Mikindani - Knowledge

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to Mikindani's association with the Bu'Saidi seat in Zanzibar. Naturally, the colonial tactics used by the Omanis, whether Bu'Saidi or Mazrui, led to this exact mistake. This tactic, which mostly left local authority institutions in place and avoided direct control in favour of a scheme of nominal sovereignty and customs taxes, was intended to sustain brisk and profitable trade throughout the Indian Ocean. The Mikindani region appears to have followed a similar path, as European authors noted that the Sultan was unable to assert his authority without the "cordial cooperation" of the Swahili and Makonde populace.

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there in centuries prior as well as from those being developed further north at other Swahili sites along the coast. They are distinguished by thin-walled, well-fired open bowls and necked vessels with flattened, tapered rims and significant areal stamping or shell-edge impressions on their exteriors. In terms of decoration, vessel form, rim type, and production method, these varieties are similar to the Mwamasapa tradition made in northern Malawi and the Lumbo tradition made in northern Mozambique.

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Mikindani Bay, which for the first time encompassed the permanent habitation of the majority of Mikindani's town. From such contexts, common Swahili Ware pottery were also found, particularly open bowls painted red and those with bands of punctate ornamentation on the neck. Ruined mosques are further evidence that at least some of the local inhabitants had

502:'s consolidation of authority was arguably one of the most significant developments along the Swahili coast in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Since the middle of the eighteenth century, the Omanis have actively participated in coastal politics, first joining forces with different Swahili communities to fight the 764:. Trainees undertake a course of vocational training in the hospitality and tourism sector as well as undertaking English and IT tuition. Other trainees have had instruction in accountancy, renovation, driving and heritage. The employment rate of trainees is over 80% with employment across Tanzania, the Middle East and Europe. 681:

Swahili cities. In these circumstances, it was possible for different cultural values and concepts of regional identity to arise. At Mikindani, this was tangibly emphasised by the production of local pottery with characteristics similar to those in the interior and the long-term durability of those ceramics.

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They also observed its increasing affluence over time: in 1881, Captain Foot stated that "Mikindani had prospered immensely since Livingstone visited it," despite David Livingstone's visit to the city in 1866 being mostly unimpressed by its people and business. The archives make it abundantly evident

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This is probably a result of efforts to uphold and preserve the crucial social, cultural, and economic networks that link the area to interior non-Swahili populations. It might also be the outcome of ongoing rivalry and unpredictability around Mikindani's position in Indian Ocean trade. While Kilwa's

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has been working in Mikindani since 2003 in partnership with local communities to improve the quality of education through supporting; primary school development, pre-primary education, inclusive education, extra tuition, child sponsorship and vocational training. To date (2023) over 50,000 children

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The Omani sultanate was ultimately confronted with the flaws in their strategy as British and German power grew in the nineteenth century. While they were forced to comply with European expectations, they were also unable to do so without endangering their relationship with their Swahili "subjects."

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The environmental and cultural conservation of Mikindani is also a focus of Trade Aid with the ongoing conservation of historic buildings and working with Tanzanian government to declare Mikindani as a protected Conservation Zone in 2017. As well as the Old Boma significant buildings that have been

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is a significant source of historical data during this era. The town's and its area's oral histories were recorded at the request of Carl Velten, the German governor of East Africa's interpreter at the time, in the late nineteenth century. It, too, highlighted the locals' participation in the slave

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in Oman. From that point on, they pursued a distinct coastal agenda until they were finally overthrown by the Bu'Saidi in 1837. The port town of Sudi, which is twenty kilometres from Mikindani, had stronger relations to Mombasa in the late eighteenth century, but the majority of the evidence points

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and later pursuing their own colonial ambitions. As a result, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Omani sovereignty was extended to a number of Swahili cities, most notably Mombasa and Zanzibar. The last time the Omani Bu'Saidi Sultanate defeated Kilwa's "embattled independence" was

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While most Tanzanian accounts place the Makonde's origin in an ill-defined area of northern Mozambique known as Ndonde before crossing the river, the ethnographer Jorge Dias' account of their history in Mozambique suggests that they began along the shores of Lake Malawi and then followed the Rovuma

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Second, given that Mikindani appears to have embraced Islam relatively late, rising cultural disparities are likely to have made the economically precarious situation that Mikindani held in the Indian Ocean worse. However, Mikindani's residents may have benefited from additional trade options along

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basin. The absence of any imported ceramics—which had become more prevalent elsewhere on the Swahili coast—from the archaeological record in the Mikindani region at this time is arguably the most noticeable feature. Even though tens of thousands of pieces of locally made pottery were found, none of

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Mikindani is situated in the Swahili Coast, a cultural area spanning from Mozambique to Somalia. It is situated 250 kilometres south of Kilwa, a significant Swahili city, at the southernmost point of that coast. Iron Age fishing and agricultural communities gradually became more integrated into the

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Mikindani's experience suggests that, just as Kilwa's emergence contributed to Mikindani's absence from early second millennium networks and Kilwa's decline allowed Mikindani to reengage, the ability to realise this ideal at many Swahili sites would have been constrained by the competition between

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floral patterns in blue, green, yellow, and maroon colours on white backgrounds. When the vessel's shape could be recreated, it was always a sizable open bowl. These sherds are illustrations of the European ceramics that were reportedly imported in significant quantities in the nineteenth century.

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Archaeological proof of Mikindani's peak in the nineteenth century is evident. European clay ceramics were the most distinctive artefacts of trade in the Indian Ocean throughout the nineteenth century. These containers were discovered in large quantities at Mikindani, where they made up as much as

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requiring Zanzibari mediation and rumours of men from the Arabian Peninsula robbing locals of their slaves. This more complicated situation is reminiscent of European accounts from the 1880s that claimed Makonde groups in southern Tanzania recognised the sultan of Zanzibar as the legitimate ruler,

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The inhabitants of Mikindani were no less "Swahili" when they eventually appeared in the historical record because of their absence from early second-millennium trade or their connections to the interior. In addition to all of that, these locations also contributed to the dynamic coastal economic

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Additionally, the chronicle emphasised ethnic tensions and divides in the town that were only hinted at in the texts from Europe. It's interesting to note that the town's founders were Makonde, the biggest non-Swahili ethnic group in this region of Tanzania. In contrast to practically every other

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elements with African ones gave rise to a florescence of Swahili culture. During this time, Swahili towns maintained their independence and competitiveness while interacting with Indian Ocean traders, following various forms of Islam, and maintaining connections to the various African groups that

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organised ritual authority for the offspring of early settlers and founders and a strong ambivalence towards authority and a propensity to disintegrate through small-scale movements in response to problems like drought and raiding, to acquire new land to support extensive agricultural patterns of

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were higher at Mikindani, moderate at bigger nearby communities, and low at the farthest and smallest sites. It has been suggested that these patterns of distribution correspond to the stonetown-controlled dispersal of imported products elsewhere on the coast and that they meet expectations from

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Local pottery provide evidence for how the area thrived despite its residents' withdrawal from trade with the Indian Ocean; they relied on connections with interior communities. The pottery types made in the Mikindani region at the beginning of the second millennium were distinct from those made

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The dispersion of imported ceramics is a clear indicator of Mikindani's rise as a thriving port city and the centre of the surrounding economy. Mikindani's regional dominance may be seen when comparing its import ratio to other settlements in the area.The proportions and numbers of imports from

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The people of Mikindani gradually started to reintegrate into the Indian Ocean region starting in the sixteenth century. They started buying imported ceramics, such as Chinese blue-on-white porcelain and different knockoffs made overseas. Imports were primarily limited to the communities around

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However, when combined, these two datasets do indicate that Mikindani's residents, who faced dwindling opportunities in Indian Ocean trade, instead established significant cultural and economic ties with dispersed, expanding, non-Swahili communities in the interior throughout the early second

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Mikindani town is documented in European sources from the later eighteenth century, its oral tradition was recorded in the nineteenth century, and in the past ten years, archaeological study has started to gather material culture evidence for the time period. Mikindani started to appear on

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The archaeological record thus documents a change in cultural and economic ties when Mikindani's residents turned their focus inward rather than towards the Indian Ocean sphere. It is possible to propose a number of explanations for why that change took place. The development of Kilwa as a

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was established in 2018 the museum features a collection of historic and personal items that each tell a unique story about the people of Mikindani. The museum features an ongoing oral history project aiming at memorialising the history of the Mikindani as the people remember it.

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border, in the Tanzanian Mtwara Region, is the location of settlement of Mikindani. Mikindani was a thriving port in the 19th century, when it participated in the trades of ivory, gum copal, and slaves for the Indian Ocean plantation system. It served as the starting point for

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coastward. Given the range of Makonde group movements in southern Tanzania since the middle of the eighteenth century that have been historically documented, it is important to remember that the archaeological record should not be interpreted as confirming these oral stories.

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the Rovuma River even as their opportunities to take part in Indian Ocean trade grew increasingly limited. The similarities in culture that the local ceramics revealed linked Mikindani to the places that the Makonde's oral traditions identified as their ancestral homelands.

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significant commercial and political hub would have been one crucial factor. That Swahili city was well known for controlling access to trade and imported products even inside its own province, and it even claimed some degree of authority over the southern Tanzanian coast.

664:, which were identifiable by their thin walls, orange-pink paste, and red or brown slip patterns. Such pottery were ubiquitous along India's western coast, but the Mikindani vessels might also have been regional imitations, probably created by local Indian potters. 341:

and the emergence of a new local ceramics style with ties to the interior and the south rather than Swahili sites further north. By the middle of the second millennium, when the town reintegrated with the Indian Ocean world, these differences from the rest of the

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in the second part of the nineteenth century. Northern Mozambique has also uncovered nineteenth-century contexts with pottery from this French manufacture, highlighting the connections between this region of the coast and French colonies in the Indian Ocean.

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to Islam. All of these traits imply that the people of Mikindani were once more a part of Swahili social, economic, and cultural life as well as Indian Ocean networks. Notably, this development took place as Kilwa's authority and influence were waning.

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and Zanzibar's clove plantations, the first prosperous, extensive, exploitative colonial operation on the coast. In doing so, they expropriated local people and reimagined the relationship between the owner and the slave, establishing a model for

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trade and copal exports in the Indian Ocean, as well as the Sultanate of Zanzibar's significant impact in how the town's residents "learned to do business." Periodic mentions of locals who emulate the Swahili cultural ideal of urbane gentlemen (

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In the later nineteenth century, other groups of material culture also point to rising prosperity. The test excavations in Mikindani revealed a rise in the era's use of pricey coral-stone structures. There were also a lot of pieces of imported

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fall brought about previously unattainable opportunities, it also left a void in southern Tanzania that neighbouring Swahili centres hastened to fill. In fact, the power vacuum sparked rivalry that persisted into the nineteenth century between

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Pawlowicz, Matthew C. “Competition and Ceramics on the East African Coast: Long-Term Perspectives on Nineteenth-Century History at the Swahili Port Town of Mikindani, Tanzania.” History in Africa, vol. 42, 2015, pp. 335–55. JSTOR,

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that also benefited from shifting trade patterns in the Indian Ocean. Although it happened quite late, Mikindani's expansion and wealth are nevertheless relatively well-known, at least for a town of its clearly average size.

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bush fallowing, or out of simple ambition. Due to these traits, Makonde communities were able to survive on their own in spite of Portuguese pacification efforts, slave raids, and the actions of many African war leaders.

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to outlaw the practise in the 1870s. If anything, the ensuing decline in the cost of slaves made it possible for richer, more affluent people in the area to hire slaves to work on their farms and newly established

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Pawlowicz, Matthew, et al. “Environmental Archaeology at Mikindani, Tanzania: Towards a Historical Ecology of the Southern Swahili Coast.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 12, no. 2, 2014, pp. 119–39. JSTOR,

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Kelly, Chau Johnsen. “Asha Binti Awadh’s ‘Awqaf’: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanganyika.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 47, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1–20. JSTOR,

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marks a clear break from the centuries before it. This second phase is mostly a reorientation of Mikindani's exterior linkages away from the sphere of the Indian Ocean and towards the interior

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that was later replicated all along the coast, albeit with other crops. The development of rubber plantations in the hinterland of Mikindani appears to have followed a similar pattern.

737:. The main economic activity in Mikindani is trade at 84% of the adult population engaging in the activity, followed by 12.4% of the residents working in small scale agriculture. 921: 570:

for the Indian Ocean plantation system, it was a profitable port. Its peak occurred later than most Swahili cities because of this, but it was nonetheless a port community like

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social and economic networks of the Indian Ocean in the second part of the first millennium. This transformation was sparked by the conversion of many coastal populations to

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has been based in Mikindani since 1997 when it undertook the renovation of the old German Boma to create the vocational training centre and tourist development hub at the

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made up their respective hinterlands. Even though Swahili people have continuously fought, cooperated with, and been ruled by colonial forces from Europe and the

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However, as the millennium went on, Mikindani's material culture and economy set itself apart from that of northern coastal settlements. They did not follow

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renovated are the old market, the old bank and the reputed dwelling place of Dr David Livingstone which now houses the town's museum also run by Trade Aid.

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In comparison to other Swahili towns and cities, Makonde communities such as those in Mikindani were modest in size. They struck a balance between a

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Swahili account, the Makonde were not quickly and completely replaced by Muslim immigration but rather remained a significant part of the history.

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were partially erased. However, the significance of interior linkages was still retained, as demonstrated by surviving material culture parallels.

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patterns of historical development during the second millennium, which was strikingly evident in the absence of distinctive Indian Ocean import

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that this prosperity was achieved at the expense of people who were held as slaves and that the slave trade in Mikindani continued long after

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which means "young coconut trees". Therefore, the term "Mikindani', literally means "the place where there are young coconut trees" in old

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archaeological applications of Central Place Theory. The distribution of imported items, which is concentrated close to the main

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the imported celadon, sgraffito, black-on-yellow, Islamic monochrome, Chinese stoneware, or other types of pottery were found.

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The settlement of Mikindani is first mentioned in written history in the latter half of the eighteenth century in relation to

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but that his rule was largely ineffective once one moved inland, as evidenced by the continued presence of the slave trade.

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in 1785, according to southern Tanzania. Omani colonialism was neither uniform nor unwavering at the same time.

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Top left clockwise the lounge, the outdoor swimming pool, a bedroom and the staircases of the Old Boma hotel.

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urban centres grew in number and a common, cosmopolitan material culture that mixed Islamic and

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since the sixteenth century, they have managed to preserve their own cultural identity.

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accords and later served as the agreements' de facto enforcers, foreshadowing the

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Mikindani town is located on the gently sloping hills of the southern coast of

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of Mombasa, who were also Omani, declared independence from Oman after the

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One piece was a base with a potter's mark made by the French manufacture

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and charts in the latter half of the eighteenth century under the name

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have benefitted through improved education due to EdUKaid's support.

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In particular, the British compelled the Zanzibari sultanate to sign

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Admiralty Chart No 684 Mtwara and Mikindani Harbours, Published 1950

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system that would take place at the end of the nineteenth century.

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Mohamed bin Salim, the Liwali of Mikindani, photographed in 1902.

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Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism

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Makonde and Arab relationships were said to be tense, with

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34% of the entire assemblage in some areas of the city.

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networks and the coastal culture we regard as Swahili.

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Sanjesi Game Reserve (Nanyumbu & Masasi District)

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Boys posing for the camera near the bay at Mikindani.

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Gray, Sir John (1950). "Mikindani Bay Before 1887".

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The Street with the Livingstone House on the right.

697:, a small roughly heart shaped natural harbour off 490:, Zanzibar, the restored Kilwa polity, and others. 248: 240: 231: 227: 213: 208: 200: 192: 184: 179: 169: 161: 151: 146: 138: 130: 93: 65: 1487:Lukwika Lumesule Game Reserve (Nanyumbu District) 875:The Mikindani Bay seen from the Old Boma Hotel. 1546: 1278: 1142: 863:One of the quiet street in central Mikindani. 8: 19: 1007: 1005: 1553: 1539: 1531: 1285: 1271: 1263: 1149: 1135: 1127: 25: 18: 911:A view over the town during the daytime. 277:) is a historic coastal town located in 932: 793: 289:. The name comes from the Swahili word 31:Street Scene in Mikindani Historic Town 1099:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362120 368:woman in Mikindani late 19th Century. 247: 239: 230: 7: 1483:Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park 1028:http://www.jstor.org/stable/24393326 1014:http://www.jstor.org/stable/26505460 959: 957: 899:A Colonial style building (school?). 1569:National Historic Sites of Tanzania 705:located just past the mouth of the 646:The majority of these ceramics had 297:. Mikindani is part of the city of 234:National Historic Sites of Tanzania 2098:Tanzania Tourist Board - Mikindani 887:The former Mikindani slave market. 851:A plaque on the Livingstone House. 303:Mtwara Mikindani Municipal Council 16:National Historic Site of Tanzania 14: 2128:Populated places in Mtwara Region 317:About 50 kilometres north of the 49: 1562: 904: 892: 880: 868: 856: 844: 832: 820: 808: 796: 725:The Town is located on the main 424:Early in the second millennium, 375: 358: 80: 48: 41: 1884:Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site 827:A street scene with a cyclist. 749:Non-governmental organizations 1: 1113:Tanganyika Notes and Records 965:"Mtwara Mikindani Municipal" 922:Historic Swahili Settlements 733:road, about 10 km from 420:11th Century to 16th Century 1476:National Parks and Reserves 566:as well as the purchase of 305:. The site is a registered 2144: 1300: 1164: 1158:Mtwara-Mikindani District 279:Mtwara-Mikindani District 260: 256: 115:10.2817000°S 40.1178000°E 70:Mtwara-Mikindani District 36: 24: 1521:Nyerere House, Mikindani 1101:. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023. 1030:. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023. 1016:. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023. 271:Mji wa kale wa Mikindani 1393:National Historic Sites 653:Opaque du Sarreguemines 442:early second millennium 301:and is governed by the 120:-10.2817000; 40.1178000 1669:Isimila Stone Age Site 1456:Major Cities and Towns 941:"Antiquities Division" 839:The Livingstone House. 745: 717: 709:, on the ocean side. 620:Chronicle of Mikindani 549:commercial agriculture 540:Moresby Treaty of 1822 307:National Historic Site 244:Mikndani Historic Town 134:10 m (33 ft) 1986:Zanzibar South Region 1950:Zanzibar North Region 743: 715: 494:18th and 19th Century 324:Dr. David Livingstone 57:Shown within Tanzania 1620:Dar es Salaam Region 214:Architectural styles 196:Tanzanian Government 2118:Swahili city-states 1902:Livingstone's Tembe 1796:Lindi Historic Town 1651:Bahi Rock-Art Sites 1323:Masasi Town Council 986:"Antiquities Sites" 790:Images of Mikindani 393:involvement in the 111: / 21: 2052:Pemba South Region 2009:Pemba North Region 1861:Chole Island Ruins 1750:Kilimanjaro Region 1600:Nasera Rockshelter 1515:National Monuments 1498:National Landmarks 746: 718: 605:Zanzibar Sultanate 556:eighteenth century 440:At Mikindani, the 2088: 2087: 2075:Ras Mkumbuu Ruins 2042:Kichokochwe Ruins 1740:Uvinza Salt Works 1697:KM2 and KM3 sites 1528: 1527: 1260: 1259: 695:Mikindani Harbour 627:) are also made. 520:Ya'rubi sultanate 264: 263: 2135: 1758:Marangu Defences 1567: 1566: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1431:Rivers and Lakes 1422:Nakitumbe Island 1318:Mtwara-Mikindani 1287: 1280: 1273: 1264: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1128: 1121: 1120: 1108: 1102: 1094: 1031: 1023: 1017: 1009: 1000: 999: 997: 995: 990: 982: 976: 975: 973: 971: 961: 952: 951: 949: 947: 937: 908: 896: 884: 872: 860: 848: 836: 824: 812: 800: 773:Mikindani Museum 593:King's residence 516:Bu'Saidi dynasty 379: 362: 295:Swahili language 126: 125: 123: 122: 121: 116: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 86: 84: 83: 52: 51: 45: 29: 22: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2123:Swahili culture 2103: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2046: 2027:Mkia wa Ng'ombe 2003: 1980: 1962: 1944: 1906: 1888: 1870: 1837: 1818: 1800: 1762: 1744: 1721: 1683: 1655: 1632: 1614: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1529: 1524: 1510: 1507:Makonde Plateau 1493: 1471: 1451: 1426: 1405: 1388: 1362: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1261: 1256: 1170: 1160: 1155: 1125: 1124: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1034: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1003: 993: 991: 988: 984: 983: 979: 969: 967: 963: 962: 955: 945: 943: 939: 938: 934: 929: 919: 912: 909: 900: 897: 888: 885: 876: 873: 864: 861: 852: 849: 840: 837: 828: 825: 816: 813: 804: 801: 792: 751: 723: 691: 568:enslaved people 500:Omani Sultanate 496: 422: 387: 386: 385: 384: 383: 380: 371: 370: 369: 363: 352: 315: 236: 119: 117: 113: 110: 105: 102: 100: 98: 97: 81: 79: 78: 73: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 53: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2113:Swahili people 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2092:External links 2090: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 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518:succeeded the 495: 492: 430:Middle Eastern 421: 418: 399:Makonde people 381: 374: 373: 372: 364: 357: 356: 355: 354: 353: 351: 348: 314: 311: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 165:9th century CE 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 95: 91: 90: 67: 63: 62: 56: 47: 46: 40: 39: 38: 37: 34: 33: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2140: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1968:Zanzibar West 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920:Tongoni Ruins 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1894:Tabora Region 1891: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1834:Historic Town 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1824:Mtwara Region 1821: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1791:Sanje ya Kati 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1727:Kigoma Region 1724: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1689:Kagera Region 1686: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1661:Iringa Region 1658: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1638:Dodoma Region 1635: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:Olduvai Gorge 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1577:Arusha Region 1574: 1570: 1565: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1442:Mbagala River 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1402:Historic Town 1401: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:Nanyamba Town 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1294:Mtwara Region 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 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Region 280: 276: 272: 268: 259: 255: 251: 243: 241:Official name 235: 226: 223: 219: 216: 212: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 103:10°16′54.12″S 96: 92: 89: 76: 75:Mtwara Region 71: 68: 64: 44: 35: 28: 23: 2065:Pujini Ruins 1940:Yambe Island 1925:Toten Island 1912:Tanga Region 1876:Rukwa Region 1843:Pwani Region 1831: 1768:Lindi Region 1504:Ruvuma River 1445:Maombi River 1438:Ruvuma River 1417:Mongo Island 1399: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1021: 992:. Retrieved 980: 968:. Retrieved 944:. Retrieved 935: 920: 781: 779: 772: 770: 766: 760: 754: 752: 724: 692: 683: 679: 666: 658: 652: 645: 641: 633: 629: 624: 619: 618:The Swahili 617: 597: 592: 588: 581: 554:In the late 553: 544:Pemba Island 537: 533:Protectorate 529:anti-slavery 525: 509: 497: 484: 475: 473:millennium. 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446:Rovuma River 439: 423: 410: 402: 388: 332: 316: 290: 270: 266: 265: 209:Architecture 2060:Mkama Ndume 2032:Msuka Mjini 1999:Kuumbi Cave 1994:Unguja Ukuu 1856:Kaole Ruins 1786:Songo Mnara 1717:Bweranyange 1333:Newala Town 668:Europe and 613:plantations 426:stone-built 395:slave trade 118: / 106:40°7′4.08″E 94:Coordinates 2107:Categories 1679:Mlambalasi 1605:Mumba Cave 1448:Mbuo River 1358:Tandahimba 1227:Naliendele 1182:Chikongola 970:14 October 927:References 648:underglaze 589:Quindarmis 504:Portuguese 319:Mozambique 201:Management 188:Endangered 180:Site notes 142:Settlement 1976:Stonetown 1832:Mikindani 1707:Nyabusora 1468:Mikindani 1400:Mikindani 1311:Districts 1302:Capital: 1247:Kisungule 1242:Magengeni 1166:Capital: 755:Trade Aid 703:salt pans 689:Geography 625:waungwana 564:gum copal 479:converted 267:Mikindani 193:Ownership 185:Condition 156:Coral rag 20:Mikindani 2080:Shamiani 2070:Chambani 1851:Bagamoyo 1814:Luxmanda 1712:Katuruka 1702:Katuruka 1595:Engaruka 1348:Nanyumbu 1252:Jangwani 1207:Shangani 1119:: 29–37. 917:See also 636:disputes 572:Bagamoyo 339:ceramics 313:Overview 287:Tanzania 252:Cultural 170:Cultures 152:Material 131:Altitude 88:Tanzania 66:Location 1958:Tumbatu 1930:Pangani 1781:Kivinje 1674:Kalenga 1590:Laetoli 1410:Islands 1374:Makonde 1232:Mitengo 1222:Rahaleo 1217:Vigaeni 1212:Ufukoni 1202:Railway 1197:Majengo 1192:Likombe 782:EdUKaid 721:Economy 488:Mombasa 366:Makonde 350:History 335:Swahili 291:mikinda 275:Swahili 222:Islamic 218:Swahili 174:Swahili 162:Founded 147:History 2037:Mduuni 2017:Chwaka 1646:Kondoa 1610:Peninj 1465:Masasi 1462:Mtwara 1353:Newala 1343:Mtwara 1338:Masasi 1304:Mtwara 1237:Mtonya 1168:Mtwara 994:21 Jul 946:21 Jul 735:Mtwara 727:Mtwara 610:rubber 391:French 299:Mtwara 220:& 85: 2022:Tumbe 1935:Vugha 1735:Ujiji 1384:Makua 1187:Chuno 1175:Wards 989:(PDF) 731:Lindi 670:India 560:ivory 414:Islam 328:Kilwa 996:2022 972:2021 948:2022 585:maps 574:and 562:and 510:The 498:The 435:Oman 249:Type 139:Type 1379:Yao 707:bay 595:." 285:in 281:of 273:in 2109:: 1117:28 1115:. 1035:^ 1004:^ 956:^ 615:. 416:. 309:. 1554:e 1547:t 1540:v 1286:e 1279:t 1272:v 1150:e 1143:t 1136:v 998:. 974:. 950:. 729:- 269:( 77:, 72:,

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