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and frontoparietals. The facial nerve passes through the anterior acoustic foramen in the auditory capsule; the trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia are fused to form a prootic ganglion. The eight (or seven) presacral holochordal vertebrae are all procoelous except for a biconcave surface on last
362:
or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt. The two main shapes for the microhylids are wide bodies and narrow mouths and normal frog proportions. Those with narrow mouths
120:
409:
presacral. The pectoral girdle is firmisternal and some show reduced clavicle and procoracoids. The terminal phalanges are blunt, pointed, or T-shaped. The tadpole lacks keratinized mouth parts and has a large spiracular chamber emptied by a caudomedial spiracle.
1626:
De Sá, R. O., Streicher, J. W., Sekonyela, R., Forlani, M. C., Loader, S. P., Greenbaum, E., Richards, S., Haddad, C. F. B. (2012). Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera.
1468:
van der
Meijden, A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, and A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins.
395:
to frog. The arboreal species can therefore lay the eggs within the trees, and never need venture to the ground. Where species do have tadpoles, these almost always lack the teeth or horny beaks typical of the tadpoles of other families.
333:
A molecular phylogenetic study by van der
Meijden, et al. (2007) has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago, or immediately after the
358:
As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in length, although some species are as large as 9 cm (3.5 in). They can be
1309:, and Australia. Although most are found in tropical or subtropical regions, a few species can be found in arid or nontropical areas. They are the majority of frog species in New Guinea and
1572:
2142:
2168:
1588:"Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs"
857:
2240:
2245:
2116:
738:
2155:
1297:
Frogs from the
Microhylidae occur throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America, South America, Africa, eastern India,
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Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
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Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
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Gorin, Vladislav A.; Scherz, Mark D.; Korost, Dmitriy V.; Poyarkov, Nikolay A. (2021-12-01).
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Suwannapoom, Sumontha, Tunprasert, Ruangsuwan, Pawangkhanant, Korost, and
Poyarkov, 2018
371:, and the others have diets typical of most frogs. Egg-laying habits are highly varied.
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Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini,
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Poyarkov, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Aksornneam, Duong, Korost and Che, 2018
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Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw, and
Crottini, 2016
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Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles
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Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
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relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in
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Caldwell, George R. Zug; Laurie J. Vitt; Janalee P. (2001).
325:. The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies.
1998:
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1526:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 102–103.
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8:
1571:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1551:(2. ed.). San Diego : Academic Press.
589:Günther, Stelbrink & von Rintelen, 2010
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1175:Gorin, Scherz, Korost & Poyarkov, 2021
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31:
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303:Distribution of Microhylidae (in black)
1524:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
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342:of the Microhylidae and their closest
1517:
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1471:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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1460:
7:
2213:92323D62-812B-FF8B-FEBE-FF4BFD949475
1274:Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
391:stage, with direct development from
1316:The ranges of each subfamily are:
317:, are a geographically widespread
25:
2241:Extant Miocene first appearances
1970:
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142:
1:
1019:Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
1008:Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
2246:Taxa named by Albert Günther
1592:Zoosystematics and Evolution
1208:Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
1482:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008
340:most recent common ancestor
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1197:Duméril & Bibron, 1841
127:Eastern narrowmouth toad (
1967:
1780:
1711:
863:Elachistocleis helianneae
302:
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236:
231:
139:Scientific classification
137:
130:Gastrophryne carolinensis
126:
117:
34:
1641:10.1186/1471-2148-12-241
1629:BMC Evolutionary Biology
633:Peters & Doria, 1878
1163:Scaphiophryne gottlebei
1152:Sonali & Biju, 2019
1063:Melanobatrachus indicus
1166:
1066:
977:
866:
747:
680:
490:
487:Paedophryne amanuensis
387:completely bypass the
2195:Paleobiology Database
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1060:
971:
897:Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924
860:
741:
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484:
404:The skull has paired
336:Cretaceous extinction
1706:families by suborder
1661:Encyclopedia of Life
1605:10.3897/zse.97.57968
1097:Gunther, 1869 "1868"
744:Chiasmocleis hudsoni
677:Mantophryne insignis
315:narrow-mouthed frogs
313:, commonly known as
27:Family of amphibians
1844:Amphignathodontidae
379:The microhylids of
2251:Amphibian families
1167:
1067:
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867:
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2182:Open Tree of Life
1992:Taxon identifiers
1983:
1982:
1423:Melanobatrachinae
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1049:Melanobatrachinae
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271:Melanobatrachinae
227:
16:(Redirected from
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1544:
1538:
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1507:
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1330:Scaphiophryninae
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1260:Scaphiophryninae
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38:Temporal range:
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1476:(3):1017–1030.
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1453:
1414:Gastrophryninae
1295:
1285:Boulenger, 1882
1219:Boulenger, 1900
1186:Boulenger, 1887
1174:
1071:Melanobatrachus
974:Kaloula pulchra
930:Fitzinger, 1843
841:Fitzinger, 1843
838:Gastrophryninae
819:Boulenger, 1882
786:Boulenger, 1882
782:Plethodontohyla
752:Madecassophryne
578:Boulenger, 1897
512:Boulenger, 1888
474:Austrochaperina
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1650:External links
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1303:Southeast Asia
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1493:Amphibiaweb.
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
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1472:
1465:
1463:
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1450:
1446:
1445:South America
1442:
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1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:South America
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:Kalophryninae
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:Phrynomerinae
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
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1292:
1283:
1282:
1281:Scaphiophryne
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:Paradoxophyla
1266:
1265:
1263:Laurent, 1946
1261:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:Phrynomerinae
1235:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
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1211:
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1133:
1130:Tschudi, 1838
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:Metaphrynella
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:Glyphoglossus
1089:
1088:
1086:Günther, 1858
1084:
1080:
1075:Beddome, 1878
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:Tschudi, 1838
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:Kalophryninae
1024:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
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991:
984:
983:
982:Stereocyclops
976:
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567:Macleay, 1878
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476:
475:
470:
467:Tschudi, 1838
465:
464:
459:
454:
453:
452:Aphantophryne
448:
447:
445:Günther, 1858
443:
439:
434:Zweifel, 1986
432:
431:
426:
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328:
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316:
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297:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:Phrynomerinae
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Kalophryninae
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
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41:
33:
30:
19:
2236:Microhylidae
2070:Microhylidae
2057:Microhylidae
2044:Microhylidae
2030:Microhylidae
2000:Microhylidae
1999:
1959:Sooglossidae
1924:Microhylidae
1923:
1909:Hyperoliidae
1849:Aromobatidae
1836:Neobatrachia
1801:Megophryidae
1659:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1598:(1): 21–54.
1595:
1591:
1581:
1548:
1542:
1523:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1488:
1473:
1470:
1432:Chaperininae
1348:Microhylinae
1315:
1296:
1279:
1268:
1252:Peters, 1867
1248:Phrynomantis
1246:
1226:Synapturanus
1224:
1213:
1205:Otophryninae
1191:
1180:
1169:
1161:
1146:
1141:Dubois, 1987
1135:
1124:
1119:Parker, 1934
1113:
1102:
1091:
1083:Microhylinae
1069:
1061:
1035:
1030:Mivart, 1869
1013:
1002:
980:
972:
957:
946:
937:Hamptophryne
935:
926:Gastrophryne
924:
919:Parker, 1927
913:
908:Méhely, 1904
904:Dermatonotus
902:
891:
880:
875:Méhely, 1904
871:Chiasmocleis
869:
861:
846:
824:
802:
793:Rhombophryne
791:
780:
761:
750:
742:
727:
722:Müller, 1892
716:
705:
683:
675:
663:Chaperininae
655:Peters, 1863
649:
638:
629:Sphenophryne
627:
616:
605:
594:
583:
572:
561:
550:
545:Méhely, 1901
539:
528:
519:Choerophryne
517:
506:
501:Parker, 1936
495:
486:
472:
461:
450:
428:
403:
378:
375:Reproduction
357:
332:
314:
311:Microhylidae
310:
308:
279:Otophryninae
275:Microhylinae
247:Chaperininae
237:
232:Subfamilies
219:Microhylidae
218:
202:
128:
35:Microhylidae
29:
2130:iNaturalist
2024:Wikispecies
1919:Mantellidae
1899:Hemisotidae
1811:Pelodytidae
1806:Pelobatidae
1733:Superclass
1499:Amphibiaweb
1441:Adelastinae
1396:Otophyninae
1339:Dyscophinae
1241:Noble, 1931
1148:Mysticellus
1052:Noble, 1931
1037:Kalophrynus
1004:Hoplophryne
997:Noble, 1931
882:Ctenophryne
816:Dyscophinae
756:Guibé, 1974
718:Anodonthyla
618:Siamophryne
611:Kraus, 2010
607:Paedophryne
574:Mantophryne
563:Hylophorbus
556:Noble, 1926
463:Asterophrys
420:Adelastinae
354:Description
338:event. The
255:Dyscophinae
239:Adelastinae
42:- Present,
2230:Categories
1759:Ascaphidae
1727:Subphylum
1451:References
1427:South Asia
1409:Madagascar
1405:Cophylinae
1373:New Guinea
1360:South Asia
1343:Madagascar
1334:Madagascar
1311:Madagascar
1307:New Guinea
1258:subfamily
1236:subfamily
1203:subfamily
1137:Micryletta
1108:Gray, 1831
1081:subfamily
1047:subfamily
1025:subfamily
992:subfamily
986:Cope, 1870
959:Myersiella
948:Hypopachus
836:subfamily
814:subfamily
700:Cope, 1889
697:Cophylinae
695:subfamily
661:subfamily
596:Oreophryne
530:Cophixalus
440:subfamily
418:subfamily
381:New Guinea
251:Cophylinae
45:66–0
18:Microhylid
1869:Bufonidae
1735:Tetrapoda
1614:1860-0743
1567:cite book
1418:New World
1369:Australia
1356:East Asia
1299:Sri Lanka
1215:Otophryne
1182:Phrynella
1126:Microhyla
848:Arcovomer
826:Dyscophus
804:Stumpffia
685:Chaperina
651:Xenorhina
508:Callulops
497:Barygenys
478:Fry, 1912
456:Fry, 1917
430:Adelastes
406:palatines
385:Australia
329:Evolution
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
40:Paleocene
2009:Wikidata
1741:Amphibia
1729:Craniata
1723:Chordata
1717:Animalia
1715:Kingdom
1193:Uperodon
1171:Nanohyla
893:Dasypops
413:Taxonomy
365:termites
360:arboreal
348:Gondwana
215:Family:
209:Ranoidea
186:Amphibia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
2187:1062202
1944:Ranidae
1904:Hylidae
1816:Pipidae
1721:Phylum
1702:Extant
1658:at the
1635:, 241.
1504:2 April
1104:Kaloula
729:Cophyla
707:Anilany
541:Copiula
400:Anatomy
389:tadpole
224:Günther
192:Order:
182:Class:
2161:173465
2148:104682
2015:Q56057
1739:Class
1704:anuran
1612:
1555:
1530:
1382:Africa
1325:Africa
1278:genus
1267:genus
1245:genus
1223:genus
1212:genus
1190:genus
1179:genus
1168:genus
1145:genus
1134:genus
1123:genus
1112:genus
1101:genus
1090:genus
1068:genus
1034:genus
1012:genus
1001:genus
979:genus
956:genus
945:genus
934:genus
923:genus
912:genus
901:genus
890:genus
879:genus
868:genus
845:genus
823:genus
801:genus
790:genus
779:genus
775:, 2019
771:&
769:Vences
760:genus
749:genus
726:genus
715:genus
704:genus
682:genus
648:genus
637:genus
626:genus
615:genus
604:genus
593:genus
585:Oninia
582:genus
571:genus
560:genus
549:genus
538:genus
527:genus
516:genus
505:genus
494:genus
471:genus
460:genus
449:genus
427:genus
344:ranoid
319:family
226:, 1858
2208:Plazi
2200:37474
2143:IRMNG
2135:24736
2096:624MT
2083:25169
1293:Range
323:frogs
203:Clade
196:Anura
2174:8427
2169:NCBI
2156:ITIS
2122:6741
2117:GBIF
2109:7504
2078:BOLD
1610:ISSN
1573:link
1553:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1506:2020
773:Glaw
763:Mini
383:and
369:ants
367:and
309:The
53:PreꞒ
2104:EoL
2091:CoL
2065:ASW
2052:AFD
2039:ADW
1637:doi
1600:doi
1478:doi
393:egg
321:of
2232::
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2026::
2011::
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1631:,
1608:.
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1569:}}
1565:{{
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1497:.
1474:44
1459:^
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1323::
1313:.
1305:,
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350:.
205::
133:)
103:Pg
47:Ma
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
1639::
1616:.
1602::
1575:)
1561:.
1536:.
1508:.
1480::
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
20:)
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