33:
695:
409:
629:
368:
269:
221:
200:
294:
800:. Research has shown the failure of crops and the financial problems this brings about can lead to increased stress and even suicides in some cases. To counter this rural Victoria invested in improving their mental health services during the drought period of 2001 to 2007. This played a major role in reducing the number of drought related suicides during this period.
178:
353:
In South
Australia, only two regions in the Riverland remained in drought. Heavy rains elsewhere led to bumper harvests over much of the state, this in turn led to the largest mouse plague since 1993 across parts of South Australia, West Australia and Victoria. While some farmers tried to replant, in
546:. By late 2006, however, with Sydney's water storages plunging to their lowest levels since the 1950s – around 33% of capacity – the authorities decided to reinstate the project. A$ 1.8 billion desalination plant was then constructed at Kurnell, in southern Sydney, opening in the summer of 2009–10.
477:
Ironically, the easing of the drought led to a large blackwater (low dissolved oxygen) event across a large area of the River Murray during high flows in 2011. Organic carbon (dead plant material) that had been retained in the landscape during the drought was mobilised into the river system and the
465:
respectively. The low water levels and inflows meant there was no outflow from the lake system during the extreme low flow period. During this period the lake levels fell below mean sea level (approximately +0.2 m AHD) downstream of the barrages, reversing the usual positive hydraulic gradient from
436:
had reduced the area under production by 78%. Bourke had adequate water for only one cotton crop from 2001 to 2006. Stock feed was also becoming scarce and farmers were finding it difficult to feed cattle and sheep. Dairy producers were hit particularly hard by the drought with 2004 a particularly
306:
Australia's weather pattern transitioned rapidly to a wet La Niña pattern during the autumn of 2010, resulting in record-breaking rains in the Murray-Darling basin and well above average rainfall across the south-east. For many locations this was the first year of above-average rainfall since 1996.
281:
2008 and 2009 saw continuing hot and dry conditions in south-eastern
Australia, with occasional heavy rainfall failing to break the continuing drought. The effects of the drought were exacerbated by Australia's (then) second-hottest year on record in 2009, with record-breaking heatwaves in January,
1242:
The Bureau of
Meteorology has declared that the El Nino which has made the drought so much worse for the past year or so has passed. A senior climatologist at the Bureau of Meteorology, Grant Beard, says it's time to be optimistic about drought-breaking rains, although the drought is far from over
349:
Despite
Western Australia experiencing its fifth-wettest spring on record, drought in the South West, Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia's intensified in 2010, with the regions experiencing their driest year on record. Perth's dams registered their lowest inflows on record with the
334:
in
September, rapidly increased storage levels. Melbourne also recorded its average annual rainfall in 2010 for the first time since 1996, and its wettest spring since 1993. By 2011, Victoria was drought free for the first time in almost 15 years and was instead gripped by very wet conditions and
248:
However, this did not turn out to be correct as 2007 saw record temperatures across the south of
Australia, and only patchy rain. Promising early year rains transitioned into a very dry July–October period. Heavy rainfall in June and July, particularly in coastal regions of New South Wales and in
207:
According to the Bureau of
Meteorology, much of eastern Australia experienced a dry 2001. 2002 was one of Australia's driest and warmest years on record, with 'remarkably widespread' dry conditions, particularly in the eastern half of the country which was again affected by El Niño conditions. It
473:
due to falling water levels from 2007 to 2009 in the Lower River Murray and Lower Lakes also resulted in acidification of soils, lake and ground water. Large scale engineering interventions were undertaken to prevent further acidification, including construction of a bund and pumping of water to
261:
flowed again after nearly a year of no flows; however, the Murray-Darling Basin experienced their seventh consecutive year of below-average rain and inflows into the Basin during the winter of 2007 were still amongst the lowest on record, though marginally better than those of the winter of 2006
211:
The El Niño weather pattern broke down during 2003 but occasional strong rainfall in 2003 and 2004 failed to alleviate the cumulative effect of persistently low rainfall in south-eastern
Australia, with some measurement stations having recorded below average rainfall for eight consecutive years.
310:
While 70% of New South Wales was in drought at the beginning of 2010, the entire state was officially out of drought by
December. The entire state experienced its wettest spring on record. Several rivers, including rivers in the outback had flooded several times, and many dams were overflowing,
379:
Agricultural production was severely affected. Australia's cotton production had dropped, with the smallest area planted in 20 years, a 66% reduction compared to five years earlier which was considered a "normal" year. The crop had been half its usual size for three of the previous five years.
236:
was the lowest since 1900 with only 108.8 millimetres (4.28 in) of rain recorded compared to the normal winter/spring average of 376.6 millimetres (14.83 in). Across
Victoria and the Murray–Darling Basin the season was the second-driest since 1900. While New South Wales' rainfall was
168:
all set temperature records by a very large margin. 2007 was the eleventh year in a row that the Murray–Darling basin had experienced above average temperatures and was (at that time) Australia's sixth-warmest year on record. Jones warned that "There is absolutely no debate that Australia is
285:
The drought in Sydney eased around April 2008 and Sydney's main water catchments reached 65 percent, 25 per cent fuller than they were at the same time the previous year. However, Victoria remained drought affected, with Melbourne's water supplies dipping to around 30% by July 2008. In
796:, would cease being eligible the following week. The Federal Government had provided $ 4.5 billion in drought assistance since 2001. The related move to end the exceptional circumstances interest rate subsidy program was criticised as premature by the NSW Farmers Association and
163:
The effects of the drought on water availability was compounded by historically high temperatures over the same period. The Bureau of Meteorology's head of climate analysis, David Jones, released statistics showing that in 2007 South Australia, NSW, Victoria, the ACT and the
706:, costing $ 10 million and with a capacity of 100,000 litres per day, commenced in January 2008, and was completed on 4 August 2008. In 2007 the Federal Government pledged to contribute funds and construction began on a $ 1.1 billion desalination plant with a capacity of 50
662:
was no longer experiencing drought. Brisbane's dams were now at full capacity with the state in general experiencing its wettest spring on record. The end of the drought and heavy spring rains in Queensland culminated with devastating floods in December 2010 and
619:
in September, rapidly increased storage levels. 2010 saw Australia officially record its wettest spring on record due to a moderate to strong La Nina developing over the region. Water restrictions were reduced to stage 3 on 2 April, and stage 2 on 1 September.
244:
In early 2007, senior weather forecasters predicted that the drought would ease along the east coast with a return to average rainfall from late February 2007. Forecasters believed that the El Niño effect that had been driving the drought since 2006 had ended.
557:
Melbourne had rain up to 90% below the average for September and October 2006, compounding the problem of extremely low rainfall from the preceding winter months. Melbourne had also experienced high temperatures throughout October causing increased
384:
fell by 37% between 2000/01 and 2004/05, due mainly to the drought. On the order of 20 cotton communities and 10,000 people directly employed by the cotton industry were impacted by the drought. The main areas affected were in New South Wales:
1666:
Mosley LM, Palmer D, Leyden E, Fitzpatrick R, and Shand P (2014). Changes in acidity and metal geochemistry in soils, groundwater, drain and river water in the Lower Murray River after a severe drought. Science of the Total Environment 485–486:
190:
Dry conditions began to emerge in south-eastern Australia during late 1996 and accentuated during the strong 1997 El Niño event. Rainfall in 1998, 1999 and 2000 was closer to average, with isolated areas affected by rainfall well below average.
456:
in South Australia (over Lock 1) resulted in the lowest water levels in over 90 years of records. The lowest water levels during the extreme low flow period were reached in April 2009 and represented a 64% and 73% reduction in the volume of
232:. Despite slightly above normal summer/autumn rainfall, the late-winter to mid-spring rainfalls failed, resulting in the 2006 annual rainfall being 40 to 60% below normal over most of southern Australia. The average rainfall in the state of
155:
weather patterns, which affect the entire southern Pacific region and typically bring hot and dry conditions to eastern Australia, it cannot be explained purely by natural variability. The Bureau of Meteorology concluded that
481:
The environmental legacy of the drought persists in parts of the system. For example, as of 2014 Lake Albert salinity was still elevated four years after the drought, and acidity persists in soils and groundwater.
1907:
1854:
Whitworth KL, Kerr JL, Mosley LM, Conallin J, Hardwick L, and Baldwin DS (2013). Options for managing hypoxic blackwater in river systems: case studies and framework, Environmental Management 114, 139–147.
580:
from 1 April 2007, and narrowly avoided Stage 4 restrictions, with the minimum storage level of around 25.8% remaining above the threshold of 25% for enacting Stage 4. This led to the construction of the
1626:
Mosley, LM; Zammit, B; Leyden, E; Heneker, TM; Hipsey, MR; Skinner, D; Aldridge, KT (2012). "The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia)".
67:). It commenced with low rainfall conditions in late 1996 and through 1997, and worsened through particularly dry years in 2001 and 2002. By 2003 it was recognised as the worst drought on record.
116:
weather pattern associated with high temperatures. According to Primary Industries Minister, Ed Casey, "the drought affected region stretched in a 200 km to 300 km wide strip from
2131:
1583:
1785:
Mosley, LM; Zammit, B; Jolley, A; Barnett, L; Fitzpatrick, R (2014). "Monitoring and assessment of surface water acidification following rewetting of oxidised acid sulfate soils".
1820:
Mosley, LM; Shand, P; Self, P; Fitzpatrick, R (2014). "The geochemistry during management of lake acidification caused by the rewetting of sulfuric (pH<4) acid sulfate soils".
549:
The drought in Sydney eased around April 2008 and Sydney's main water catchments reached 65 percent, 25 per cent fuller than they were at the same time the previous year.
1911:
241:, the state's average rainfall for the season was the third lowest since 1900. The situation was exacerbated by temperatures being the highest on record since the 1950s.
212:
Rainfall in early 2005 remained below average, and better rainfall in the second half of the year again failed to break continuing drought conditions in the south-east.
740:
The Australian Energy Regulator found that these effects led to noticeably higher prices from around March 2007, but that these effects had largely eased by September.
686:
In 2010 Perth's dams registered their lowest inflows on record with the city itself recording its third-driest year on record, along with the hottest spring on record.
112:
had reverted to a series of ponds. Across the state 40% of Queensland was drought declared. From July to August 1995 the drought was further influenced by a strong
81:
The drought placed extreme pressure on agricultural production and urban water supply in much of southern Australia. It has led to the construction of six major
1172:"Statement on Drought for the 3, 6, and 10-month periods ending 31 October 2006 – Drought intensifies over eastern and southern Australia as spring rains fail"
265:
At the end of 2007 the Bureau of Meteorology estimated that south-eastern Australia had missed the equivalent of a full year's rain in the previous 11 years.
85:
plants to provide water to Australia's major cities, and to changes in the management of water in the Murray–Darling basin, particularly the formation of the
1567:
1548:
1406:
834:
1203:
757:
responded to extreme weather conditions to announce a major water policy reform agenda in January 2007, known as the National Plan for Water Security.
2160:
466:
the lake to the sea. The seawater intrusion, lack of flushing, evapoconcentration and increased resuspension resulted in severe water quality impacts
608:) desalination plant, one of the world's largest. When completed in 2011, it would be capable of supplying up to a third of Melbourne's water needs.
474:
prevent exposure and acidification of Lake Albert. Management of acidification in the Lower Lakes was also undertaken using aerial limestone dosing.
2558:
147:
Cool season (April to October) rainfall, other than for Tasmania where rainfall was well below historical averages in both warm and cool seasons.
70:
The year 2006 was the driest on record for many parts of the country and conditions remained hot and dry through to early 2010. The emergence of
2853:
713:
In June 2009 the South Australian Government announced that the plant's annual output was to be doubled from 50Gl to 100Gl, approximately 270
2935:
2832:
2727:
1958:
1715:
Mosley, LM; Palmer, D; Leyden, E; Fitzpatrick, R; Shand, P (2014). "Acidification of floodplains due to river level decline during drought".
490:
Australia had previously relied solely on water from dams for agriculture and consumption. The drought changed the way Australia treated its
169:
warming... it may be time to stop describing south-eastern Australia as gripped by drought and instead accept the extreme dry as permanent."
2777:
2706:
2701:
1889:
1587:
2955:
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2945:
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2792:
2782:
2732:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2379:
354:
some areas many gave up as millions of mice covered their fields. Farmers often characterised the plague as being worse than the drought.
2760:
2747:
2553:
2339:
2252:
2182:
1864:
1532:
1436:
867:
542:
Plans for a desalination project in Sydney were temporarily halted in 2005 after public opposition and the discovery of new underground
495:
2675:
228:
South-east Australia experienced its second-driest year on record in 2006, particularly affecting the major agricultural region of the
86:
1515:
458:
445:
In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole
82:
2389:
2047:
1388:
1179:
999:
893:
1933:
1544:
ABS Water Account Australia 2004/05 figures quoted by Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from
1367:
74:
weather conditions in 2010 rapidly ended the drought, and led to floods in some locations, particularly in central and southern
2022:
1255:
797:
577:
562:
of water in dams and reservoirs, which resulted in their levels falling by around 0.1% a day. As a result of all these factors
307:
The rainfall dramatically increased surface water storage and soil moisture, effectively ending the drought in the south-east.
1221:
2920:
2822:
2787:
765:
664:
343:
2097:
2884:
2802:
2772:
2765:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2680:
2601:
2439:
2374:
1758:
Hipsey, M; Salmon, U; Mosley, LM (2014). "A three-dimensional hydro-geochemical model to assess lake acidification risk".
703:
640:
567:
462:
2863:
2858:
2696:
2517:
2500:
2484:
2282:
238:
32:
2588:
2571:
2522:
2510:
2479:
1564:
1545:
1410:
978:
814:
726:
336:
157:
121:
1171:
628:
1459:
1339:
1313:
1146:
1120:
1094:
1068:
1042:
528:
Most Australian mainland capital cities faced a major water crisis with less than 50% of water storages remaining.
63:
The drought affected most of southern Australia, including its largest cities and largest agricultural region (the
2446:
2344:
2313:
1498:
838:
537:
386:
229:
165:
64:
2797:
2583:
1529:
694:
676:
394:
1286:
1200:
2930:
2925:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2596:
2576:
2429:
2409:
2369:
2357:
2245:
2063:
1016:
784:
stated that the two final areas in Australia receiving federal 'exceptional circumstances' drought support,
437:
bleak year in the sector, as a drought-caused drop in production sent revenue in the industry down by 4.5%.
425:
390:
381:
1484:
2711:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2505:
117:
636:
Brisbane water levels reduced to under 20% of capacity, having had no substantial inflow for five years.
2616:
2606:
2563:
2469:
2419:
2364:
2352:
2329:
1002:
659:
616:
612:
331:
327:
290:
drought conditions worsened in 2008, with many areas reporting no significant rainfall for three years.
137:
2078:
128:
crops survived, about half the usual for that year, that grains had to be imported from other states.
2424:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2334:
1829:
1724:
1689:
809:
729:, particularly during autumn and winter 2007. It reduced output from major hydro-electric generators
590:
582:
446:
57:
2399:
1680:
Mosley, LM; Zammit, B; Jolley, A; Barnett, L (2014). "Acidification of lake water due to drought".
644:
421:
408:
372:
2474:
2434:
2272:
2238:
1893:
769:
594:
503:
470:
429:
37:
737:, and also constrained output from some coal-fired generators that use fresh water for cooling.
350:
city itself recording its third-driest year on record, along with the hottest spring on record.
1432:
639:
Brisbane organised to be supplied via larger dams, a pipeline and possibly also recycling. The
2217:
1985:
1802:
1740:
889:
144:
Southern Australia (rainfall in northern Australia was above average during the same period).
2894:
2209:
2009:
1837:
1794:
1767:
1732:
1697:
1644:
1636:
959:
944:
927:
908:
498:
governments attempted to "drought-proof" their states with more permanent solutions such as
2899:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2101:
1571:
1552:
1207:
793:
491:
398:
233:
109:
615:
in March did little to help Melbourne's storage levels, but steady winter rains, and the
330:
in March did little to help Melbourne's storage levels, but steady winter rains, and the
2105:
Department of Premier & Cabinet, News release 9 June 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
2026:
1833:
1728:
1693:
367:
268:
220:
199:
40:
which is normally underwater. The normal river level is the top of the bank behind them.
2879:
2277:
1937:
863:
734:
598:
586:
316:
312:
1608:
2914:
2213:
2200:
Guiney, R (Autumn 2017). "Farming suicides during the Victorian drought: 2001–2007".
1971:
433:
258:
105:
1841:
1263:
342:
Queensland experienced heavy storms in December 2010 and January 2011, resulting in
2889:
2837:
1229:
680:
453:
402:
1771:
1736:
1701:
17:
593:
were close to running out of water, with some of the few Victorian towns without
525:
water. As a result, no recycled sewage was added to Toowoomba's drinking supply.
2094:
789:
754:
730:
559:
320:
293:
97:
Beginning in the second half of 1991, a very severe drought occurred throughout
1798:
1640:
979:"Recent rainfall, drought and southern Australia's long-term rainfall decline"
906:
Collie, Gordon (26 August 1995). "Worst drought of century cripples farmers".
781:
655:
570:
and as of July 2009, water levels in its dams were at a mere 27% of capacity.
518:
507:
254:
152:
113:
98:
75:
71:
2261:
1563:
Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from
714:
707:
605:
573:
563:
514:
499:
250:
49:
2221:
1806:
1744:
151:
Although the period of the Millennium Drought was characterised by several
785:
651:
413:
287:
257:
event, brought hope that the drought may have ended. In August 2007, the
216:
2006 and 2007: extreme dry and hot conditions in the Murray–Darling basin
1649:
177:
768:
in 2008 and the publication of the Murray-Darling Basin Plan under the
543:
1908:"Weekly water update archive – Weekly water update – Melbourne Water"
522:
125:
888:
Rankin, Robert. (1992) Secrets of the Scenic Rim. Rankin Publishers
604:
The Victorian Government also began building a $ 3.1 billion 150Gl (
494:. Because of the long-term effects of the drought now showing, many
1262:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 June 2007. Archived from
717:
per day, providing up to 50% of Adelaide's domestic water supply.
407:
292:
267:
219:
198:
176:
101:
which intensified in 1994 and 1995 to become the worst on record.
31:
140:
has characterised the Millennium Drought as primarily affecting:
589:
and supply it to Melbourne to meet water demands. Many towns in
449:
if it did not receive sufficient water by October of that year.
132:
Geographic and seasonal characteristics, and compounding factors
2234:
702:
In South Australia work on a small pilot desalination plant at
1986:"Gold Coast Desalination Plant, Queensland - Water Technology"
2230:
1865:"Toowoomba says no to recycled water – National – smh.com.au"
957:
Coleman, Matthew (30 August 1995). "Crops worth $ 50m lost".
208:
was, at the time, Australia's fourth-driest year since 1900.
1485:"Melbourne gets average rainfall for first time in 14 years"
195:
2001 to 2005: El Niño brings on strong drought conditions
1499:"Weather News – Melbourne's wettest spring in 17 years"
683:
plant that will supply the city with 17% of its needs.
1959:
State government eases Melbourne's water restrictions
1228:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
764:
by the Commonwealth Parliament, the formation of the
401:
has reduced the area under production by 74% and the
389:
where the area under production was reduced by 100%,
2064:
Port Stanvac desalination pilot plant up and running
1015:
Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 February 1998).
424:
which reduced the area under production by 100%, at
160:
exacerbated the extent and severity of the drought.
2872:
2846:
2815:
2720:
2689:
2653:
2646:
2531:
2493:
2462:
2455:
2322:
2306:
1936:. Ourwater.vic.gov.au. 16 July 2012. Archived from
835:"Natural disasters in Australia – australia.gov.au"
654:recording very heavy rain in May 2009, and premier
601:water area, where reservoir levels were above 80%.
2095:100Gl desalination expansion in Public Works today
397:has reduced the area under production by 95%, the
2154:
2152:
1890:"Storage : Melbourne Water's Conserve Water"
1662:
1660:
1621:
1619:
1017:"1998 Yearbook – Climate Variability and El Nino"
725:The drought had a material impact on Australia's
432:had reduced the area under production by 82% and
302:2010 and 2011: La Niña finally breaks the drought
864:"Rural News 03/09/2003: Worst drought on record"
650:The drought in Queensland had mostly eased with
277:2008 and 2009: continuing hot and dry conditions
2161:"It's official: Australia no longer in drought"
323:Dams. Canberra's dams were above 90% capacity.
253:region, together with tentative forecasts of a
186:1996 to 2000: patchy rainfall in the south-east
405:had reduced the area under production by 60%.
393:had reduced the area under production by 99%,
2246:
1675:
1673:
478:breakdown of this consumed dissolved oxygen.
8:
2079:Acciona back to expand Adelaide desalination
2054:, 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
420:In Queensland the worst-affected areas were
1407:"Storages over the years – Melbourne Water"
1389:"It's going to rain for months: forecaster"
2650:
2459:
2253:
2239:
2231:
1460:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2010"
1340:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009"
1314:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2007"
1121:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2005"
510:, and tougher restrictions on industries.
282:February and the second half of the year.
2084:, 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
1648:
2069:, 4 July 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
1095:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2004"
1069:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2002"
1043:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2001"
1041:Bureau of Meteorology (3 January 2002).
693:
627:
366:
237:boosted by above normal falls along the
1787:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
858:
856:
825:
780:On 27 April 2012, Agriculture Minister
36:Cattle in 2008 on a sand island in the
27:Period of low rainfall on the continent
1433:"Bureau says Tassie drought worsening"
181:Rainfall deciles for Australia in 1997
1510:
1508:
1383:
1381:
1362:
1360:
1293:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1201:Australian Drought and Climate Change
262:which had been the driest on record.
7:
2115:Australian Energy Regulator (2008).
1760:Environmental Modelling and Software
977:Bureau of Meteorology (April 2015).
972:
970:
585:which would divert water out of the
297:Australian rainfall deciles for 2010
272:Australian rainfall deciles for 2009
224:Australian rainfall deciles for 2006
203:Australian rainfall deciles for 2002
60:recorded since European settlement.
2023:"Perth Seawater Desalination Plant"
1437:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
104:By October 1994, part of the upper
2202:Australian Journal of Rural Health
2183:"Minister declares end of drought"
2132:"National Plan for Water Security"
1368:"More of NSW moves out of drought"
1220:Barlow, Karen (22 February 2007).
56:, is said by some to be the worst
25:
1530:Mouse plague 'worse than drought'
2214:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01244.x
2159:Saffron Howden (27 April 2012).
2117:State of the Energy Market: 2008
2048:Work begins on pilot desal plant
1892:. 3 January 2007. Archived from
1717:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
1584:"Dairy farmers face tough times"
1285:Clarke, Sarah (28 August 2007).
833:Agency, Digital Transformation.
749:National Plan for Water Security
1842:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.11.010
1611:Australian rivers face disaster
1287:"Darling flow a mixed blessing"
1147:"Annual Climate Statement 2006"
760:This led to the passage of the
698:Port Stanvac Desalination Plant
452:The very low flow to the Lower
371:Drought-affected fields in the
2823:Australian flying fox die-offs
766:Murray-Darling Basin Authority
647:, delivering water from 2009.
87:Murray–Darling Basin Authority
1:
2885:Heat waves and climate change
1772:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.02.007
1737:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.03.003
1702:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.001
641:Gold Coast Desalination Plant
108:system had collapsed and the
2936:2000s disasters in Australia
1000:This drought may never break
941:Water crisis threatens towns
798:National Farmers' Federation
632:Brisbane combined Dam levels
2956:2005 disasters in Australia
2951:2000 disasters in Australia
2946:1996 disasters in Australia
2941:Climate change in Australia
1210:, retrieved on 7 June 2007.
1178:. National Climate Centre,
815:Climate change in Australia
727:National Electricity Market
578:Stage 3a water restrictions
506:for home-owners to install
428:there was a 91% reduction,
2972:
2838:2012–2013 ("Angry Summer")
1629:Water Resources Management
535:
517:voted on, and rejected, a
500:grey-water water-recycling
469:Exposure and oxidation of
2447:List of Indian heat waves
2390:2022 (India and Pakistan)
2380:2019 (India and Pakistan)
2268:
1799:10.1007/s10661-013-3350-9
1641:10.1007/s11269-012-0113-2
1393:The Sydney Morning Herald
1372:The Sydney Morning Herald
930:. p. 29. 22 October 1994.
538:Sydney Desalination Plant
382:Water use by the industry
1990:www.water-technology.net
1570:28 February 2007 at the
1551:28 February 2007 at the
239:north coast of the state
2136:Parliament of Australia
2012:, ABC News, 20 May 2009
1516:"WA rivers running dry"
1458:Bureau of Meteorology.
1338:Bureau of Meteorology.
1312:Bureau of Meteorology.
1222:"El Nino declared over"
1180:Bureau of Meteorciology
1145:Bureau of Meteorology.
1119:Bureau of Meteorology.
1093:Bureau of Meteorology.
1067:Bureau of Meteorology.
2163:. Brisbanetimes.com.au
2010:Drought over in SE Qld
1934:"Desalination project"
1256:"Is the drought over?"
699:
633:
417:
376:
358:Effects of the drought
298:
273:
225:
204:
182:
41:
2921:Droughts in Australia
2589:2021 (UK and Ireland)
2375:2018 (Northeast Asia)
1003:Sydney Morning Herald
697:
679:completed a seawater
660:South East Queensland
631:
617:2010 Victorian floods
613:2010 Victorian storms
411:
370:
332:2010 Victorian floods
328:2010 Victorian storms
296:
271:
223:
202:
180:
138:Bureau of Meteorology
83:seawater desalination
35:
2100:11 June 2009 at the
1822:Applied Geochemistry
1682:Journal of Hydrology
1260:Sydney Radio ABC 702
1206:26 July 2018 at the
924:Dry tears of despair
810:Drought in Australia
753:Then Prime Minister
583:North-South Pipeline
447:Murray-Darling basin
412:Dry paddocks in the
230:Murray–Darling basin
166:Murray–Darling basin
124:". So few wheat and
65:Murray–Darling basin
52:, also known as the
2833:2008–2009 (SE Aus.)
1940:on 19 February 2011
1834:2014ApGC...41...49M
1729:2014JCHyd.161...10M
1694:2014JHyd..511..484M
1487:. 25 November 2010.
1413:on 7 September 2010
1395:. 10 February 2008.
1266:on 25 December 2007
841:on 12 November 2017
643:was constructed at
344:widespread flooding
2728:2000 (Southern US)
1896:on 3 January 2007.
1590:on 26 January 2012
1374:. 9 February 2008.
1176:Drought Statements
870:. 3 September 2003
776:Drought assistance
770:Gillard government
721:Electricity supply
700:
634:
595:water restrictions
568:water restrictions
521:on using recycled
471:acid sulfate soils
418:
416:region during 2007
377:
299:
274:
226:
205:
183:
93:Prelude to drought
54:millennium drought
42:
38:Murrumbidgee River
18:Millennium drought
2908:
2907:
2811:
2810:
2778:2020-2023 drought
2707:1988–1990 drought
2702:1983-1985 drought
2642:
2641:
2130:McCormick, Bill.
2119:. pp. 86–87.
1439:. 10 October 2008
1182:. 3 November 2006
947:p. 3. 3 June 1995
675:In November 2006
566:was put on tight
459:Lakes Alexandrina
430:Central Highlands
16:(Redirected from
2963:
2895:List of droughts
2854:2009 (Argentina)
2798:2023 (Caribbean)
2651:
2460:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2050:Jeremy Roberts,
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2025:. Archived from
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1623:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1565:Cotton Australia
1561:
1555:
1546:Cotton Australia
1542:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1012:
1006:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
974:
965:
964:
960:The Courier-Mail
954:
948:
945:The Courier Mail
939:Collie, Gordon.
937:
931:
928:The Courier-Mail
922:Collie, Gordon.
920:
914:
913:
909:The Courier-Mail
903:
897:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
851:
850:
848:
846:
837:. Archived from
830:
762:Water Act (2007)
744:Policy responses
658:announcing that
513:The citizens of
21:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2900:Marine heatwave
2868:
2842:
2807:
2716:
2685:
2638:
2527:
2489:
2451:
2370:2017 (Pakistan)
2318:
2302:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:Wayback Machine
2092:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1572:Wayback Machine
1562:
1558:
1553:Wayback Machine
1543:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1208:Wayback Machine
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
983:
981:
976:
975:
968:
956:
955:
951:
938:
934:
921:
917:
905:
904:
900:
887:
883:
873:
871:
862:
861:
854:
844:
842:
832:
831:
827:
823:
806:
794:New South Wales
778:
751:
746:
723:
692:
673:
626:
555:
540:
534:
492:water resources
488:
443:
399:Macquarie River
365:
360:
337:severe flooding
304:
279:
234:South Australia
218:
197:
188:
175:
134:
122:Charters Towers
110:Condamine River
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:1990s droughts
2928:
2926:2000s droughts
2923:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Cooling center
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2712:1995 (Chicago)
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:UK and Ireland
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2440:Southeast Asia
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2192:
2174:
2148:
2122:
2107:
2086:
2071:
2056:
2052:The Australian
2040:
2014:
2002:
1977:
1963:
1951:
1925:
1914:on 5 June 2012
1899:
1881:
1869:www.smh.com.au
1856:
1847:
1812:
1777:
1750:
1707:
1669:
1656:
1615:
1601:
1575:
1556:
1537:
1528:Kerry Staight
1521:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1464:www.bom.gov.au
1450:
1424:
1398:
1377:
1356:
1344:www.bom.gov.au
1330:
1318:www.bom.gov.au
1304:
1277:
1247:
1232:on 17 May 2012
1212:
1193:
1163:
1151:www.bom.gov.au
1137:
1125:www.bom.gov.au
1111:
1099:www.bom.gov.au
1085:
1073:www.bom.gov.au
1059:
1047:www.bom.gov.au
1033:
1021:www.abs.gov.au
1007:
1005:4 January 2008
998:Richard Macey
991:
966:
949:
932:
915:
898:
881:
852:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
805:
802:
777:
774:
750:
747:
745:
742:
735:Hydro Tasmania
722:
719:
691:
688:
672:
669:
625:
622:
599:East Gippsland
587:Goulburn River
554:
551:
536:Main article:
533:
530:
487:
484:
442:
439:
364:
361:
359:
356:
311:including the
303:
300:
278:
275:
217:
214:
196:
193:
187:
184:
174:
171:
158:climate change
149:
148:
145:
133:
130:
94:
91:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:South America
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:2000s drought
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:1934 and 1935
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:North America
2645:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2564:2014 (Sweden)
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2029:on 5 May 2012
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:: 3923–3946.
1634:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
980:
973:
971:
967:
962:
961:
953:
950:
946:
942:
936:
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:
912:. p. 14.
911:
910:
902:
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2532:2000–present
2435:Saudi Arabia
2395:2022 (Japan)
2385:2022 (China)
2365:2016 (India)
2330:2002 (India)
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2733:2001 (East)
2671:1911 (East)
2666:1901 (East)
2661:1896 (East)
2654:Before 1950
2463:Before 1950
2067:AdelaideNow
1874:21 December
1766:: 433–457.
1688:: 484–493.
1535:5 July 2010
1186:13 November
874:17 November
790:Eurobodalla
755:John Howard
731:Snowy Hydro
560:evaporation
508:water tanks
486:Urban water
441:Environment
426:Dirranbandi
375:countryside
363:Agriculture
249:Victoria's
2915:Categories
2622:Heat waves
2307:Antarctica
2262:Heat waves
1609:BBC News:
1469:26 January
1443:10 October
1349:26 January
1323:26 January
1270:23 October
1236:23 October
1156:26 January
1130:26 January
1104:26 January
1078:26 January
1052:26 January
1026:26 January
896:(page 151)
821:References
782:Joe Ludwig
715:megalitres
708:gigalitres
656:Anna Bligh
519:referendum
317:Burrinjuck
313:Burrendong
118:Stanthorpe
99:Queensland
76:Queensland
2697:1980 (US)
2690:1950–1999
2559:2013 (UK)
2523:1995 (UK)
2518:1990 (UK)
2501:1955 (UK)
2494:1950–1999
2485:1911 (UK)
2480:1906 (UK)
2475:July 1757
2345:2013 haze
2167:17 August
1961:, The Age
1944:17 August
1828:: 49–56.
1723:: 10–23.
1297:27 August
772:in 2012.
606:gigalitre
574:Melbourne
564:Melbourne
553:Melbourne
515:Toowoomba
373:Victorian
251:Gippsland
50:Australia
2627:Cerberus
2430:Pakistan
2410:Pakistan
2358:Pakistan
2222:22250871
2208:: 11–5.
2141:29 March
2098:Archived
2082:ABC News
1995:10 April
1807:23900634
1793:: 1–18.
1745:24732706
1667:281–291.
1568:Archived
1549:Archived
1204:Archived
984:29 March
804:See also
786:Bundarra
690:Adelaide
652:Brisbane
624:Brisbane
591:Victoria
576:had had
544:aquifers
414:Riverina
387:Menindee
288:Tasmania
173:Timeline
2873:Related
2816:Oceania
2617:Drought
2607:Drought
2187:The Age
1830:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1690:Bibcode
645:Bilinga
504:rebates
422:Biloela
395:Walgett
321:Pindari
255:La Niña
153:El Niño
114:El Niño
72:La Niña
58:drought
2766:Summer
2597:Europe
2577:Europe
2456:Europe
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532:Sydney
523:sewage
463:Albert
391:Bourke
126:barley
2761:March
2757:2012
2613:2023
2593:2022
2568:2018
2425:Japan
2420:India
2416:2024
2405:China
2353:India
2349:2015
2033:3 May
1918:3 May
1594:3 May
1417:3 May
1291:Water
1226:Water
677:Perth
671:Perth
496:state
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2859:2022
2803:2024
2793:2023
2788:2022
2773:2018
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2748:2010
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2681:1936
2634:2024
2584:2019
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2549:2007
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2506:1976
2470:1540
2400:2023
2340:2010
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2323:Asia
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2283:2020
2278:2018
2273:List
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1920:2012
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1741:PMID
1596:2012
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1445:2008
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1351:2017
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1299:2019
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986:2017
890:ISBN
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