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established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating the public with communist ideology. From 1917 the
Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied
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with dual commanders in units, commissars and other political officers were removed from direct command-roles. Political officers were then more directly tasked with morale- and regulation-based goals. A political officer's classification changed to the form of a "Deputy for
Political Matters" in
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summarised the solution to the issue: "We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar ." During the early stages of the usage of commissars, no military order might be issued which did not have the prior approval of both the commander and the commissar.
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Many lower-level political officers never received the same military training as commanding officers. Prior to becoming a commissar an individual had to be registered as a communist for a minimum of three years and had to attend specific political institutions, many of which never offered any
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had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the
Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created
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Some analysts of the PLA believe that professional performance is increasingly important, and that the political commissar's job is increasingly that of a personnel manager and 'human resources' specialist, rather than ideological
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3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major
General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975.
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Other
Communist-bloc militaries also adopted systems of using political commissars. Mulvenon and Yang (2002) report that the role of the political commissar in the
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We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar β who was in those days something different from what he is today.
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The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced
Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away.
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was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The
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People's
Commissars and People's Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by a decree of the
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264:(MarchβJuly 1917) for regional heads of administration, but the term commissar is associated with a number of
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widely used the collective term "bolsheviks and commissars" for their opponents) and with the later terms
669:. Volume 182 of Conference proceedings (Rand Corporation). Vol. V 1.0, Volume 1. Rand. p. 483.
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to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and
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From 1943, the
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in German, and komisszΓ‘r (or nΓ©pbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in
Hungarian.
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237:'war') were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus.
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on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted.
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The government departments headed by a People's
Commissar were called
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1942. The specific position of "Commissar" itself survived only at
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and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people's commissars (effectively
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but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the
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A similar term in French describes the equivalent of the rank of
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Commissar is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as
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Various historical German states have used an equivalent title,
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Political commissar Β§ Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
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men for military service, executes plans for military
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Mulvenon, James C.; Yang, Andrew N. D., eds. (2002).
404:(PLA) of China has become one resembling that of an
601:"ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ"
321:(out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term
221:In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
272:and Soviet government military forces during the
27:Military political officer in Communist countries
480:. Instead of General ranks, top officers used
254:German-Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
309:A People's Commissar (informally abbreviated
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666:The People's Liberation Army as Organization
440:and maintains records on military reserves.
183:), while administrative officers are called
313:) was a government official serving in a
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:The Russian word ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΜΡ, from French
718:Military supporting service occupations
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630:How the Revolution armed, Volumes 4-5
552:National Assembly (French Revolution)
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
384:Following the problems encountered
338:(informally abbreviated narkomat).
317:. This title was first used by the
167:'. In English, the transliteration
463:Main Directorate of State Security
343:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
260:Commissaries were used during the
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171:often refers specifically to the
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290:) for government ministers and
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52:needs additional citations for
315:Council of People's Commissars
202:since the time of the emperor
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708:Politics of the Soviet Union
381:military-oriented training.
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546:. Such officials were not
448:Until the late 1930s, the
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268:and military functions in
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432:β a regional office that
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536:both in the army of the
402:People's Liberation Army
625:Trotsky, Lev Davidovich
252:in leather coat at the
150:transliteration of the
30:For the 1967 film, see
482:Commissar of Militsiya
262:Provisional Government
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256:on September 22, 1939.
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430:military commissariat
335:People's Commissariat
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239:ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»-ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ
181:government ministers
173:political commissars
61:improve this article
428:, is the head of a
365:political commissar
349:Political commissar
293:political commissar
250:political commissar
450:People's Militsiya
412:Military commissar
305:People's Commissar
282:People's Commissar
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18:Military commissar
548:military officers
544:French Revolution
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327:Russian Civil War
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16:(Redirected from
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527:Commissariat
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59:Please help
54:verification
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504:in French,
502:commissaire
478:Soviet Army
192:commissaire
76:"Commissar"
713:Commissars
702:Categories
646:2013-10-16
610:2022-04-18
587:References
514:commissary
498:commissary
434:conscripts
420:(Russian:
391:regimental
278:White Army
223:kommissars
165:commissary
87:newspapers
689:policeman
569:Kommissar
511:The term
506:Kommissar
467:inspector
270:Bolshevik
169:commissar
144:Kommissar
140:Commissar
682:29 March
627:(1981).
575:See also
542:and the
471:director
361:Red Army
323:minister
300:Variants
248:Russian
161:komissar
156:ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΓ‘Ρ
146:) is an
519:British
456:of the
422:Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ
418:voenkom
386:in 1941
374:Trotsky
359:In the
225:, then
217:History
198:and in
152:Russian
148:English
101:scholar
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605:nlr.ru
311:narkom
287:narkom
231:German
229:(from
200:Russia
177:Soviet
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564:Reich
534:Major
276:(the
266:Cheka
235:Krieg
108:JSTOR
94:books
684:2021
671:ISBN
635:ISBN
521:and
469:and
458:NKVD
452:and
444:NKVD
416:The
393:and
363:, a
284:(or
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