1356:
44:
582:
618:
678:
630:
594:
642:
654:
606:
666:
501:, was a segregated high school for African-American students, and the Gibbs Elementary School was also originally for African-American students, both in Little Rock in Arkansas and named after him. Additionally, the M. W. Gibbs Nursing Home, which was located at 2916 Center Street in Little Rock, was named in his honor, and .
570:
319:
passed discriminatory laws intended to discourage blacks from entering or staying in the state: they were deprived of the right to own property and were disqualified from giving evidence against a white person in court. All black people in
California were required to wear distinctive badges. Angered
294:
store at 638 Clay Street in San
Francisco, selling imported shoes and boots. In Gibbs's autobiography, "Shadow and Light" (1902), he mentions that, while living in San Francisco, he and Lester were successful in business but dealt with community ostracization and assaults. As African Americans in
336:. They comprised a major portion of the early frontier community. Gibbs became a naturalized British citizen in 1861, together with 52 other American blacks from the emigrant group. Gibbs worked as a merchant and also became involved in politics during his ten-year stay in Canada.
437:, whom he mentored. Hunt became the first African American to have a full career as a diplomat for the United States. Gibbs returned to the United States in 1901. He was selected as president of a largely African-American bank in Little Rock.
915:
1419:
286:, a trade that he had pursued in Philadelphia, but was discouraged by the racial discrimination that he faced. He then partnered with Nathan Pointer to sell clothes. In 1851, Gibbs, in partnership with
197:, and he worked in Victoria for ten years. Gibbs became the first black person elected to public office in British Columbia on November 16, 1866, upon winning a seat on the Victoria City Council.
1479:
553:
178:(April 17, 1823 – July 11, 1915) was an American-born Canadian politician, businessman, newspaper publisher, and advocate for black rights. He moved to California as a young man, during the
387:
After about a decade, Gibbs returned to the United States and settled in Little Rock. He read the law to become an attorney and passed the bar examination in 1870. Becoming active in the
433:
He became wealthy through his law practice and real estate investments. In 1897, Gibbs was appointed
American consul to Madagascar. As an aide, he hired a friend of his daughter Ida's,
464:, went to the Oberlin Music Conservatory, where she completed the equivalent of a bachelor's degree in music in 1889. She became an accomplished concert pianist, author, and educator.
1068:
1035:
1424:
912:
1166:
1484:
1469:
1444:
270:, and Izaiah Weir. Philadelphia had long had a flourishing free black community, as people had found work there even before the revolution and slavery was abolished after the
512:. In 2019, a plaque was unveiled in his honor at Irving Park in Victoria, as well as a study room called the 'Mifflin Wistar Gibbs Study Room' in the city's public library.
324:, governor of the province, to learn about the treatment of blacks in Canada. Douglas assured the men that they would be treated like other residents in this frontier area.
1434:
332:
Starting in 1858, Gibbs led an estimated six hundred to eight hundred
African Americans, many with families, from California to British Columbia, where some settled on
1454:
543:
183:
1499:
1519:
1294:
430:'s failed candidacy for a third nomination at the 1880 convention in Chicago, Illinois. In 1882, Gibbs was elected to the Little Rock Bar Association.
1251:
Martha A. Sandweiss, "Book review: 'Parallel Worlds: The
Remarkable Gibbs-Hunt and the Enduring (In)significance of Melanin' by Adele Logan Alexander"
941:
Martha A. Sandweiss, "Book review: 'Parallel Worlds: The
Remarkable Gibbs-Hunt and the Enduring (In)significance of Melanin' by Adele Logan Alexander"
1509:
1474:
1514:
471:, Madagascar. Hunt was appointed to succeed Gibbs as American consul in Madagascar and had numerous assignments after that. He served until 1932.
445:
Gibbs was married and had two daughters with his wife, the former Maria Ann
Alexander, during the decade in which they lived in British Columbia.
182:, and was an early black pioneer in San Francisco. Gibbs published the first black newspaper in California and was an active leader in the early
1494:
1464:
1459:
282:
Like tens of thousands of other men, Gibbs joined the
California Gold Rush, having arrived in San Francisco in late 1850. He sought work as a
1489:
1235:
991:
894:
817:
1414:
1394:
1329:
McGinty, Doris E. "The
Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression," Black perspectives in music, vol 7, no. 1, spring 1979.
1504:
1439:
1064:
1032:
423:
415:
204:, Gibbs and many of the other black settlers returned to the United States. In the late 1860s, he settled in Arkansas's capital city of
1429:
1170:
209:
1018:
508:
declared
November 19 'Mifflin Wistar Gibbs Day' in recognition of Gibbs becoming the first black person elected to public office in
474:
In 1902, Gibbs purchased a property at 902 T Street, NW in Washington, D.C., at which his daughter, Harriet Gibbs Marshall, ran the
295:
California, they were disenfranchised and thus unable to sit on a jury, unable to testify in court, and denied the right to vote.
548:
475:
388:
124:
704:
302:, "the state's only African-American newspaper." He was later a proprietor, publisher, and contributor to another paper, the
308:. He was active in statewide conventions of black people in 1854, 1855, and 1857, and, together with Lester, stood against
1449:
822:
670:
434:
217:
560:
1250:
1089:
940:
403:, Louisiana. In 1873, Gibbs was elected city judge as a Republican, the first black judge elected in the United States.
396:
316:
1409:
1149:
775:
287:
340:
505:
486:
271:
190:
98:
43:
189:
Angered by discriminatory laws passed in California in 1858, he led a migration of African Americans that year to
1404:
1399:
1201:
411:
783:
392:
321:
479:
498:
375:
delegate to the Yale Convention, an important step toward British Columbia's decision to join Canada in the
263:
244:
237:
194:
167:
456:
from 1852 to 1854. Daughter Ida Alexander Gibbs (1862–1957) earned both bachelor's and master's degrees in
359:
seat; he placed seventh in this race, missing winning a council seat by only four votes. He was elected to
461:
320:
by these developments, Gibbs and two other African-American men went to British Columbia to meet with Sir
155:
732:
Dillard, Tom W. (1976). ""Golden Prospects and Fraternal Amenities": Mifflin W. Gibbs's Arkansas Years".
343:, the vote of the black community in the election for the Vancouver Island Legislative Assembly defeated
960:
360:
356:
212:
politics. In 1873, Gibbs became the first black judge elected in the United States. In 1897, during the
205:
86:
1389:
1384:
634:
529:
407:
259:
179:
1255:
598:
586:
304:
145:
1196:
391:, he was appointed to a number of judicial and government positions, including county attorney of
757:
372:
255:
201:
1033:
Charles Hillinger, "Miners Left U.S. for Canada in 1858/ Blacks Found Gold Couldn't Buy Freedom"
1339:
1351:
1231:
1122:
1014:
987:
890:
749:
682:
610:
1360:
741:
574:
509:
467:
Ida met and became friends with William Henry Hunt, whom Mifflin Gibbs hired as his aide in
427:
333:
213:
1072:
1039:
919:
658:
457:
453:
267:
1295:"Plaque unveiled in Victoria honours first Black person elected to public office in B.C."
1105:
795:
344:
116:
Businessman, newspaper publisher, lawyer, judge, diplomat, banker, real estate investor
1324:
Shadow and Light: An Autobiography with Reminiscences of the Last and Present Century.
653:
1378:
965:
622:
525:
Shadow and Light: An Autobiography with Reminiscences of the Last and Present Century
449:
376:
1150:"Victoria Vision: Victoria Incorporated – reports from the British Colonist in 1862"
452:, Ohio, in 1869, where both daughters later attended college. Mary Ann had attended
236:, Pennsylvania. Gibbs was the second of four siblings, the eldest being his brother
1369:
298:
In 1851, he and Jonas H. Townsend, W. H. Newby, and William H. Hall, published the
251:
233:
67:
847:
981:
884:
523:
1347:
641:
400:
17:
883:
Simmons, William J.; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887). "Hon. Mifflin Wistar Gibbs".
406:
In 1876, he was elected president of the National Convention of Colored Men at
1365:
646:
221:
753:
485:
Gibbs died at 92 in Little Rock, Arkansas on July 11, 1915. He is buried at
283:
241:
665:
468:
410:, Tennessee, and, in June of that year, he was appointed register of the
309:
761:
745:
262:
of Philadelphia, a literary organization which included Douglass,
1269:
419:
1230:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 333.
913:
Joel Dreyfuss, "A Black Power Couple in the Early 20th Century"
818:"Pioneering Black Urbanites in San Francisco and Los Angeles"
315:
In 1858, he and other American blacks were angered when the
554:
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Arkansas
1420:
American emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia
1077:
The Black Community in the History of Quebec and Canada,
1048:
The Black Community in the History of Quebec and Canada,
1326:
Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
1228:
Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844–1944
426:, and was a member of the "immortal 306" who supported
705:"Dave Obee: 1861 theatre ruckus sparked racism debate"
482:
in the United States at the turn of the 20th century.
558:
232:
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was born on April 17, 1823, in
162:
138:
130:
120:
112:
104:
94:
75:
53:
34:
1480:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
1011:Reflections: California: A Changing State Grade 4
544:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
184:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
1090:"Mifflin Gibb, Racism Followed Merchant North"
208:, and he became an attorney. He was active in
889:. GM Rewell & Company. pp. 597–602.
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
250:As a young adult, Gibbs became active in the
8:
1425:African-American people in Arkansas politics
1028:
1026:
1013:, Steck-Vaughn Company, 1st edition (2003),
886:Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising
363:in 1867 and served in that body until 1869.
1485:History of Black people in British Columbia
1470:Canadian people of African-American descent
1445:Victoria, British Columbia city councillors
936:
934:
932:
816:Jefferson, Alison Rose (February 5, 2019).
1060:
1058:
1056:
908:
906:
355:Gibbs ran in 1862 in the first race for a
341:1860 Vancouver Island Legislative election
42:
31:
1435:Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
1259:, May 16, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2015
947:, May 16, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2015
926:, May 28, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2015
414:at Little Rock. He was a delegate to the
1221:
1219:
1342:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
695:
565:
1455:Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
1357:Works by or about Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
1195:Kilian, Crawford (September 7, 2018).
193:, British Columbia, Canada during the
1190:
1188:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1142:
1117:
1115:
7:
1500:19th-century American businesspeople
955:
953:
842:
840:
811:
809:
807:
805:
727:
725:
424:1884 Republican National Conventions
395:. In 1872, he was a delegate to the
216:administration, he was appointed as
420:1880 Republican National Convention
1520:People of the California Gold Rush
1167:"Councillors (By Date) – Victoria"
1065:"Chap. XXX: Some Colored Pioneers"
986:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 19.
983:African Americans of San Francisco
852:BC Black History Awareness Society
397:National Convention of Colored men
25:
734:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
142:Donald Francis Gibbs (1860–1906)
703:Obee, Dave (November 19, 2016).
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
549:List of African-American jurists
476:Washington Conservatory of Music
1510:African Americans in California
1475:19th-century Canadian merchants
1079:1996. Retrieved January 5, 2015
1050:1996. Retrieved January 5, 2015
27:American journalist (1823–1915)
1515:African-American abolitionists
1096:. December 7, 2008. p. 51
961:"Peter Lester (1814– ? )"
786:. February 12, 1881. p. 2
258:. He was also involved in the
1:
1495:19th-century American lawyers
1465:Black Canadian businesspeople
1460:Politicians from Philadelphia
1348:Works by Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
1270:"History of the LRSD / Gibbs"
823:California Historical Society
478:, one of the most successful
152:Wendall D. Gibbs (1865–1885)
1490:19th-century American judges
1046:(Vancouver), n.d., p. 5, at
1009:Harcourt School Publishers,
980:Adkins, Jan Batiste (2012).
317:California State Legislature
150:Horace E. Gibbs (1863–1956)
1415:Journalists from California
1395:Arkansas state court judges
1274:Little Rock School District
1226:Smith, J. Clay Jr. (1999).
998:Emporium for Boot and Shoes
292:Emporium for Boot and Shoes
1536:
1505:Colored Conventions people
1440:Black Canadian politicians
1038:November 23, 2015, at the
487:Oakland-Fraternal Cemetery
272:American Revolutionary War
99:Oakland-Fraternal Cemetery
1430:Lawyers from Philadelphia
1202:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1071:October 14, 2014, at the
412:United States Land Office
278:San Francisco, California
134:Maria Ann Alexander Gibbs
41:
448:The family relocated to
254:movement and worked for
1322:Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar.
499:M. W. Gibbs High School
480:female-owned businesses
383:Return to United States
371:In 1868, Gibbs was the
264:Charles Burleigh Purvis
238:Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs
195:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
168:Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs
918:July 23, 2015, at the
848:"Mifflin Wistar Gibbs"
780:The Weekly Louisianian
671:Business and Economics
462:Harriet Gibbs Marshall
367:Confederation Movement
156:Harriet Gibbs Marshall
522:Gibbs, M. W. (1902).
504:In 2016, the City of
361:Victoria City Council
357:Victoria City Council
351:Victoria City Council
240:. Their father was a
87:Little Rock, Arkansas
1450:Arkansas Republicans
1366:Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
1123:"britishcolonist.ca"
530:Booker T. Washington
328:Emigration to Canada
260:Philomathean Society
176:Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
70:, Pennsylvania, U.S.
36:Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
1256:The Washington Post
1173:on October 16, 2012
969:. January 22, 2007.
945:The Washington Post
305:Mirror of the Times
146:Ida Alexander Gibbs
1410:American diplomats
435:William Henry Hunt
373:Salt Spring Island
312:in San Francisco.
256:Frederick Douglass
202:American Civil War
1352:Project Gutenberg
1340:Biography at the
1237:978-0-8122-1685-1
1152:. August 2, 2012.
993:978-0-7385-7619-0
896:978-1-4680-9681-1
776:"Miflin W. Gibbs"
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
1527:
1405:American bankers
1400:Arkansas lawyers
1361:Internet Archive
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:. Archived from
1163:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1062:
1051:
1030:
1021:
1007:
1001:
1000:
977:
971:
970:
957:
948:
938:
927:
910:
901:
900:
880:
863:
862:
860:
858:
844:
835:
834:
832:
830:
813:
800:
799:
793:
791:
772:
766:
765:
746:10.2307/40023524
729:
720:
719:
717:
715:
700:
681:
680:
679:
669:
668:
657:
656:
645:
644:
633:
632:
631:
621:
620:
619:
609:
608:
607:
597:
596:
595:
585:
584:
583:
573:
572:
571:
564:
533:
510:British Columbia
428:Ulysses S. Grant
389:Republican Party
334:Vancouver Island
214:William McKinley
105:Other names
82:
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
18:Mifflin W. Gibbs
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1375:
1374:
1336:
1319:
1317:Further reading
1314:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1197:"Mifflin Gibbs"
1194:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:Wayback Machine
1063:
1054:
1040:Wayback Machine
1031:
1024:
1008:
1004:
994:
979:
978:
974:
959:
958:
951:
939:
930:
920:Wayback Machine
911:
904:
897:
882:
881:
866:
856:
854:
846:
845:
838:
828:
826:
815:
814:
803:
789:
787:
774:
773:
769:
731:
730:
723:
713:
711:
702:
701:
697:
692:
687:
677:
675:
663:
651:
639:
629:
627:
617:
615:
605:
603:
593:
591:
581:
579:
569:
567:
559:
540:
532:(introduction).
521:
518:
495:
454:Oberlin College
443:
385:
369:
353:
330:
300:Alta California
280:
268:William Whipper
230:
218:American consul
153:
151:
149:
143:
121:Political party
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1286:
1261:
1243:
1236:
1215:
1184:
1155:
1138:
1111:
1106:Newspapers.com
1094:Times Colonist
1081:
1075:n.d., p. 4 at
1052:
1022:
1002:
992:
972:
949:
928:
902:
895:
864:
836:
801:
796:Newspapers.com
767:
740:(4): 307–333.
721:
709:Times Colonist
694:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
613:
601:
589:
577:
557:
556:
551:
546:
539:
536:
535:
534:
517:
514:
494:
491:
460:. Her sister,
442:
439:
393:Pulaski County
384:
381:
368:
365:
352:
349:
345:Amor De Cosmos
329:
326:
279:
276:
229:
226:
210:Reconstruction
171:
170:
164:
160:
159:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 92)
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:April 17, 1823
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1300:. May 4, 2019
1299:
1298:Victoria News
1296:
1290:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:0-15-338502-2
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
985:
984:
976:
973:
968:
967:
966:BlackPast.org
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
892:
888:
887:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
865:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
825:
824:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
797:
785:
781:
777:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
722:
710:
706:
699:
696:
689:
684:
674:
672:
667:
662:
660:
655:
650:
648:
643:
638:
636:
635:United States
626:
624:
614:
612:
602:
600:
590:
588:
578:
576:
566:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
531:
527:
526:
520:
519:
515:
513:
511:
507:
502:
500:
492:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:Personal life
440:
438:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
377:confederation
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
327:
325:
323:
322:James Douglas
318:
313:
311:
307:
306:
301:
296:
293:
290:, opened the
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
147:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
113:Occupation(s)
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:Resting place
93:
88:
79:July 11, 1915
78:
74:
69:
56:
52:
48:Gibbs in 1902
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1370:Find a Grave
1341:
1323:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1227:
1206:. Retrieved
1200:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1129:. Retrieved
1104:– via
1098:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1076:
1047:
1043:
1010:
1005:
997:
982:
975:
964:
944:
923:
885:
857:February 14,
855:. Retrieved
851:
827:. Retrieved
821:
794:– via
788:. Retrieved
784:The Elevator
779:
770:
737:
733:
712:. Retrieved
708:
698:
599:Pennsylvania
587:Philadelphia
524:
516:Publications
503:
496:
484:
473:
466:
447:
444:
432:
405:
386:
370:
354:
338:
331:
314:
303:
299:
297:
291:
288:Peter Lester
281:
252:abolitionist
249:
234:Philadelphia
231:
199:
188:
175:
174:
148:(1862–1957)
144:
81:(1915-07-11)
68:Philadelphia
29:
1390:1915 deaths
1385:1823 births
1279:January 19,
1100:November 4,
829:February 4,
790:November 4,
401:New Orleans
206:Little Rock
158:(1868–1941)
108:M. W. Gibbs
1379:Categories
1044:B.C. Times
690:References
683:Journalism
611:California
310:poll taxes
228:Early life
222:Madagascar
200:After the
125:Republican
60:1823-04-17
1177:August 2,
754:0004-1823
575:Biography
408:Nashville
284:carpenter
242:Methodist
180:Gold Rush
166:Brother,
163:Relatives
1069:Archived
1036:Archived
924:The Root
916:Archived
762:40023524
659:Politics
538:See also
506:Victoria
469:Tamatave
245:minister
191:Victoria
139:Children
1359:at the
1304:June 6,
1208:June 6,
1131:June 6,
714:June 6,
561:Portals
458:English
450:Oberlin
339:In the
1234:
1017:
990:
893:
760:
752:
623:Canada
493:Legacy
422:, and
131:Spouse
89:, U.S.
1126:(PDF)
758:JSTOR
1306:2021
1281:2020
1232:ISBN
1210:2021
1179:2012
1133:2021
1102:2023
1015:ISBN
988:ISBN
891:ISBN
859:2022
831:2023
792:2023
750:ISSN
716:2021
497:The
416:1876
76:Died
54:Born
1368:at
1350:at
742:doi
647:Law
399:in
220:to
1381::
1272:.
1253:,
1218:^
1199:.
1187:^
1158:^
1141:^
1114:^
1092:.
1067:,
1055:^
1042:,
1025:^
996:.
963:.
952:^
943:,
931:^
922:,
905:^
867:^
850:.
839:^
820:.
804:^
782:.
778:.
756:.
748:.
738:35
736:.
724:^
707:.
528:.
489:.
418:,
379:.
347:.
274:.
266:,
247:.
224:.
186:.
1308:.
1283:.
1240:.
1212:.
1181:.
1135:.
1108:.
899:.
861:.
833:.
798:.
764:.
744::
718:.
563::
62:)
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
