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530:(佩綬) which is a type of ribbon ornament, and clogs with wooden soles called xi (舄) The shoes worn by the emperor which goes with the mianfu is made of silk with double-layered wooden soles. The shoes could vary in colour depending on events, and by order of importance, the emperor would wear red, white, or black shoes. All these originated from the primitive clothing worn by the shamans in ancient China.
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424:. The mianfu is the highest level of formal dress worn by Chinese monarchs and the ruling families in special ceremonial events such as coronation, morning audience, ancestral rites, worship, new year's audience and other ceremonial activities. There were various forms of mianfu, and the mianfu also had its own system of attire called the mianfu system which was developed back in the
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The dress of dukes (gong 公) resembles that of the emperor at or below the grade of gunmian 衮冕; the dress of marques (hou 侯) and earls (bo 伯) resembles that of the dukes at or below the grade of bimian 鷩冕; the dress of viscounts (zi 子) and barons (nan 男) resembles that of marques and earls at or below
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There are various forms of mianfu which can be classified in five grades and which was worn by the members of the nobility aside from those worn by the
Chinese emperor. The difference in forms and appearance was used to distinguish between the ranks of its wearer; these differences were often form in
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the grade of cuimian 毳冕; the dress of solitaries (gu 孤) resembles that of viscounts and baron at or below the grade of ximian 絺冕; the dress of ministers (qing 卿) and grand masters (dafu 大夫) resembles that of solitaries at or below the grade of xuanmian 玄冕.
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The upper garment of the emperor's mianfu is usually black in colour while the lower garment is crimson red in colour in order to symbolize the order of heaven and earth. The upper and lower garment are tied with a belt. A pure red coloured
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In the Zhou dynasty, there were various types of mianfu; including the gunmian, bimian, cuimian, ximian and xuanmian, which are the five grades of the mianfu worn by the members of the nobility apart from the
Emperor; the
836:. The mianfu was also a strict system of attire which was defined based the social rank of its wearer and had to fulfil requirements based on specific events. The mianfu system was developed in the Western Zhou dynasty.
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rulers adopted the Twelve ornaments in 946 AD and in 1140 AD respectively. The Korean kings have also adopted clothing embellished with nine out of the Twelve ornaments since 1065 AD after the
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also created their own carriages and apparel system by adopting the clothing system of the Han people and by imitating the Song dynasty; and the Jin emperors wore gunmian. According to the
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to the hair, hairpins are used. The mianfu was also worn together with other accessories, such as gedai (革带) which is a type of leather belt, dadai (大带) which is a large silk belt,
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were used on the traditional imperial robes in China, including on the mianfu. These Twelve
Ornaments were later adopted in clothing of other ethnic groups; for examples, the
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Due to the strong cultural influence China exerted on its neighbours, Mianfu was also worn by rulers in other East Asian countries that belonged to the so-called
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has 12 chains; however, it could also vary in numbers (i.e. 9, 7, 5, 3) depending on the importance of an event and in rank difference. To fasten the
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957:. Qing emperors did not use Mianfu as the emperor's official garb, which eventually resulted in this style of clothing disappearing from use.
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927:, the emperor wore mianfu which included: daqiumian and gunmian. The crown prince of the Song dynasty also wore gunmian. The rulers of the
1475:. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Translated by Zhang Fa (2015), in the book "The
History and Spirit of Chinese Art", volume 1, translated from the original text,
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the number of symbols and the tassels which were attached to the headwear worn in the mianfu. Examples of mianfu include the:
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stipulated which types of mianfu were allowed to be worn depending on each noble and official ranks of its wearer:
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428:. The mianfu was used by every dynasty from Zhou dynasty onward until the collapse of the Ming dynasty. The
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518:(冕冠), looked like a board which leans forward and had chains of beads at the front and back. Usually, the
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Efficacious underworld : the evolution of Ten Kings paintings in medieval China and Korea
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A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
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Tang dynasty emperor and officials from Mogao murals from AD 642, located in Cave 220,
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576:) while decorated with nine out of the twelve symbols, it is can be classified as
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History and spirit of chinese art. Volume 1, From prehistory to the Tang dynasty
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552:. When decorated with all the Twelve Ornaments, the mianfu can be classified as
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1358:"Gujangbok: Ceremonial Robe Symbolizing the King's Prestige | Curator's Picks"
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1328:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. pp. 16–18.
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The mianfu is typically a set of clothing, which includes a type of
Chinese
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Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)
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Mongol court dress, identity formation, and global exchange
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was abolished during the Qin dynasty, in favour of a black
1569:"Raifuku (the Imperial Court) - Japanese Wiki Corpus"
1230:. Translated by Sun, Lixin. American Academic Press.
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1418:"通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 "
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1093:costumes in the Nguyễn dynasty by Nguyễn Văn Nhân
832:, and later improved and standardized during the
888:, which was continued to be used throughout the
711:in Yinan Tomb stone-relief in Shandong Province.
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985:(known as Cổn Miện) during the imperial era.
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1438:显宗遂就大业，初服旒冕，衣裳文章，赤舄絇屦，以祠天地，养三老五更于三雍，于时致治平矣。
404:'coronation costume') is a kind of
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1552:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1451:"二年春正月辛未，宗祀光武皇帝於明堂，帝及公卿列侯始服冠冕、衣裳、玉佩、絇屨以行事
1228:A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE CULTURE
444:emperor had bestowed a nine-symbol robe (
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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828:Mianfu was first developed in the
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1398:"秦以戰國即天子位，滅去禮學，郊祀之服皆以袀玄。漢承秦故。"
1380:(Chinese)陳邦懷，《殷代史料徵存》，鄴中片羽三集卷。
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1256:Kwon, Cheeyun Lilian (2019).
2717:Chinese traditional clothing
1761:Chinese ornamental gold silk
1719:Textile decoration and craft
1573:www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org
1194:. Honolulu: Silkroad Press.
2539:Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)
1802:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
1635:Garment and neckline (list)
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1362:NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA
717:Designs and social ranks
1518:Shea, Eiren L. (2020).
981:(known as Raifuku) and
904:were later restored by
502:Construction and design
177:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
2240:Song official headwear
2235:Tang official headwear
2112:Inner and undergarment
1117:dynasties in the book
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1322:Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004).
2615:Traditional clothing
689:Emperor Cheng of Han
426:Western Zhou dynasty
353:Revised Romanization
40:improve this article
2646:Performance costume
2637:Vietnamese clothing
2608:Influenced clothing
1669:Chinese button knot
1226:Gu, Weilie (2022).
910:Eastern Han dynasty
906:Emperor Ming of Han
890:Western Han dynasty
279:Vietnamese alphabet
234:Coronation clothing
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2392:Accessories (list)
2174:Religious clothing
1751:Lishui (sea-waves)
1736:Chinese embroidery
1188:Zhang, Fa (2016).
862:Though the use of
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1771:Chinese patchwork
1695:Shangjian xiafeng
1531:978-0-429-34065-9
1482:978-1-107-16786-5
1446:Book of Later Han
1433:Book of Later Han
1393:Book of Later Han
1269:978-0-8248-5603-8
1201:978-1-62320-126-5
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1911:Tongtianguanfu
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1812:Hanfu movement
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1119:Ngàn năm áo mũ
1105:Simulation of
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2696:List of Hanfu
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2201:
2198:
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2182:
2181:Daojiao fushi
2179:
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2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
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2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:Lower garment
2141:
2135:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
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1940:Upper garment
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1886:Qixiong ruqun
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1881:Tanling ruqun
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1869:Set of attire
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1710:List of hanfu
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1089:Paintings of
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1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:Emperor Kōmei
1046:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1022:'s Mianfu (冕服
1021:
1020:Emperor Kōmei
1014:
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1002:
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991:
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914:Rites of Zhou
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830:Shang dynasty
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96:December 2015
88:
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60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2017:Yuanlingshan
1900:
1807:Yin and Yang
1787:Confucianism
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1520:
1513:
1471:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1324:
1262:. Honolulu.
1258:
1227:
1190:
1118:
1106:
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1075:
1004:
964:
951:Qing dynasty
944:
925:Song dynasty
922:
884:tongtianguan
863:
861:
847:
838:
834:Zhou dynasty
827:
720:
708:
693:Northern Wei
658:
640:
619:
595:
573:shíèrzhāngfú
571:
555:shierzhangfu
549:
535:
532:
523:
519:
505:
457:
422:Ming dynasty
393:
377:
376:
256:Hanyu Pinyin
212:Chinese name
193:Yuan Dynasty
173:Liao dynasty
136:Ming dynasty
130:Painting of
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2564:Folding fan
2382:Lotus shoes
2063:Yuanlingpao
1690:Baoyi bodai
1413:Book of Jin
932:Jin dynasty
929:Jurchen-led
492::
482::
472::
310:Korean name
2711:Categories
2549:Fu (tally)
2345:Honggaitou
2068:Fanlingpao
2012:Shuitianyi
1578:2022-08-07
1567:Yu, A. C.
1540:1139920835
1367:2022-10-13
1278:1098213341
1160:References
969:, such as
967:Sinosphere
945:After the
621:jiǔzhāngfú
603:jiuzhangfu
597:jiǔzhāngyī
579:jiuzhangyi
459:jiǔzhāngfú
169:Introduced
66:newspapers
2671:Cosmetics
2578:Jewellery
2442:Shoulders
2372:Xiuhuaxie
2165:Mamianqun
2160:Baidiequn
1977:Daxiushan
1657:Fastening
1548:cite book
1499:cite book
1491:953576345
1286:cite book
1210:933441686
1068:Khải Định
912:based on
880:(袀玄) and
728:Daqiumian
514:) called
495:gujangbok
465:gujangbok
287:Miện phục
2658:Guzhuang
2569:Tuanshan
2527:Portable
2266:Liangmao
2217:Fengguan
2212:Mianguan
2134:Maweiqun
1972:Baijiayi
1967:Chang'ao
1916:Xuanduan
1862:Garments
1828:Tifayifu
1766:Goldwork
1746:Xiangyun
1344:60568032
1139:Mianguan
1133:See also
1107:Cổn miện
1091:Cổn miện
1076:Cổn miện
1074:wearing
1066:Emperor
1036:Go-Sanjō
1034:Emperor
1005:myeonbok
1003:wearing
975:myeonbok
901:mianguan
852:—
808:Xuanmian
676:, Gansu.
674:Dunhuang
657:wearing
639:wearing
524:mianguan
520:mianguan
516:mianguan
436:and the
414:emperors
360:Myeonbok
285:Cổn Miện
55:"Mianfu"
2678:Huadian
2428:Yunjian
2423:Yingluo
2301:Hairpin
2292:Wangjin
2129:Moxiong
2103:Feiyufu
2078:Longpao
2007:Hechang
1896:Xiuhefu
1844:Guan Li
1726:Diancui
1674:Zimukou
1430:"120".
1390:"120".
1109:of the
1072:Vietnam
983:Vietnam
936:Yuanshi
923:In the
908:in the
877:junxuan
874:called
824:History
813:Chinese
797:Chinese
781:Chinese
776:Cuimian
765:Chinese
749:Chinese
744:Gunmian
733:Chinese
608:Chinese
584:Chinese
560:Chinese
546:dragons
528:peishou
446:Chinese
438:Jurchen
420:to the
382:Chinese
295:Chữ Hán
218:Chinese
189:Vietnam
134:of the
80:scholar
2632:Ryusou
2627:Hanbok
2622:Kimono
2518:Lào zi
2486:Yaoqun
2454:Xiapei
2407:Lingzi
2271:Weimao
2098:Zhisun
2083:Mangfu
2058:Zhiduo
2053:Daopao
2033:Shenyi
2002:Pifeng
1931:Shanku
1906:Bianfu
1901:Mianfu
1891:Qungua
1792:Taoism
1683:Styles
1664:Pankou
1538:
1528:
1489:
1479:
1410:"25".
1342:
1332:
1276:
1266:
1234:
1208:
1198:
1144:Bianfu
1018:Japan
1001:Yi Won
947:Manchu
940:Möngke
895:mianfu
892:, the
870:shenyi
864:mianfu
856:Zhouli
842:Zhouli
815::
799::
792:Ximian
783::
767::
760:Bimian
751::
735::
709:mianfu
659:mianfu
641:mianfu
618::
616:pinyin
610::
594::
592:pinyin
586::
570::
568:pinyin
562::
550:mianfu
488:;
478:;
470:Korean
456::
454:pinyin
448::
434:Khitan
395:miǎnfú
392::
390:pinyin
384::
378:Mianfu
316:Hangul
262:Miǎnfú
203:Mianfu
119:Mianfu
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2595:Jinbu
2590:Yupei
2534:Hebao
2479:Waist
2470:Yajin
2463:Chest
2329:Shubi
2313:Buyao
2287:Fujin
2261:Damao
2256:Humao
2227:Futou
2119:Dudou
2088:Tieli
2048:Paofu
2038:Zhiju
1997:Beizi
1987:Banbi
1982:Bijia
1876:Ruqun
1700:Fuyao
1443:"2".
1149:Hanfu
979:Japan
971:Korea
955:Hanfu
600:) or
508:crown
480:Hanja
418:Shang
410:hanfu
330:Hanja
185:Japan
181:Korea
163:China
149:hanfu
87:JSTOR
73:books
2653:Xifu
2502:Bixi
2449:Pibo
2416:Neck
2400:Head
2350:Mili
2338:Veil
2322:Comb
2204:Guan
2124:Hezi
2093:Yesa
2043:Quju
2026:Robe
1992:Dahu
1957:Shan
1921:Diyi
1797:Wufu
1705:Hufu
1554:link
1536:OCLC
1526:ISBN
1505:link
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1340:OCLC
1330:ISBN
1292:link
1274:OCLC
1264:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1206:OCLC
1196:ISBN
1115:Trần
898:and
564:十二章服
537:bixi
512:guan
442:Liao
401:lit.
144:Type
59:news
2495:Lap
2280:Jin
2249:Mao
2155:Qun
1121:by
1070:of
977:),
920:.
737:大裘冕
624:).
612:九章服
588:九章衣
498:).
485:九章服
475:구장복
450:九章服
408:in
42:by
2713::
2150:Ku
1962:Ao
1952:Yi
1947:Ru
1571:.
1550:}}
1546:{{
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1111:Lý
938:,
817:玄冕
801:絺冕
785:毳冕
769:鷩冕
753:袞冕
614:;
590:;
566:;
490:RR
452:;
398:;
388:;
386:冕服
336:冕服
322:면복
303:冕服
301:袞冕
224:冕服
191:.
187:,
179:,
175:,
161:,
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