:: 1–24.
2225:15762621
2108:97667541
1925:34789958
1917:21565713
1629:19745144
1582:19745126
1370:See also
1193:Keratin
1179:Keratin
1087:feathers
1011:Collagen
1005:Collagen
988:Chitosan
982:Chitosan
904:cashmere
856:collagen
854:such as
852:proteins
767:fibers.
430:Technora
396:Metallic
274:Asbestos
112:Pashmina
82:Cashmere
2837:Commons
2795:Vinylon
2790:Vectran
2785:Spandex
2716:Acrylic
2708:Polymer
2675:Mineral
2655:Piñatex
2645:Lyocell
2635:Acetate
2573:Mineral
2503:Guanaco
2353:Bagasse
2331:Natural
2171:Bibcode
2080:Bibcode
1609:Bibcode
1601:Science
1562:Science
1512:1091089
1165:Chitin
1151:Chitin
1120:Tendon
1067:helical
1041:Keratin
1035:Keratin
1029:fibrils
1021:Type II
949:polymer
922:cocoons
864:fibroin
860:keratin
606:animals
487:Vinylon
482:Spandex
475:Spectra
471:Dyneema
412:Acrylic
405:Polymer
367:Mineral
331:Lyocell
321:Acetate
267:Mineral
177:Bagasse
97:Guanaco
2858:Fibers
2800:Vinyon
2778:UHMWPE
2763:Olefin
2731:Kevlar
2726:Twaron
2721:Aramid
2693:Basalt
2688:Carbon
2558:Vicuña
2543:Tendon
2533:Rabbit
2528:Qiviut
2518:Mohair
2493:Catgut
2478:Byssus
2473:Angora
2468:Alpaca
2460:Animal
2440:Rattan
2430:Raffia
2373:Cotton
2358:Bamboo
2323:Fibers
2223:
2141:
2106:
2098:
2048:
1956:
1946:
1923:
1915:
1734:
1726:
1681:
1673:
1635:
1627:
1580:
1545:
1510:
1465:
1455:
1318:, and
1109:Fiber
1017:Type I
935:Chitin
929:Chitin
908:mohair
892:alpaca
888:mohair
884:angora
880:catgut
822:bamboo
763:, and
761:rattan
684:Image
681:Types
660:cotton
614:matted
602:plants
594:fibers
592:) are
540:
492:Vinyon
456:Olefin
426:Kevlar
422:Twaron
417:Aramid
391:Basalt
379:Carbon
239:Raffia
192:Cotton
182:Bamboo
147:Vicuña
122:Rabbit
117:Qiviut
107:Mohair
87:Catgut
72:Byssus
67:Angora
62:Alpaca
55:Animal
2805:Zylon
2758:Nylon
2741:Nomex
2683:Glass
2660:Rayon
2650:Modal
2513:Llama
2445:Sisal
2435:Ramie
2410:Kenaf
2405:Kapok
2388:Linen
2378:Fique
2363:BashĹŤ
2348:Abacá
2340:Plant
2139:S2CID
2104:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1754:(PDF)
1732:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1381:Fiber
1316:nacre
1253:sisal
1196:0.50
1190:Wool
1182:0.40
1168:0.55
1154:0.48
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1134:Bone
1126:1.50
1079:avian
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872:sinew
826:straw
814:wheat
757:ramie
749:kenaf
727:Abacá
618:paper
588:(see
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451:Nylon
434:Nomex
384:Tenax
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341:Rayon
336:Modal
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224:Kenaf
219:Kapok
202:Linen
172:Abacá
165:Plant
132:Sinew
102:Llama
30:Fiber
2553:Wool
2538:Silk
2508:Hair
2450:Wood
2425:Pine
2420:Piña
2400:Jute
2395:Hemp
2383:Flax
2368:Coir
2221:PMID
2096:ISSN
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1245:jute
1241:hemp
1237:flax
1199:200
1143:160
1129:150
1081:and
1071:beta
1069:and
1057:and
918:Silk
900:wool
890:and
876:wool
868:silk
862:and
824:and
818:rice
789:coir
765:vine
753:hemp
745:jute
741:flax
633:flax
629:wool
622:felt
254:Wood
234:Pine
229:Piña
214:Jute
209:Hemp
197:Flax
187:Coir
142:Wool
127:Silk
2563:Yak
2251:doi
2247:276
2213:doi
2179:doi
2131:doi
2088:doi
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