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their stolen goods. It is also true that many of the original
Runners were also serving constables, so they were financially supported by the state. Nevertheless, the problem persisted and, in 1753, Fielding's initiative came close to failing when his men had stopped their thief-taking activity for some time. A way out of this situation came in the same year, when the government lamented spending too much money on rewards with no apparent decrease in the crime rates. At this point, the Duke of Newcastle, the secretary of state at the time, asked Fielding for advice, which he presently gave. The document that Fielding presented to the government revolved around the activity of the Bow Street officers; Fielding's suggestion included that he be given more money in addition to his own magistrate's stipend for two main purposes. The first was, of course, to offer economic support to the officers working in Bow Street, which would have allowed these men to extend their policing activities well beyond the simple thief-taking. The other purpose was to advertise the activity of the Bow Street office and to encourage private citizens to report crimes and provide information about offenders; the advertisements would be published in the
400:. Such an organised intervention was needed, according to Fielding, because of the difficulties and reluctance of private citizens to apprehend criminals, especially if those were part of a gang — reluctance largely caused by the fear of retaliation and by the extremely high costs of the prosecution that would have to be paid by the victim of the crime. This activity, however, was very similar to the thief-takers' enterprise and, as such, it could have been considered as corrupt as the latter. Therefore, Fielding wrote a number of pamphlets to justify the activity of thief-taking; he argued that the legitimacy of this activity had been undermined by the actions of a few (see for example
40:
551:
664:, the policing responsibilities of the Bow Street magistrates were very considerably diminished. The Bow Street patrol was gradually absorbed into the new police force and Bow Street was left with only the Runners. Even then, the Home Office held much of the authority over the activity of the Runners and was mainly concerned to bring Bow Street's finances under control. The Bow Street magistrates' effective loss of authority over the activity of the Runners and the government's concern to control costs meant that the funds for the office were much diminished in the 1830s.
653:
the position that Bow Street had once held in the commitment of felons to trial continued to erode with the expansion of the patrol and the creation of new police offices from 1792. By the early 1820s, Bow Street was responsible for just over 10% of the accused felons being committed to trial at the Old Bailey. After 1815, the
Runners' most regular employment was to respond to help requests from prosecutors outside London. These were likely cases in which their skill and experience was thought to be useful in investigating offences in the provinces.
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of the main activities carried out by clerks and assistants in the office was to collect and record information about offences and offenders, therefore creating a sort of criminal database that could turn useful to officers in their investigating activities. Fielding believed that a national system of criminal information circulating throughout not only the metropolis of London but also the entire country would ensure that offenders would be arrested and brought to justice; moreover, anyone contemplating an offence would be deterred from doing so.
404:) and that, in fact, thief-takers performed a public service where the civil authorities were weaker. Another step towards the legitimation of the activity of the Bow Street Runners concerned the lawfulness of an arrest made by an ordinary citizen. Fielding made clear that constables were not the only ones to have the right to make an arrest, but under special circumstances – such as with a warrant issued by a magistrate – also private citizens could act against a suspected criminal and arrest them.
640:. c. 53) which contained two elements of the 1785 bill: one was the establishment of public offices where magistrates monopolized the administration of criminal law throughout the metropolis, and the other was the increase in the powers of the police. The Act was mainly based on the model presented by the Bow Street office and on Fielding's conception of the magistrate and of how to deal with crime, therefore leading to the replication of the Bow Street structure throughout London.
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to send officers to patrol roads from time to time. The patrol activity of the Bow Street officers is an indicator of a fundamental characteristic of the Bow Street policing system, which is its undefined geographical range. In fact, the officers were not restricted to a particular area of the city but were able to operate across the entire metropolis, and also beyond London itself. To facilitate the reach of the office, Fielding was named in the commissions of the peace of
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offenders. Officers could go out on their own initiative to investigate an offence, as essentially they were hired by the victims to give them help. Most victims were expected to pay the expenses of the investigation and to offer a small reward for information as well. They would also have to face the expenses of an eventual trial, even though if the offender was convicted they would have had the right to receive financial compensation from the court.
358:. Under John Fielding, the institution of the Bow Street Runners gained more and more recognition from the government, although the force was only funded intermittently in the years that followed. It served as the guiding principle for the way that policing developed over the next 80 years. Bow Street was a manifestation of the move towards increasing professionalisation and state control of street life, beginning in London.
685:
644:
rather than by legislation, therefore increasing the policing resources available. This made it possible for the government to use the
Runners and the patrolmen as they thought necessary, increasing their range of investigation, that now included more engagement with threats to national security and social disorder, as can be seen by the fewer and fewer accounts of Runners giving evidence in trials at the Old Bailey.
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468:, of the increasing costs of an active policing and advertising, as well as of the need of recruiting a permanent clerical staff for the office. The administration of the funds was left largely in Fielding's hands. He provided payments to six officers, for investigating and attempting to apprehend offenders, and occasionally to a few assistants.
526:, which was meant to provide a measure of central control over the many police forces across the metropolis but failed to do so. Some elements were derived from the existing institutions, particularly Bow Street, but the concept of the metropolis as a unified district and a central command overseeing many policing divisions was completely new.
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strongly in the importance of a rapid spread of information and therefore advertising was very important to his policing strategy. Of course, this included also the advertising of the activity carried out in Bow Street, as well as exhortations to victims to report offences and any kind of information on criminals and stolen goods.
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and highwaymen, Fielding decided to send some men to patrol the squares of
Westminster and the highways leading into the city, also on horseback from 1756, though by 1766–67 horseback patrolling had been sharply curtailed, due to the excessive costs. Nevertheless, two 'pursuit horses' were maintained
695:
In case of robbery or other serious offences, Bow Street officers were immediately involved and dispatched. The success of their detection work and of the apprehension of offenders relied on the rapid collection and communication of information about the crime committed and on the descriptions of the
680:
Bow Street's involvement in a case began quite simply with the arrival of a victim or a messenger who wanted to report a crime. This was encouraged by the promise of a reward to the messenger (usually a shilling) and of a paid advertisement in one or more papers of the stolen goods. Fielding believed
471:
During John
Fielding's time as a magistrate, the Bow Street office seems to have been open for most of the day and for most days of the week, even when Fielding was not himself in the office, and there was always a so-called 'ordinary' to whom one could report offences also during the night-time. One
305:
Thief-takers became infamously known not so much for what they were supposed to do, catching real criminals and prosecuting them, as for "setting themselves up as intermediaries between victims and their attackers, extracting payments for the return of stolen goods and using the threat of prosecution
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Fielding's policing system relied very much on the information provided by informants, to whom were directed the many pamphlets and advertisements published by the Bow Street office. Turnpike gatekeepers and publicans were therefore encouraged to report crimes and offences as soon as possible to Bow
652:
In the new century, crime rates diminished in the metropolis, therefore the contribution of the
Runners to the policing of property offences decreased considerably; they continued to investigate offences in London, but not as actively as they had before. Their incomes from London crime diminished as
297:
and the consequent rise of criminal offences, the government offered £100 for the conviction of a highwayman. Although the offer of such a reward was conceived as an incentive for the victims of an offence to proceed to the prosecution and to bring criminals to justice, the efforts of the government
498:
to the
American colonies, which had been established in 1718 and begun the principal sanction imposed on convicted felons. The loss of the American territories resulted in convicts piling up in inadequate jails, as they continued to be sentenced to transportation, without an actual destination. The
475:
In addition, he introduced innovations at the Bow Street office that would have a great effect on the first procedures of criminal prosecution. Fielding created a court-like setting that could attract and accommodate a large audience for his examinations of suspected offenders, opened and available
643:
Under the new legislation, the Bow Street office maintained a privileged position among the other offices of the metropolis, due to the closer relationship of its magistrates with the Home Office and to the financial resources at their disposal, regulated by an informal agreement with the
Treasury
335:
decided to regulate, regularise, formalise and legalise the thief-takers' activity due to high rates of corruption and mistaken or malicious arrests, therefore creating the Bow Street
Runners. His Runners were not dissimilar to the thief-takers, but differed from them in their formal attachment to
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In 1834, a parliamentary committee recommended that the Bow Street men and constables should be incorporated with the
Metropolitan Police as soon as possible and, although this report was not enforced, their conclusions were taken up and expanded by another committee in 1837. The reports of these
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of £200, that allowed Fielding not only to support the advertisement and the Bow Street officers but also to maintain a stable group of clerks who kept detailed records of their activities. A new kind of magistrate's office and policing activity was therefore established; after the death of Henry
407:
Another problem that Fielding had to face was that of the economic support of the Runners; without any direct funding from the government, the men at Fielding's service were left relying on the rewards issued by the state after an offender's conviction and by private citizens in order to retrieve
273:
already present in France would have been ill-suited to Britain, which saw examples such as the French one as a threat to their liberty and balanced constitution in favour of an arbitrary and tyrannical government. The enforcement of the law then was mostly up to the private citizens, who had the
463:
of Holborn. Eventually, the government agreed to establish a separate magistrate office from which Welch could operate, leaving Fielding as the dominant presence in Bow Street. Over the years, the government subvention raised from the initial £200 to £400 in 1757 and to £600 by 1765, as Fielding
720:
and Westminster. That meant that the Bow Street officers did not have to seek the assistance of local magistrates in the counties surrounding London in order to make an arrest or carry out a search. Otherwise, they would have had to seek such assistance, although in practice there was not any
395:
However, his reformed method was not limited to his magisterial activity in Bow Street; it was also extended outside of the magistrate's office. In fact, since 1749–50 Henry Fielding had begun organising a group of men with the task of apprehending offenders and taking them to Bow Street for
480:
in which several justices were employed in rotation in order to keep the office open for long hours every day. This process of transformation was further amplified by Fielding's success in encouraging the London press to attend and provide their readers with a weekly report on his activity.
450:
As soon as he was appointed, John Fielding examined the activity of the Bow Street office and the issues that needed to be addressed; the financial contribution from the state was still in place, so his pamphlet focused mainly on the need to tackle violence and
268:
The Bow Street Runners are considered the first British police force. Before the force was founded, the law enforcing system was in the hands of private citizens and single individuals with very little intervention from the state. A police force like the
627:
In addition to the reform of the structure of the London policing forces, the bill included clauses aimed at the prevention of crime, such as giving police preventive powers to search and arrested on suspicion. An example is when they arrest Colonel
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in 1782, therefore allowing the administration of criminal law to receive more focused attention than before. In time, this office would provide a centre to deal with all the aspects of criminal administration. In 1782 it also supported the new
385:
489:
Just after John Fielding's death in 1780, the crisis of the administration of criminal law renewed itself, primarily for three different factors. The first was the rise in crime rates because the end of a period of war (in this case the
274:
right and duty to prosecute crimes in which they were involved or in which they were not. At the cry of 'murder!' or 'stop thief!' everyone was entitled and obliged to join the pursuit. Once the criminal had been apprehended, the
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government was forced to find either an alternative destination for convicts sentenced to transportation or an alternative sanction. The third factor concerned the events that took place in London in June 1780, known as the
520:
A Bill for the further Prevention of Crimes, and for the more speedy Detection and Punishment of Offenders against the Peace, in the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and certain Parts adjacent to
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An Act for the more effectual Administration of the Office of a Justice of the Peace, in such Parts of the Counties of Middlesex and Surrey, as lie in and near the Metropolis, and for the more effectual Prevention of
443:, who had previously been his assistant for four years. Known as the "Blind Beak of Bow Street", John Fielding refined the patrol into the first truly effective police force for the capital, later adding
256:
was the public's nickname for the officers although the officers did not use the term themselves and considered it derogatory. The group was disbanded in 1839 and its personnel merged with the
285:
As a result, the state set a reward to encourage citizens to arrest and prosecute offenders. The first of such rewards was established in 1692 of the amount of £40 for the conviction of a
343:' office and in being paid by the magistrate with funds from central government. They worked out of Fielding's office and court at No. 4 Bow Street, and did not patrol but served
494:) and the consequent return in the country of many soldiers and sailors, who were now out of a job. The second factor was directly linked to the first and concerned the issue of
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Fielding in 1754, it was carried on by his brother John, who had overseen the whole project and was to further expand and develop it over the following years.
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during which the authorities lost control of the streets of the city. Those events highlighted the weakness of London policing and magisterial system.
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377:, he had started a kind of magisterial work that was different from anything that had been done before. Taking up the legacy of his predecessor, Sir
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A Plan for Preventing Robberies within Twenty Miles of London, with an Account of the Rise and Establishment of the real Thieftakers
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for the public for long and regular hours. In doing so, he turned the office from being the mere house of a magistrate to being the
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impediment to their working wherever their enquiries took them, as some accounts from 1756 show that they pursued suspects into
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282:, who were the only public figures provided by the state and who were typically part-time and local, would make the arrest.
260:, which had been formed ten years earlier but the London metropolitan detective bureau trace their origins back from there.
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636:. In 1792, Parliament did pass legislation that introduced some reform to the system, the Middlesex Justices Act 1792 (
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and arrested offenders on the authority of the magistrates, travelling nationwide to apprehend criminals.
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293:, coiners and other forms of offence. The reward was to be increased in 1720 when, after the end of the
412:, a paper in which, as some critics have pointed out, the Fielding brothers had a financial interest.
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Constabulary: the rise of police institutions in Britain, the Commonwealth, and the United States
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Street, in order to allow Fielding's men to presently seek out and apprehend the offenders.
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The First English Detectives. The Bow Street Runners and the Policing of London, 1750–1840
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381:, Fielding turned Bow Street into a court-like setting in which to conduct examinations.
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Bow Street Magistrates' Court, Bow Street, Covent Garden, Westminster, London, England,
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When Henry Fielding died in 1754, he was succeeded as Magistrate by his brother Sir
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In late 1753, the government approved Fielding's proposal and established an annual
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The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London's Central Criminal Court, 1674 to 1913
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in 1839 and, in doing so, made the Runners at Bow Street redundant.
241:. The force originally numbered six men and was founded in 1749 by
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252:, moulded the constables into a professional and effective force.
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managed to persuade the Duke of Newcastle, now First Lord of the
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in particular. At the beginning, Fielding shared his office with
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Henry Fielding's work was carried on by his brother Justice
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Later, as a response to the numerous reports of attacks by
44:"Oliver waited on by Bow Street Runners", an engraving in
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turned to Henry Fielding for help. Fielding had become a
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Enquiry into the causes of the late Increase of Robbers
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Entry on: Ruthven, George Thomas Joseph (1792/3–1844)
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committees were enacted into law as a renewal of the
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to keep offenders in thrall". Some of them, such as
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also increased the number of private and unofficial
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367:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
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1373:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
354:, who succeeded him as magistrate in the
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1754:Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings
1414:Hichcock, T.; Shoemaker, R. (2006).
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648:The Runners' last years (1815–1839)
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27:London police force founded in 1749
485:John Fielding's legacy (1780–1815)
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2114:Organizations established in 1749
2109:1839 disestablishments in England
1493:Game About the Bow Street Runners
2124:Defunct police forces of England
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1969:Lord Mayor of the City of London
1440:. London: Taylor & Francis.
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167:Arrest, apprehension, conviction
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117:Bow Street Magistrates' Court,
2104:1749 establishments in England
1714:1908 Franco-British Exhibition
1461:. Toronto: ON: Dundurn Press.
424:Sir John's Runners (1754–1780)
396:examination and commitment to
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1437:(Chapter: Bow Street Runners)
858:Hichcock & Shoemaker 2006
753:Bow Street Magistrates' Court
478:Bow Street Magistrates' Court
445:officers mounted on horseback
295:War of the Spanish Succession
227:Bow Street Magistrates' Court
66:Bow Street Magistrates' Court
1946:London Metropolitan Archives
1416:Tales From the Hanging Court
658:Metropolitan Police Act 1829
1974:Wards of the City of London
1820:Metropolitan Board of Works
1355:. Oxford University Press.
556:Parliament of Great Britain
538:Middlesex Justices Act 1792
18:Middlesex Justices Act 1792
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1964:City of London Corporation
1719:The Battle of Cable Street
1611:Norman and Medieval London
716:, in addition to those of
531:United Kingdom legislation
362:Henry Fielding (1750–1754)
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1749:1966 FIFA World Cup final
1734:Abdication of Edward VIII
1455:Senior, Hereward (1980).
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1931:Port of London Authority
1921:London Ambulance Service
1840:Greater London Authority
1396:Fielding, Henry (1751).
886:"Central Criminal Court"
758:Bow Street Police Museum
691:in the late 19th century
660:, which established the
233:. They have been called
212:Bow Street Horse Patrols
206:Not to be confused with
139:Kingdom of Great Britain
1789:2012 Summer Paralympics
1433:Newman, Gerald (1997).
1405:Fielding, John (1755).
1381:Oxford University Press
1351:Beattie, J. M. (2012).
513:Bow Street Foot Patrols
208:Bow Street Foot Patrols
1830:Greater London Council
1418:. London: Bloomsbury.
1370:Cox, David J. (2010).
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237:'s first professional
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264:Policing before 1749
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2015:St Paul's Cathedral
1936:London sewer system
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1916:Metropolitan Police
1895:London independence
1794:Grenfell Tower fire
1724:Festival of Britain
1633:19th-century London
1628:18th-century London
1565:City of Westminster
1176:, pp. 168–169.
951:, pp. 145–154.
890:Oldbaileyonline.org
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662:Metropolitan Police
492:American Revolution
258:Metropolitan Police
231:City of Westminster
193:Parent organization
86:Metropolitan Police
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1911:Bow Street Runners
1888:London Green Party
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1868:Political parties
1799:COVID-19 pandemic
1759:Anti-war protests
1534:History of London
1425:978-0-340-91375-8
1362:978-0-19-969516-4
1065:, pp. 28–29.
975:, pp. 21–23.
963:, pp. 20–21.
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689:Bow Street office
676:Policing activity
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544:Act of Parliament
410:Public Advertiser
356:Bow Street office
327:Bow Street Plaque
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2055:The Monument
2040:Tower Bridge
1910:
1764:7/7 bombings
1689:Great Plague
1658:21st century
1643:World War II
1616:Tudor London
1601:Roman London
1457:
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1345:Bibliography
1336:Beattie 2012
1321:Beattie 2012
1316:
1309:Beattie 2012
1304:
1297:Beattie 2012
1292:
1285:Beattie 2012
1270:Beattie 2012
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1024:Beattie 2012
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992:
985:Beattie 2012
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973:Beattie 2012
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961:Beattie 2012
956:
934:Beattie 2012
929:
922:Beattie 2012
917:
910:Beattie 2012
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:
880:
875:, p. 7.
873:Beattie 2012
860:, p. 1.
853:
841:
829:
764:City of Vice
762:
735:
729:and even to
727:Bedfordshire
698:
694:
679:
666:
655:
651:
642:
634:Despard Plot
626:
597:15 June 1792
593:Royal assent
528:
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501:Gordon Riots
488:
474:
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438:
414:
409:
406:
394:
365:
349:
330:
304:
300:thief-takers
284:
271:Maréchaussée
267:
253:
239:police force
218:
216:
153:Headquarters
76:Thief-takers
54:Oliver Twist
52:
51:, volume 4,
45:
29:
1744:London Plan
1704:Great Stink
1684:Black Death
1674:Coronations
1009:Senior 1980
895:17 December
834:Newman 1997
815:Thief-taker
608:Repealed by
371:Westminster
341:magistrates
331:Magistrate
199:Crown Court
127:Westminster
72:Predecessor
62:Named after
2098:Categories
2008:Structures
1809:Government
1729:Great Smog
1694:Great Fire
822:References
800:Old Bailey
670:Police Act
656:After the
564:Long title
417:subvention
338:Bow Street
287:highwayman
243:magistrate
183:Magistrate
173:Magistrate
119:Bow Street
114:Founded at
1979:Guildhall
1816:Historic
1653:1945–2000
1647:The Blitz
1638:1900–1939
1570:Middlesex
1555:Lundenwic
1550:Londinium
1542:Evolution
1409:. London.
718:Middlesex
638:32 Geo. 3
580:32 Geo. 3
569:Felonies.
221:were the
145:Dissolved
92:Formation
82:Successor
2083:Category
1904:Services
1861:Politics
1836:Current
1585:Timeline
1389:25847300
846:Cox 2010
741:See also
701:footpads
575:Citation
466:Treasury
291:burglars
197:British
2050:Big Ben
1594:Periods
731:Bristol
582:. c. 53
319:Origins
314:History
229:in the
164:Methods
135:England
100:Founder
1873:Labour
1667:Events
1465:
1444:
1422:
1387:
1359:
714:Surrey
388:Judge
235:London
131:London
710:Essex
587:Dates
524:'
517:'
398:trial
345:writs
1782:2012
1777:1948
1772:1908
1463:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1385:OCLC
1357:ISBN
897:2015
712:and
706:Kent
521:them
432:Sir
336:the
278:and
217:The
148:1839
95:1749
210:or
2100::
1383:.
1379:.
1328:^
1277:^
1070:^
1031:^
1016:^
941:^
888:.
865:^
733:.
725:,
708:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
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106:,
1649:)
1645:(
1526:e
1519:t
1512:v
1471:.
1450:.
1428:.
1400:.
1391:.
1365:.
999:.
899:.
848:.
214:.
20:)
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