3594:
445:
4374:
3888:
3540:
671:, which in some manuscripts appear alongside (or interleaved with) the text being glossed. These glosses and commentaries were not intended for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious instruction of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which was considered a
3658:
540:
script, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in
Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition. However, most texts, including the
840:(after Mihraban Kaykhusrow, the Indian Zoroastrian (Parsi) copyist who created it), dated to 1322 but containing older material, is the only surviving source of several secular Middle Persian works from the Sassanian period. Among the texts included in the unique
3323:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
551:, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.
958:, "Book of a Thousand Judgements", a 7th-century compilation of actual and hypothetical case histories collected from Sassanian court records and transcripts. Only a single manuscript of this unique text survives.
937:, "Khusraw and the Page", is an account of a conversation between the king and a young boy who would like to be a page. This work is a source of information on the sensual delights of the Sassanian court.
597:"Pahlavi literature traditionally defines the writings of the Zoroastrians in the Middle Persian language and Book Pahlavi script which were compiled in the 9th and the 10th centuries CE."
805:, "(on what is) Proper and Improper", a compilation of miscellaneous laws and customs regarding sin and impurity, with other memoranda about ceremonies and religious subjects in general.
473:
766:"(In) Memoriam of Jamasp", is a compendium of essential doctrine, together with basic myth, legend, history, and some pseudo-prophetic matters cast as a series of revelations by
1014:. The original Middle Persian version of the chronicle has been lost, and the contents survive only through Arabic translations and in a versified New Persian version, the
3365:
3986:
1277:
1234:, a small company that provides many reprints of Pahlavi books and manuscripts. Kassock also writes guides for students learning Pahlavi for select books.
1330:
466:
3582:
3560:
3922:
554:
Other, less abundantly attested varieties of Middle
Persian literature include the 'Manichaean Middle Persian' corpus, used for a sizable amount of
3785:
3609:
4403:
753:) in which a figure named Danag (lit: "wise, knowing") participates in a question-and-answer dialog with Menog-i Khrad, the Spirit of Wisdom.
459:
1125:
3358:
4340:
4398:
1231:
528:
in the 7th century, shortly after which Middle
Persian began to evolve into New Persian, Middle Persian continued to be used by the
520:(224–654 CE) were natives of that south-western region, and through their political and cultural influence, Middle Persian became a
1713:
1325:
1270:
1876:
3743:
3614:
3351:
3294:
2725:
880:, is a catalogue of the four regions of the Sassanid empire with mythical and/or historical stories related to their founding.
4418:
4413:
3775:
3722:
2365:
1385:
850:
649:'s texts. Although such exegetical commentaries also exist in other languages (including Avestan itself), the Middle Persian
3770:
4361:
3707:
3575:
2473:
270:
946:
is a book that described all the events which historically or mythically occurred on the 6th day of the
Persian month of
4356:
4303:
3915:
3765:
3727:
3857:
4293:
3157:
2176:
1263:
996:
Several other works, now lost, are known of from references to them in other languages. Works of this group include:
580:(7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including
56:
1655:
628:
These divisions are not mutually exclusive. Several different literary genres are represented in
Pahlavi literature.
4408:
4335:
3642:
2448:
2254:
1006:("Book of Kings"), a legendary genealogy of the Sassanid kings in which the Sassanians were dynastically linked to
683:
The corpus of medieval texts of
Zoroastrian tradition include around 75 works, of which only a few are well known:
433:
428:
409:
404:
388:
383:
378:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
260:
3780:
4423:
4298:
3790:
2478:
1405:
942:
525:
320:
181:
4433:
3985:
3891:
3862:
3568:
1936:
1759:
117:
81:
2978:
2921:
2862:
1228:, contains pdfs of many Pahlavi manuscripts in its original script, many with transcriptions and translations.
1249:
4428:
4378:
4308:
4257:
3908:
3549:
3243:
2847:
2842:
2827:
2738:
2238:
2163:
1164:
1063:
1042:
1000:
in about the 5th century, priests attached to the
Sassanid court began to compile an immense chronicle, the
971:
876:
871:, the "Memorial or Zarer", is the only surviving specimen of Iranian epic poetry composed in Middle Persian.
716:
418:
368:
122:
3760:
562:
and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century). Even less-well attested are the Middle
Persian compositions of
4325:
3753:
3697:
2695:
2246:
1969:
792:
783:
is another pseudo-prophetic text, in this case cast as a question-and-answer dialog between
Zoroaster and
510:
255:
4267:
3672:
3488:
3088:
2916:
2893:
2832:
2748:
1675:
1446:
1365:
961:
Scribes also created several glossaries for translating foreign languages. Of these, two have survived:
823:
22:
2495:
1899:
4262:
3635:
3128:
2993:
2973:
2911:
2670:
2340:
2005:
1990:
1920:
1881:
1826:
1708:
1639:
1522:
1390:
1315:
1310:
1299:
563:
280:
205:
76:
37:
736:
relates the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the 'Viraf' of the story) through the next world.
4272:
4076:
3053:
2792:
2710:
2562:
2547:
2463:
2370:
2327:
2171:
1834:
329:
315:
250:
240:
230:
225:
195:
167:
96:
61:
4160:
4094:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3443:
3197:
3182:
3152:
3013:
2857:
2598:
2516:
2385:
1886:
1787:
1542:
1481:
1436:
1395:
1380:
1286:
1129:
984:
966:
801:
779:
732:
310:
245:
235:
157:
109:
48:
33:
2403:
3831:
3435:
3263:
3202:
3108:
3073:
3058:
3043:
2954:
2817:
2730:
2690:
2675:
2593:
2588:
2501:
2408:
2360:
2102:
1954:
1891:
1744:
1688:
1517:
1360:
920:
888:
867:
750:
449:
305:
215:
210:
200:
190:
172:
162:
152:
147:
4330:
4277:
4081:
4071:
3852:
3821:
3682:
3514:
3463:
3453:
3284:
3113:
3103:
3063:
3048:
3028:
3008:
3003:
2936:
2812:
2779:
2715:
2613:
2608:
2443:
2355:
2322:
2110:
2000:
1782:
1425:
1050:
1011:
711:
567:
521:
506:
300:
142:
137:
66:
3806:
3687:
3598:
3593:
3544:
3299:
3258:
3217:
3123:
3078:
3038:
2837:
2802:
2763:
2758:
2705:
2458:
2433:
2413:
2390:
2380:
2335:
2208:
2139:
1926:
1863:
1772:
1749:
1739:
1683:
1610:
1441:
1244:
1059:
1038:
915:
672:
577:
517:
502:
285:
127:
91:
86:
71:
693:, "Acts of Religion", is an encyclopedic compendium of Sassanid era beliefs and customs.
4175:
4170:
4119:
4061:
3931:
3847:
3811:
3717:
3702:
3692:
3647:
3630:
3524:
3431:
3391:
3268:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3147:
3118:
3083:
3018:
2998:
2988:
2931:
2867:
2822:
2807:
2685:
2650:
2618:
2578:
2557:
2552:
2537:
2468:
2453:
2350:
2195:
2049:
1959:
1818:
1623:
810:
494:
490:
101:
4392:
4313:
4089:
4000:
3748:
3458:
3304:
3289:
3212:
3207:
3192:
3187:
3162:
3023:
2983:
2901:
2753:
2743:
2720:
2700:
2603:
2532:
2483:
2418:
2375:
2147:
2062:
2039:
2034:
1964:
1946:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1839:
1754:
1660:
1631:
1594:
1568:
1527:
1415:
1082:
1002:
767:
741:
645:
corpus include exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations of the
295:
827:, a text on the creation of the world, life of Zoroaster, and the eschatological end
4180:
4165:
4134:
4124:
4056:
4051:
4020:
3677:
3519:
3509:
3222:
3098:
3068:
2906:
2872:
2797:
2787:
2680:
2634:
2491:
2428:
2345:
2200:
2152:
2131:
2094:
2078:
2054:
2029:
1904:
1871:
1698:
1647:
1537:
1420:
1375:
1033:
906:
to the Sassanid court to test Iranian wits, in response to which a priest invented
758:
601:
537:
4252:
4066:
3945:
3868:
3816:
3374:
3333:
3093:
2946:
2926:
2852:
2542:
2438:
2395:
2126:
1400:
1067:
855:
815:
784:
529:
3539:
4190:
4155:
4046:
3960:
3448:
3329:
3033:
2941:
2888:
2423:
1858:
1767:
1718:
1703:
1670:
1618:
1602:
1589:
1532:
1410:
1055:
976:
907:
859:
698:
555:
532:
priesthood for religious and secular compositions. These compositions, in the
275:
923:
poem recast into Book Pahlavi but retaining many Parthian phrases and idioms.
4247:
4242:
3970:
3950:
1985:
1511:
1320:
1016:
1007:
947:
771:
703:
702:, "Original Creation", is an important source of information on Zoroastrian
265:
1219:
1216:, includes many texts in original and English translation (some also on the
787:, in which the latter gives his prophet the ability to see into the future.
569:
4185:
4109:
4104:
3826:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3343:
2070:
1777:
1550:
1507:
1021:
220:
1010:, i.e. Zoroaster's patron and the legendary founder of the mythological
4216:
4150:
4129:
3975:
3504:
3468:
3383:
2583:
1799:
1723:
1665:
1370:
989:
689:
653:
is the only to survive fully, and is for this reason regarded as 'the'
533:
132:
1792:
4318:
4195:
4041:
4036:
4005:
3874:
3411:
2230:
2010:
1807:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1502:
1497:
1255:
646:
615:
581:
559:
548:
524:
and thus also came to be used by non-Persian Iranians. Following the
498:
290:
930:
is a description of the "Wonders and Remarkable Features of Sistan".
3657:
796:, a partly apologetic and partly polemic review of other religions.
727:, the "Treatises of Zatsparam", by Manushchihr's brother Zatsparam.
4237:
4211:
4114:
4099:
4015:
4010:
3421:
3396:
2262:
1995:
1693:
1225:
903:
661:
3900:
4221:
3965:
3955:
3325:
2044:
1941:
641:
610:
543:
3904:
3564:
3347:
2292:
1463:
1347:
1297:
1259:
667:, almost all surviving Avestan texts have their Middle Persian
1081:, which has survived as an Arabic translation in a section of
1037:. The Middle Persian work survives only as a translation into
584:(in present-day China) and even localities in Southern India.
1213:
1128:. Detroit: Eastern Michigan University. 2007. Archived from
505:. Middle Persian was the prestige dialect during the era of
954:
Especially important to cultural and law historians is the
902:, is a humorous story of how an Indian king sent a game of
1210:, includes Middle Persian writings in English translation
1207:
770:
through the model of a question-and-answer dialog with
1058:
seizure of the throne. The letter was translated into
891:
containing advice and injunctions for proper behavior.
558:
religious writings, including many theological texts,
1149:
Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 138. In
1111:
Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141. In
621:
other exegetical compositions on religious subjects.
4349:
4286:
4230:
4204:
4143:
4029:
3993:
3938:
3840:
3799:
3736:
3665:
3623:
3497:
3430:
3382:
3277:
3231:
3137:
2963:
2881:
2772:
2663:
2643:
2627:
2571:
2525:
2509:
2316:
2303:
2223:
2188:
2119:
2087:
2022:
1978:
1851:
1732:
1582:
1490:
1474:
836:A manuscript known as the "miscellaneous codex" or
1165:"Middle Persian literature I: Pahlavi Literature"
501:, the region in the south-western corner of the
1326:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
1250:Middle Persian Literature I. Pahlavi literature
1190:Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism
3916:
3576:
3359:
1271:
1031:, a Middle Persian translation of the Indian
745:, "Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom", is an
467:
8:
898:, "Explanation of Chess", also known as the
489:is the corpus of written works composed in
3984:
3923:
3909:
3901:
3583:
3569:
3561:
3366:
3352:
3344:
2313:
2300:
2289:
1471:
1460:
1344:
1331:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1294:
1278:
1264:
1256:
474:
460:
18:
3332:and one of the two official languages of
1183:
1181:
1179:
600:The literary corpus in Middle Persian in
1126:"Linguist List - Description of Pehlevi"
919:, "the Assyrian tree", is an originally
16:Written works composed in Middle Persian
1104:
1041:and two centuries later into Arabic by
762:, "Book of Jamaspi", also known as the
624:compositions on non-religious subjects.
417:
396:
367:
328:
180:
32:
21:
862:, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty
547:commentaries and translations of the
526:Arab conquest of the Sassanian Empire
7:
660:With the notable exception of the
14:
1366:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
980:) used in written Middle Persian.
814:, an epic poem about the life of
4373:
4372:
3887:
3886:
3656:
3592:
3538:
443:
3744:Military of the Sasanian Empire
3295:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
2726:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
1151:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
1113:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
608:translations and commentaries (
2366:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1386:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
1226:A Large Online Pahlavi Library
851:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
509:. It is the largest source of
1:
2474:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
1714:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
1232:Kassock Pahlavi Reproductions
1171:, New York: iranicaonline.org
910:to challenge the Indian king.
4404:Persian literature by period
1214:Scholar Raham Asha's website
715:("Religious Decisions") and
2177:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
1208:Avesta-Zoroastrian Archives
928:Abdih ud Sahigih i Sagistan
887:texts, the Iranian type of
570:
4450:
2255:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
1024:, finished around 1000 CE.
4399:Middle Persian literature
4370:
3982:
3884:
3791:Muslim conquest of Persia
3771:Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars
3654:
3605:
3533:
3321:
2479:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
2299:
2288:
2015:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
1470:
1459:
1406:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
1356:
1343:
1306:
1293:
943:Mah farvardin Ruz khordad
877:Shahrestaniha i Eranshahr
749:text (a class of Iranian
742:Daedestan i Menog-i Khrad
487:Middle Persian literature
4072:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3863:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
2894:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
1937:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
1760:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1656:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1316:Old Persian inscriptions
956:Madayan i Hazar Dadestan
4258:Three Persian religions
3858:Roman–Iranian relations
3244:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2848:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2843:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
2828:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
2739:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2239:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2213:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1066:, and from Arabic into
970:, a glossary of common
725:Vichitakiha i Zatsparam
3786:Revolts and civil wars
2696:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2247:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
1868:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
1611:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
1252:, Encyclopædia Iranica
1173:, accessed August 2010
1163:Cereti, C. G. (2009),
1153:(ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
1115:(ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
1062:in the 9th century by
793:Shikand-gumanic Vichar
679:Other exegetical works
511:Zoroastrian literature
4419:History of literature
4414:West Asian literature
4362:Fire temples in India
4030:Scripture and worship
3781:Aksumite–Persian wars
3489:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
3232:Children's literature
3089:Rasoul Mollagholipour
2979:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
2922:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2917:Alireza Koushk Jalali
2863:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2749:Shahriyar Mandanipour
1991:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
1835:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
1676:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1447:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1430:Anthology of Zadspram
1079:Ayyatkar-i Anushirvan
1072:History of Tabaristan
824:Wizidagiha-i Zadspram
450:Literature portal
23:History of literature
4357:Fire temples in Iran
4144:Accounts and legends
3776:Göktürk–Persian wars
3129:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
2994:Pouran Derakhshandeh
2974:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2912:Amir Reza Koohestani
2671:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2341:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2270:Mahmud Saba Kashani
2006:Fazlallah Astarabadi
1882:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1877:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1827:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1709:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1523:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1311:Behistun Inscription
1188:Boyce, Mary (1984),
1169:Encyclopedia Iranica
1070:in the 13th century
896:Wizarishn i Chatrang
832:Secular compositions
593:"Pahlavi" literature
564:Nestorian Christians
4231:History and culture
4077:Udvada Atash Behram
3545:Religion portal
3054:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
2793:Abolhassan Etessami
2711:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2563:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2548:Khalilullah Khalili
2488:Manouchehr Sheybani
2464:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2371:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2328:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
1970:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1815:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1401:Shabuhragan of Mani
1245:"Hymn of the Pearl"
972:Aramaic heterograms
576:, evidenced in the
251:Old Church Slavonic
241:Maharashtri Prakrit
4161:Book of Arda Viraf
4095:Cypress of Kashmar
3761:Roman–Persian Wars
3643:Seven Great Houses
3484:Dana-i Menog Khrat
3479:Frahang-i Oim-evak
3474:Frahang-i Pahlavig
3444:Book of Arda Viraf
3198:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
3183:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
3153:Najaf Daryabandari
3014:Behrouz Gharibpour
2858:Shahrnush Parsipur
2833:Aboutorab Khosravi
2735:Aboutorab Khosravi
2599:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2517:Edward Haghverdian
2181:Rasa Salim Tehrani
1900:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
1887:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1543:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1482:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1437:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1396:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1381:Book of Arda Viraf
1287:Persian literature
1054:, a rationale for
992:words and phrases.
988:, a dictionary of
985:Frahang-i Oim-evak
967:Frahang-i Pahlavig
802:Shayast ne-shayast
780:Zand-i Wahman yasn
764:Ayadgar i Jamaspig
516:The rulers of the
246:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
4409:Zoroastrian texts
4386:
4385:
3898:
3897:
3737:Military and wars
3558:
3557:
3341:
3340:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3264:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3203:Hamid Samandarian
3144:Amrollah Abjadian
3109:Fereydoun Rahnema
3074:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
3059:Samuel Khachikian
3044:Ebrahim Hatamikia
2955:Mohammad Yaghoubi
2951:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
2818:Houshang Golshiri
2731:Houshang Golshiri
2691:Mahshid Amirshahi
2676:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
2659:
2658:
2594:Abolqasem Lahouti
2589:Iskandar Khatloni
2502:Fereydoon Moshiri
2449:Mohammad Mokhtari
2409:Forugh Farrokhzad
2361:Manouchehr Atashi
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2216:
2205:
2168:
2164:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
2157:
2144:
2136:
2107:
2103:Muhtasham Kashani
2099:
2075:
2067:
2059:
1955:Nozhat al-Majales
1951:
1909:
1896:
1892:Mahmud Shabistari
1859:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
1844:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1764:
1745:Suzani Samarqandi
1689:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
1680:
1652:
1644:
1640:Masud Sa'd Salman
1636:
1628:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1555:
1547:
1518:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1455:
1454:
1391:Cube of Zoroaster
1361:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1339:
1338:
1074:by Ibn Isfandiar.
889:wisdom literature
868:Ayadgar-i Zariran
751:wisdom literature
549:Zoroastrian canon
484:
483:
397:Modern by century
138:Classical Chinese
4441:
4424:Literature lists
4376:
4375:
4341:in United States
4082:Adur Burzen-Mihr
3988:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3822:Banu al-Munajjim
3660:
3610:List of monarchs
3597:
3596:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3543:
3542:
3515:Dasatir-i-Asmani
3464:Letter of Tansar
3454:Dadestan-i Denig
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3285:Aydin Aghdashloo
3114:Rasul Sadr Ameli
3104:Kambuzia Partovi
3064:Abbas Kiarostami
3049:Abdolreza Kahani
3029:Ebrahim Golestan
3009:Farrokh Ghaffari
3004:Bahman Farmanara
2937:Abbas Nalbandian
2813:Ebrahim Golestan
2780:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
2716:Soudabeh Fazaeli
2614:Mirzo Tursunzoda
2609:Payrav Sulaymoni
2444:Shams Langeroodi
2400:Parviz Eslampour
2356:Aminollah Rezaei
2323:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
2314:
2301:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2214:
2203:
2172:Naw'i Khabushani
2166:
2155:
2142:
2134:
2105:
2097:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2001:Abu Ali Qalandar
1949:
1907:
1894:
1842:
1829:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1783:Najm al-Din Razi
1762:
1678:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1553:
1545:
1472:
1461:
1426:Dadestan-i Denig
1345:
1295:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1051:Letter of Tansar
1012:Kayanian dynasty
935:Khusraw va Redag
733:Arda-Viraf Namag
712:Dadestan i Denig
573:
522:prestige dialect
507:Sasanian dynasty
476:
469:
462:
448:
447:
446:
216:Gandhari Prakrit
57:Ancient Egyptian
28:
19:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4434:Sasanian Empire
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4366:
4345:
4282:
4226:
4200:
4171:Story of Sanjan
4139:
4025:
3994:Divine entities
3989:
3980:
3934:
3929:
3899:
3894:
3880:
3836:
3795:
3732:
3661:
3652:
3619:
3601:
3599:Sasanian Empire
3591:
3589:
3559:
3554:
3537:
3529:
3493:
3426:
3378:
3372:
3342:
3337:
3309:
3300:Ehsan Yarshater
3273:
3259:Poopak NikTalab
3227:
3218:Ahmad Tafazzoli
3133:
3124:Parviz Shahbazi
3079:Dariush Mehrjui
3039:Abolfazl Jalili
2959:
2877:
2838:Mostafa Mastoor
2803:Simin Daneshvar
2768:
2764:Iraj Pezeshkzad
2759:Mansour Koushan
2706:Simin Daneshvar
2655:
2639:
2623:
2567:
2521:
2505:
2496:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2459:Yadollah Royaee
2434:Siavash Kasraie
2414:Hossein Monzavi
2404:Parvin E'tesami
2391:Hushang Ebtehaj
2381:Simin Behbahani
2336:Qeysar Aminpour
2312:
2295:
2276:
2219:
2209:Neshat Esfahani
2184:
2140:Asir-e Esfahani
2115:
2083:
2018:
1974:
1927:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
1864:Awhadi Maraghai
1847:
1773:Falaki Shirvani
1750:Hassan Ghaznavi
1728:
1724:Mahsati Ganjavi
1684:Uthman Mukhtari
1578:
1486:
1466:
1451:
1442:Drakht-i Asurig
1352:
1335:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1241:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1192:, Manchester UP
1187:
1186:
1177:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1087:Tajarib al-Umam
1029:Kalile va Demne
916:Drakht i Asurig
673:sacred language
595:
590:
578:Pahlavi Psalter
518:Sasanian Empire
503:Iranian plateau
493:, that is, the
480:
444:
442:
206:Byzantine Greek
143:Classical Latin
128:Ancient Prakrit
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4429:Middle Persian
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Chinvat Bridge
4173:
4168:
4166:Book of Jamasp
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:Khordeh Avesta
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Airyaman ishya
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Amesha Spentas
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3939:Primary topics
3936:
3935:
3932:Zoroastrianism
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3631:House of Sasan
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3525:Qissa-i Sanjan
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:Middle Persian
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Khordeh Avesta
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3269:Ramak NikTalab
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Hengameh Mofid
3251:
3249:Babak NikTalab
3246:
3241:
3239:Samad Behrangi
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Saleh Hosseini
3175:
3173:Ramak NikTalab
3170:
3168:Sadegh Hedayat
3165:
3160:
3158:Mohammad Ghazi
3155:
3150:
3148:Jaleh Amouzgar
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Mohammad Sadri
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Reza Mirkarimi
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Bahman Ghobadi
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Asghar Farhadi
2996:
2991:
2989:Hajir Darioush
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Hengameh Mofid
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:Mohsen Yalfani
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2868:Bahram Sadeghi
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:Sadegh Hedayat
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Nader Ebrahimi
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Reza Amirkhani
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2651:Muhammad Iqbal
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:Satim Ulugzade
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Sadriddin Ayni
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:Massoud Nawabi
2555:
2553:Youssof Kohzad
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Wasef Bakhtari
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Sohrab Sepehri
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Nosrat Rahmani
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Ahmad NikTalab
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:Hormoz Alipour
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2196:Hatef Esfahani
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2143:(c. 1620–1648)
2137:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2050:Kamal Khujandi
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Khwaju Kermani
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:Nizami Ganjavi
1816:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
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1706:
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1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1624:Qatran Tabrizi
1621:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1584:
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1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
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1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
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1464:
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1434:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Book of Jamasp
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
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1323:
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1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
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1290:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1239:External links
1237:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1175:
1155:
1142:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1075:
1064:Ibn al-Muqaffa
1046:
1043:Ibn al-Muqaffa
1025:
994:
993:
981:
952:
951:
938:
931:
924:
911:
900:Chatrang Namag
892:
881:
872:
863:
834:
833:
829:
828:
819:
811:Zaratosht-nama
806:
797:
788:
775:
754:
737:
728:
721:
709:Manushchihr's
707:
694:
681:
680:
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495:Middle Iranian
491:Middle Persian
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82:Hurro-Urartian
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15:
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10:
9:
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4329:
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4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:in Azerbaijan
4302:
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4291:
4289:
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4276:
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4116:
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4108:
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4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Adur Gushnasp
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3459:Menog-i Khrad
3457:
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3305:Ahmad Kasravi
3303:
3301:
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3290:Ali Latifiyan
3288:
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3213:Jafar Shahidi
3211:
3209:
3208:Jalal Sattari
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Mohammad Moin
3191:
3189:
3188:Ahmad Shamlou
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
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3163:Lili Golestan
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3024:Fereydun Gole
3022:
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3017:
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3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
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2997:
2995:
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2984:Bahram Beyzai
2982:
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2970:Saeed Aghighi
2969:
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2775:
2773:Short stories
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Abbas Maroufi
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Ahmad Mahmoud
2742:
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2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Reza Ghassemi
2719:
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2714:
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2702:
2701:Reza Baraheni
2699:
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2604:Loiq Sher-Ali
2602:
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2533:Nadia Anjuman
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2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2503:
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2497:
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2484:Ahmad Shamlou
2482:
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2425:
2422:
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2419:Hushang Irani
2417:
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2402:
2399:
2397:
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2376:Reza Baraheni
2374:
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2165:
2162:
2159:
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2148:Kalim Kashani
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2122:
2118:
2112:
2111:'Orfi Shirazi
2109:
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2035:Salman Savaji
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Badr Shirvani
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:Homam Tabrizi
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
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1933:
1932:Pur-Baha Jami
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1755:Faramarz Nama
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1661:Ahmad Ghazali
1659:
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1632:Nizam al-Mulk
1630:
1625:
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1596:
1595:Nasir Khusraw
1593:
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1569:Kisai Marvazi
1567:
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1528:Shahid Balkhi
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1416:Menog-i Khrad
1414:
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1399:
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1143:
1132:on 2012-02-11
1131:
1127:
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1083:Ebn Meskavayh
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1026:
1023:
1019:
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1003:Khwaday Namag
999:
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987:
986:
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979:
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708:
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678:
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648:
644:
643:
634:
631:
630:
629:
623:
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617:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:
604:consists of:
603:
598:
592:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
545:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Persia proper
496:
492:
488:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
435:
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199:
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183:
179:
174:
171:
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166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
118:Ancient Greek
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
35:
31:
24:
20:
4377:
4181:Frashokereti
4135:Atash Behram
4125:The Revayats
4086:Adur Farnbag
4067:Fire Temples
4057:Yenghe hatam
4052:Ahuna Vairya
4021:Angra Mainyu
3873:
3867:
3712:
3708:Inscriptions
3673:Architecture
3520:The Rivayats
3510:Jamasp Namag
3223:Abbas Zaryab
3099:Jafar Panahi
3069:Majid Majidi
2907:Bahman Forsi
2873:Goli Taraqqi
2798:Javad Mojabi
2788:Sadeq Chubak
2784:Shamim Bahar
2681:Bozorg Alavi
2635:Asad Gulzoda
2492:Nima Yooshij
2429:Bijan Jalali
2346:Aref Qazvini
2294:Contemporary
2231:Mirza Ghalib
2201:Azar Bigdeli
2160:Saba Kashani
2153:Hazin Lāhiji
2132:Saib Tabrizi
2095:Vahshi Bafqi
2079:Baba Faghani
2055:Ahli Shirazi
2030:Ubayd Zakani
1905:Amir Khusrau
1895:(1288–1320s)
1872:Sultan Walad
1699:Banu Goshasp
1648:Omar Khayyam
1538:Rabia Balkhi
1421:Jamasp Namag
1349:
1189:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1120:
1112:
1107:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1049:
1034:Panchatantra
1032:
1028:
1015:
1001:
995:
983:
975:
965:
960:
955:
953:
941:
934:
927:
914:
899:
895:
884:
875:
866:
849:
841:
837:
835:
822:
809:
800:
791:
778:
763:
759:Jamasp Namag
757:
746:
740:
731:
724:
717:
710:
697:
688:
682:
668:
662:
659:
654:
650:
640:
638:
632:
627:
609:
602:Book Pahlavi
599:
596:
553:
542:
538:Book Pahlavi
515:
486:
485:
419:Contemporary
369:Early modern
108:
47:
4336:in Pakistan
4294:Persecution
4253:Khurramites
3966:Persia/Iran
3951:Zarathustra
3946:Ahura Mazda
3817:Baduspanids
3800:Descendants
3766:Arab tribes
3636:Family tree
3375:Zoroastrian
3334:Afghanistan
3138:Translators
3094:Amir Naderi
2964:Screenplays
2947:Pari Saberi
2927:Bijan Mofid
2853:Bijan Najdi
2543:Raziq Faani
2526:Afghanistan
2439:Esmail Khoi
2396:Bijan Elahi
2272:(1813–1893)
2266:(1808–1854)
2258:(1801–1880)
2250:(1800–1871)
2242:(1779–1837)
2234:(1797–1869)
2215:(1798–1857)
2204:(1722–1781)
2167:(1642–1720)
2156:(1692–1766)
2135:(1607–1670)
2127:Taleb Amoli
2106:(1500–1588)
2098:(1523–1583)
2074:(1487–1524)
2066:(1483–1556)
2058:(1454–1535)
1950:(1238–1314)
1908:(1253–1325)
1830:(1149–1209)
1822:(1141–1209)
1811:(1126–1189)
1803:(1120–1190)
1763:(1155–1191)
1679:(1098–1131)
1651:(1048–1131)
1643:(1046–1121)
1635:(1018–1092)
1627:(1009–1072)
1614:(1006–1088)
1606:(1058–1111)
1598:(1004–1088)
1433:Warshtmansr
1094:Other works
1068:New Persian
856:hagiography
816:Zarathustra
785:Ahura Mazda
530:Zoroastrian
497:dialect of
256:Old English
158:Old Persian
4393:Categories
4299:in Armenia
4191:Hamistagan
4047:Ashem Vohu
3961:Vohu Manah
3723:Punishment
3713:Literature
3449:Bundahishn
3377:literature
3330:Tajikistan
3034:Ali Hatami
2942:Akbar Radi
2889:Reza Abdoh
2628:Uzbekistan
2572:Tajikistan
2424:Iraj Mirza
1768:Adib Sabir
1704:Borzu-Nama
1671:Manuchehri
1619:Asadi Tusi
1603:Al-Ghazali
1590:Bābā Tāher
1554:(980–1037)
1546:(967–1049)
1411:Bundahishn
1220:parsig.org
1202:Full texts
1136:2015-02-10
1099:References
1056:Ardashir's
977:huzvarishn
908:backgammon
860:Ardashir I
699:Bundahishn
556:Manichaean
421:by century
371:by century
332:by century
276:Old Turkic
261:Old German
49:Bronze Age
4287:Adherents
4268:Festivals
4248:Mazdakism
4243:Zurvanism
4156:Bundahišn
3971:Faravahar
3832:Qarinvand
3703:Glassware
3698:Education
3278:Essayists
1986:Ibn Yamin
1512:Shahnameh
1465:Classical
1321:Ganjnameh
1017:Shahnameh
1008:Vishtaspa
948:Farvardin
704:cosmogony
614:) of the
588:Subgroups
536:-derived
316:Tocharian
271:Old Malay
266:Old Khmer
163:Old Tamil
110:Classical
4379:Category
4309:in India
4273:Marriage
4263:Calendar
4186:Xrafstar
4110:Visperad
4105:Vendidad
3892:Category
3827:Mikalids
3807:Dabuyids
3693:Dressing
3615:Timeline
3550:Category
3417:Chihrdad
3407:Vendidad
3402:Visperad
2644:Pakistan
2386:Dehkhoda
2071:Ismail I
1921:Golestān
1843:(d.1248)
1740:Iranshah
1551:Avicenna
1508:Ferdowsi
1022:Firdausi
921:Parthian
883:several
772:Vishtasp
718:Epistles
560:homilies
330:Medieval
231:Japanese
226:Georgian
201:Bactrian
196:Armenian
168:Sanskrit
153:Phrygian
148:Parthian
97:Sumerian
62:Akkadian
4331:in Iraq
4326:in Iran
4217:Kashmar
4151:Dēnkard
4130:Ab-Zohr
4006:Yazatas
3976:Avestan
3853:Economy
3841:Related
3812:Bavands
3683:Coinage
3666:Culture
3624:Dynasty
3505:Sad-dar
3469:Denkard
3436:Pahlavi
3384:Avestan
2584:Farzona
2510:Armenia
1800:Khaqani
1719:Mu'izzi
1666:Hujwiri
1533:Bal'ami
1371:Dēnkard
990:Avestan
690:Denkard
534:Aramaic
311:Tibetan
301:Sogdian
236:Kannada
133:Aramaic
77:Hittite
67:Elamite
38:corpora
34:Ancient
4319:Parsis
4278:Burial
4238:Parsis
4205:Cities
4196:Duzakh
4115:Yashts
4042:Gathas
4037:Avesta
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4011:Ahuras
3875:anērān
3688:Crowns
3412:Gathas
2664:Novels
2304:Poetry
2063:Fuzuli
2040:Hatefi
2011:Nasimi
1917:Bustan
1808:Anvari
1793:c.1220
1791:(1142–
1574:Ayyuqi
1564:Asjadi
1559:Unsuri
1503:Daqiqi
1498:Rudaki
1350:Middle
1060:Arabic
1039:Syriac
885:andarz
768:Jamasp
747:andarz
647:Avesta
616:Avesta
582:Turfan
568:Mar Ma
306:Telugu
291:Sabaic
211:Coptic
191:Arabic
173:Syriac
102:Ugarit
92:Lydian
87:Luwian
72:Hattic
27:by era
4350:Lists
4314:Irani
4212:Balkh
4100:Yasna
3848:Roads
3728:Women
3718:Music
3648:Kayus
3498:Other
3422:Yasht
3397:Yasna
2882:Plays
2263:Qaani
2224:1800s
2189:1700s
2120:1600s
2088:1500s
2023:1400s
1996:Hafez
1979:1300s
1913:Saadi
1852:1200s
1788:Attar
1778:Am'aq
1733:1100s
1694:Sanai
1583:1000s
904:chess
854:is a
844:are:
663:Yasht
635:texts
566:like
321:Welsh
281:Norse
221:Geʽez
4222:Yazd
3956:Asha
3872:and
3869:ērān
3749:Navy
3326:Iran
2317:Iran
2045:Jami
1942:Rumi
1491:900s
1475:800s
1077:the
1048:the
1027:the
940:the
933:the
926:the
913:the
894:the
874:the
865:the
848:the
821:the
808:the
799:the
790:the
777:the
756:the
739:the
730:the
723:the
696:the
687:the
669:zand
655:zand
651:zand
642:zand
639:The
633:Zand
611:zand
544:Zend
434:21st
429:20th
410:19th
405:18th
389:17th
384:16th
379:15th
360:14th
355:13th
350:12th
345:11th
340:10th
296:Saka
286:Pali
3678:Art
1300:Old
1085:'s
1020:by
858:of
513:.
4395::
3328:,
1919:/
1178:^
1167:,
842:MK
838:MK
675:.
657:.
574:na
3924:e
3917:t
3910:v
3584:e
3577:t
3570:v
3434:/
3367:e
3360:t
3353:v
3336:.
2498:)
2494:(
1923:)
1915:(
1795:)
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1510:(
1279:e
1272:t
1265:v
1222:)
1194:.
1139:.
1089:.
1045:.
974:(
950:.
818:.
774:.
706:.
665:s
618:.
571:ʿ
475:e
468:t
461:v
40:)
36:(
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