4249:
672:
139:
1105:
education, legal and religious affairs of these communities were administered by their own leaders. This enabled the
Ottomans to rule over diverse peoples with "a minimum of resistance". The Jewish community, in particular, prospered under Ottoman rule, and its ranks were swelled with the arrival of Jews who were expelled from Spain. At the same time, non-Muslims were subject to several forms of discrimination and excluded from the Ottoman ruling elite. Armenians formed three
1869:. Tension began among the Catholic and Orthodox monks in Palestine with France channeling resources to increase its influence in the region from 1840. Repairs to shrines were important for the sects as they were linked to the possession of keys to the shrines. Notes were given by the protectorates, including the French, to the Ottoman capital about the governor; he was condemned as he had to defend the
1474:
36:
1707:, was responsible to the Persian king for the Christians within the Empire. This system of maintaining the Christians as a protected religious community continued after the Islamic conquest of the Sassanids, and the community of Nestorian Christians flourished and was able to send missionaries far past the Empire's borders, reaching as far as China and
1575:
explains that the prosperity of medieval Jews was closely tied to that of their Muslim governors. Stillman notes that during the time between the 9th and 13th centuries when Jewish culture blossomed, "medieval
Islamic civilization was at its apogee". Given their rampant persecution in medieval Europe, many Jews looked favorably upon
1625:
of
Lebanon, the Latins of Palestine, and most of the Greek islands, which once held Latin Catholic communities, come under Turkish rule. Papal response to the loss of these communities was initially a call to the crusade, but the response from the European Catholic monarchs was weak: French interest,
3622:, p. 87: "At Christmas in 1847, Latin and Greek monks in Bethlehem battled with candlesticks and crosses over the birthplace of the Prince of Peace. To prevent Christian from killing Christian, the Ottoman governor, a Muslim, had to post sixty armed soldiers inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."
2114:
categories were used for the exchange between Greece and Turkey of the Greek
Orthodox population in Turkey and Moslems in Greece. The categories were also used to establish the protection of the two remaining recognized minorities, the "Muslims of Western Thrace" (Turks, Pomaks, and Roms) and the
2059:
as separate communities, which the
Ottomans and British had not – due mainly to political considerations. Also, the state of Israel reserves the right to determine to which community a person belongs, and officially register him or her accordingly – even when the person concerned objects to being
1574:
communities of the
Ottoman Empire, were still considered "People of the book" and protected by the Sharia Law of Islam. However, while the Jews were not viewed in the eyes of the law as equals of Muslims, they were still treated relatively well at points during the Ottoman Empire. Norman Stillman
1104:
Although the
Ottoman administration of non-Muslim subjects was not uniform until the 19th century and varied according to region and group, it is possible to identify some common patterns for earlier epochs. Christian and Jewish communities were granted a large degree of autonomy. Tax collection,
573:
system of this form existed since early
Ottoman times. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on this idea, showing that it was rather a later political innovation, which was introduced in the rhetorical garb of an ancient tradition. The Ottoman state used religion rather than ethnicity to define each
1943:
It is no longer possible for the
Armenians and the Turks to live together. Only a Christian administration can provide the equality, justice and the freedom of conscience. A Christian administration should replace the Muslim administration. Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) and Kilikya, are the regions
1904:
had extended to the
Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. Each millet became increasingly independent with the establishment of its own schools, churches, hospitals and other facilities. These activities effectively moved the Christian population outside the framework of the Ottoman political
2079:
often protested and called for abolition of this Ottoman remnant, and its replacement by a system modeled on that of the United States where religious affiliation is considered a person's private business in which the state should not interfere. However, all such proposals have been defeated.
2039:, in which personal status is based on a person's belonging to a religious community. The state of Israel – on the basis of laws inherited from Ottoman times and retained both under British rule and by independent Israel – reserves the right to recognise some communities but not others. Thus,
402:", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the
1314:
also played a political and cultural role. Namely, it bundled together all Armenian and some other groups, showcasing a shift from religious identity towards national identity. As a result of this, a type of hegemony emerged in which all groups that were under this
3919:
Dimitris Stamatopoulos, "From Millets to Minorities in the 19th – Century Ottoman Empire: an Ambiguous Modernization", in S. G. Ellis, G. Hálfadanarson, A.K. Isaacs (επιμ.), Citizenship in Historical Perspective, Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press, 2006,
1873:
by placing soldiers inside the temple because of the "candlestick wars", eliminating the change of keys. Successive Ottoman governments had issued edicts granting primacy of access to different Christian groups which vied for control of Jerusalem's holy sites.
1271:
By the 19th century the Orthodox Christian millet was dominated by Greeks, which were worried of Bulgarian and Romanian autocephalism. Over the course of 1860–1862, a series of laws were produced by a constitutional committee which, taken together, make up the
1985:(for religious minorities), which observe the principle of separate personal courts and/or laws for every recognized religious community and reserved seats in the parliament. Some legal systems which developed outside the Ottoman Empire, such as those in
1773:
among the subject nations and stop the rise of secessionist nationalist movements. within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms tried to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society with new laws and regulations, but failed.
1342:
Armenian Catholics and Armenian Protestants in 1850 (with British backing) separated from the Armenian Gregorian Millet to become their own millets. After the 1856 Imperial Reform edict, the Armenian Protestant Millet was the first millet to have
1212:
despite their differences in ethnicity and language and despite the fact that the religious hierarchy was dominated by the Greeks. Nevertheless, ethnonyms never disappeared and some form of ethnic identity was preserved as evident from a Sultan's
1347:
sanctioned by the government, which was based on the principle of representative and lay control. Debate for a constitution among the Gregorian Armenians would be influenced by the Protestant Armenians'. The Armenian Gregorian Millet received
1380:
largely identifies as Assyrian, but the liturgical language is called Syriac, hence multiple 'millets' for Syriac speaking Assyrians arose as a consequence of the separation by Church affiliation, as was required by 19th century Ottoman law.
1056:). The Ottoman term specifically refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the
335:
2161:("English nation"), etc. It also retains its use as a religious and ethnic classification; it can also be used as a slang to classify people belonging to a particular group (not necessarily religious or ethnic), such as
2103:
1658:. Circassians in the Ottoman Empire, despite being Muslim, mainly kept to themselves and maintained their separate identity, even having their own courts, in which they would tolerate no outside influence.
474:, as the state recognized multiple different religious groups in exchange for some control over religious identification and the enforcement of orthodoxy. Notably, Ethnarchs principally conversed with the
1033:
2341:
system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.
3993:
1916:
system created a strain of thought (a new form of personal identification) which made nationality synonymous with religion under the Ottoman flag. It was impossible to hold the system or prevent
328:
624:" among the Christian and Jewish minorities reflected in versions of the Ottoman Constitution in their respective languages: The French version of the Ottoman Constitution used the word "
485:
Historian Johann Strauss wrote that the term "seems to be so essential for the understanding of the Ottoman system and especially the status of non-Muslims". Other authors interpret the
1814:) of that time. This document was drawn up by Armenian intelligentsia, which sought to curb the powers of the Armenian Patriarch and nobility. It created an Armenian National Assembly.
1932:
321:
1083:
committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the ruling Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their
1438:
under the Armenian Patriarch. This meant that the Syriac Orthodox were subject to the hegemony of the Armenians linguistically, culturally, politically, and religiously. During the
497:, the Ottoman state was "... based on the principle of heterogeneity and difference rather than homogeneity and sameness, functioned in an opposite way to modern nation-states."
1603:
who lived in the Byzantine capital. Over the next decades, Turkish armies pushed into the Balkans, overrunning the Catholic populations of Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, and Hungary.
1541:, etc.). They were the most geographically spread group within the empire. Ottoman Jews enjoyed privileges similar to Christians in the Ottoman Empire. In the framework of the
1026:
1944:
where the Christian administration should be founded... The Turkish Armenians want this... That is, a Christian administration is demanded in Turkish Armenia, as in Lebanon.
1579:. In the late 19th century such groups as the Bilu, a group of young Russian Jews who were pioneers in the Zionist movement, proposed negotiating with the Sultan to allow a
4185:
4248:
4383:
1719:
In 1839 and 1856, reforms were attempted with the goal of creating equality between the religious communities of the Ottoman Empire. In the course of these reforms, new
1079:
had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was required was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one
1912:
system (citizenship) began to degrade with increasing identification of religious creed with ethnic nationality. The interaction of ideas of French revolution with the
3986:
1936:
536:
writes that the word was used to refer to non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire even before that time. The term was used inconsistently prior to the 19th century.
4228:
1376:
are referred to as 'Asuri' in the Turkish vernacular. Assyrians split by Christian sect were thus treated as separate ethnic groups for the Ottoman government. The
1019:
1817:
These two reforms, which were theoretically perfect examples of social change by law, caused serious stress on the Ottoman political and administrative structure.
4258:
3582:
1189:
4305:
2012:, child custody, inheritance, and burial – is based on an individual's religious beliefs. In the practice of family law, the State recognizes only the three "
4170:
1887:
1791:; "Firman of the Reforms"), which proclaimed freedom of religion and civil equality of all religious communities. It further granted the authorities in each
1704:
1323:, who was appointed by the Sultan. This had a cultural, political, linguistic, and religious effect on all of these groups. Only later did separate Catholic
475:
1331:) were under the authority of the Armenian Patriarchate, although they maintained a separate hierarchy with their own Patriarchs; these groups included the
4440:
4435:
4420:
3979:
1630:. Furthermore, the Catholics of the Ottoman world received a protector at the Porte in the person of the French ambassador. In this way the Roman Catholic
558:: Greek Orthodox, Armenian, and Jewish. The bureaucrats of this era asserted that the millet system was a tradition dating back to the reign of Sultan
4295:
4175:
1687:
system and no other term was readily available to describe it. Some other authors have also adopted this usage. The early Christians there formed the
1457:
1261:
528:
in the sense of religious community denoted the Muslim religious community or the Christians outside of the Ottoman Empire. This view is supported by
430:
255:
235:
4002:
1727:
and clerics in them were also to have their internal rule reviewed by the central government and to keep their power in check. Many clerics in the
1491:
1057:
554:) in the early 19th century, when official documentation came to reiterate that non-Muslim subjects were organized into three officially sanctioned
53:
1953:
Today a version of religion-based legal pluralism resembling the millet system still persists in varying forms in some post-Ottoman countries like
4430:
4425:
1839:. Many foreigners resident in the Empire were not subject to its laws, but rather those of their homelands. In addition, European powers became
4445:
4201:
3658:
F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr., Bilal N. ªimsir, British Documents on Ottoman Armenians 1856–1880), Vol. I, Ankara 19R2, p. 173. Document No. 69.
1241:
155:
3901:
3802:
3730:
3711:
3543:
3481:
3454:
3262:
3025:
2998:
2867:
2748:
2704:
2659:
2499:
2436:
2330:
2281:
2256:
2032:. In cases of family law disputes involving a marriage between a Christian woman and a Muslim man, the courts apply the Personal Status Law.
1921:
4300:
4221:
4180:
4165:
4140:
4109:
1559:حاخامباشی), who held broad powers to enact, judge, and enforce the laws among the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and often sat on the Sultan's
479:
1836:
1830:
2132:
450:. During this era, the status of these groups, their relation to the central government, and their self-governance, were codified into
4290:
3619:
2124:
1861:
These religious activities, subsidized by the governments of western nations, were not devoid of political goals, such in the case of
977:
4415:
4074:
3748:
3508:
3375:
3342:
3299:
3187:
3148:
3117:
2894:
2827:
1513:
410:
corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century. Subsequently, the
119:
100:
2064:
of Jewish origin are registered as members of the Jewish religious community, a practice derived ultimately from the fact that the
1253:
3946:
671:
138:
72:
4190:
4155:
3684:
Iakovos D. Michailidis, Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer "Abecedar".
1739:, refusing to give up any autonomy, slowed down the attempted reforms and their impact on the equality of religious communities.
1596:
1432:
1289:
230:
1252:) of all Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as Russia (under the 1774
493:
and consider it as such a potentially universal solution to the modern issues of ethnic and religious diversity. According to
4310:
2780:
2776:
2683:
2567:
2371:
1799:
1495:
1349:
1344:
1273:
659:
79:
57:
1257:
4094:
3836:
Barkey, Karen; George Gavrilis (2016). "The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy".
2191:
2186:
1607:
175:
147:
3637:
2957:
4216:
2127:" as Bulgarians and guaranteeing their protection. On 2 February 1925, the Greek parliament, claiming pressure from the
1870:
1783:
1752:
586:
2120:
418:(r. 1451–81), although it is now understood that no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Heads of millets, or
86:
4278:
1307:
516:, had three basic meanings in Ottoman Turkish: religion, religious community and nation. The first sense derives from
426:), usually had absolute secular and ecclesiastical power over their communities, being answerable only to the Sultan.
198:
1850:
Russia and Britain competed for the Armenians; the Eastern Orthodox perceived American Protestants, who had over 100
4388:
4317:
3875:
Ursinus, M.O.H (2012). "Millet". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
2740:
2485:
2181:
3471:
1484:
451:
68:
46:
4450:
2472:
2136:
1807:
1538:
1299:
1564:
1353:
2593:
2583:
2397:
2387:
1840:
1826:
1406:
1327:
emerge. Non-Armenians from churches which were theologically linked to the Armenian Church (by virtue of being
1303:
490:
368:
2272:
Braude, Benjamin (1982). "Foundation Myths of the Millet System". In Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
897:
3702:
Braude, Benjamin (1982). "Foundation Myths of the Millet System". In Braude, Benjamin; Bernard Lewis (eds.).
3956:
2322:
1534:
1264:, autonomous Orthodox Churches under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch, were taken over by the Greek
1148:
892:
4044:
1917:
1592:
1422:
1390:
1332:
1068:
380:
3323:"The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria"
3280:"The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria"
1444:
reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox were granted independent status with the recognition of their own
997:
4124:
3951:
2214:
2128:
1974:
1928:
1672:
1110:
439:
308:
1765:
had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. The
2771:История на българите. Късно средновековие и Възраждане, том 2, Георги Бакалов, TRUD Publishers, 2004,
2589:
2393:
1862:
912:
4119:
2048:
1530:
system the Jews were organized as a community on the basis of religion, alongside the other millets (
521:
415:
907:
902:
761:
721:
3596:
2958:"Minorities (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
1795:
greater privileges and self-governing powers, but also required oaths of allegiance to the Sultan.
811:
796:
471:
467:
93:
3670:
Egypt – International Religious Freedom Report by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2199:, Ottoman practice of forcibly taking Christian boys in order to be raised to serve the state
932:
841:
821:
816:
593:", as do the Arabic and Persian versions; despite this, at the time the usage of the Arabic word "
3855:
3078:
2476:
2107:
2013:
1688:
1377:
756:
706:
245:
3812:
Abu Jaber, Khaled S. (July 1967). "The Millet System in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire".
3393:"Immigration and Settlement of Circassians in the Ottoman Empire on British Documents 1857-1864"
1256:), or Britain claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects. The
826:
806:
731:
691:
2316:
4160:
4032:
3897:
3798:
3726:
3707:
3615:
3576:
3549:
3539:
3514:
3504:
3477:
3450:
3410:
3371:
3338:
3295:
3258:
3229:
The Ottoman policy towards Jewish immigration and settlement in Ottoman Palestine: 1882-1920 /
3193:
3183:
3144:
3113:
3070:
3031:
3021:
2994:
2900:
2890:
2863:
2857:
2823:
2772:
2754:
2744:
2724:
2700:
2679:
2655:
2495:
2432:
2326:
2277:
2252:
2116:
1901:
1883:
1723:
emerged, notably for Eastern Catholic and Protestant Christian communities. The heads of each
1654:. During the war and following years, many Circassians fled the conquest of their homeland by
1627:
1600:
1328:
1197:
1094:
concept was altered in the 19th century by the rise of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire.
962:
3444:
3365:
987:
414:
system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan
3960:
3880:
3847:
3823:
3814:
3400:
3330:
3287:
3250:
3105:
3062:
2815:
2040:
1844:
1696:
1552:
1138:
922:
851:
791:
751:
363:
223:
3971:
1427:
The Syriac Orthodox community in the Ottoman Empire was for long not recognized as its own
4283:
4027:
3668:
3641:
2728:
2621:
2551:
1680:
1373:
1285:
1114:
609:
533:
529:
459:
213:
2135:, refused to ratify the agreement; the refusal lasted until 10 June 1925. Under the 1927
2056:
686:
3017:
Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts
2856:
Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya N.; Kunt, Ibrahim Metin; Kasaba, Reşat (2 November 2006).
4006:
3827:
2480:
2468:
2091:
2072:
2044:
1897:
1655:
801:
786:
766:
663:
494:
443:
349:
240:
2990:
Narratives of Identity: The Syrian Orthodox Church and the Church of England 1895-1914
2463:
2148:
1545:
they had a considerable amount of administrative autonomy and were represented by the
1352:
on March 29, 1863, after several years of tensions within the Armenian community (see
4409:
4369:
4078:
4054:
3964:
3927:, 2. ed., İstanbul 1982, pp. 40–1, Anm. 30: "Meşveret", Paris, 3. Dezember 1895.
3884:
3859:
3838:
3082:
2208:
1731:
system pushed back against these reforms as they believed it was meant to weaken the
1357:
982:
972:
836:
831:
781:
711:
632:", and so the others used words modeled after or based on the French: հասարակութիւն (
170:
4114:
4322:
3050:
2807:
2017:
1778:
1692:
1611:
1547:
1142:
376:
293:
218:
3851:
3066:
2819:
2211:, separation of a society into groups by religion and associated political beliefs
967:
578:, and people who study the Ottoman Empire do not define the Muslims as being in a
3792:
3051:"The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy"
2988:
543:
as designation for non-Muslim Ottoman communities dates from the reign of Sultan
520:
usage and is attested in Ottoman administrative documents into the 19th century.
3785:
Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian−Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century
2579:
2383:
1866:
1855:
1651:
1647:
1473:
942:
882:
776:
771:
726:
35:
3322:
3279:
3097:
2540:, Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, (InfoBase Publishing, 2009), p. 383
1847:
groups, France of Roman Catholics, and Great Britain of Jews and other groups.
1298:
which served all ethnic Armenians irrespective of whether they belonged to the
1237:, referring to the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), and Bulgarians (Bulgar).
1050:
rules on the treatment of non−Muslim minorities living under Islamic dominion (
4049:
3846:(1: Non–Territorial Autonomy and the Government of Divided Societies): 24–42.
3762:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society
3634:
3553:
3518:
3334:
3291:
3244:
3227:
3109:
2099:
2076:
2005:
1998:
1851:
1770:
1756:
1700:
1265:
1193:
1177:
1153:
1134:
1130:
846:
270:
208:
3414:
3254:
3197:
3074:
3035:
2733:
The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 3: The Late Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839
2654:] (in Turkish), İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), pp. 87–89,
17:
4362:
4345:
3869:
Bureaucracy and Bourgeoisie: Reform and Revolution in the Age of Imperialism
3405:
3392:
2904:
2736:
2196:
2025:
1925:
1622:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1118:
937:
861:
544:
478:, as if they represented foreign nations, but after 1878 it was through the
388:
180:
2163:
992:
701:
27:
Independent court pertaining to personal religious laws of Ottoman subjects
3911:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
3740:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
2300:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
2139:, the bulk of the Slavic-speaking population in Greece left for Bulgaria.
2068:
ultimately designated a person's ethnicity more than a person's beliefs).
1583:
like settlement which would allow them greater independence in Palestine.
4129:
4104:
4039:
2884:
2119:' demand, a bilateral Bulgarian-Greek agreement was signed, known as the
1994:
1766:
1748:
1635:
1440:
1249:
1002:
957:
947:
746:
736:
559:
434:
423:
265:
3894:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
3723:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
3500:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: the roots of sectarianism
3179:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: the roots of sectarianism
2249:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
2016:": Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Muslim families are subject to the
4378:
4352:
2087:
2061:
2051:
are not recognised and cannot perform marriages. Israel recognised the
2029:
2009:
1966:
1614:. Bruce Masters claims that Melkite Catholics insisted that they had a
1498: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1310:(which was formed in the 19th century). Besides a religious role, this
1218:
927:
917:
856:
741:
392:
3533:
3498:
454:, elevating the power of the laity at the expense of clergy. The word
4357:
4340:
4099:
3177:
3015:
2202:
2095:
2083:
2021:
1982:
1970:
1962:
1214:
1173:
1169:
1084:
1052:
887:
510:
399:
384:
298:
288:
1160:
2104:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
3794:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923
2758:
2226:
2052:
1986:
1978:
1958:
1708:
1560:
1336:
1205:
1047:
866:
716:
696:
598:
517:
303:
1075:
concept (excepting the Armenian case, until the modern era). The
4374:
3787:, in: American Historical Review 59 (1953–54), pp. 844–864.
2610:. Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press. pp. 5 to 7.
2519:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 175–176.
2220:
1990:
1954:
1618:
of their own, that would grant them "sense of distinctiveness".
1007:
604:
The Armenian, Greek, and Jewish residents did not use the word "
3975:
2568:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2413:
System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy."
2372:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
1900:. The rise of nationalism in Europe under the influence of the
569:). Many historians have accepted this claim and assumed that a
2102:. This is the result of several international treaties as the
1683:, arguing that the situation there was similar to the Ottoman
1467:
1244:
was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (
29:
3706:. Vol. 1. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 69–90.
3535:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
2276:. Vol. 1. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 69–90.
1109:
under the Ottoman rule. A wide array of other groups such as
1892:
Under the original design, the multi-faced structure of the
1835:
The Ottoman System lost important domestic powers under the
1735:
and the power these clerics had built for themselves. These
1172:("Byzantine") subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but Orthodox
437:
reforms (1839–76), the term was used for legally protected
1610:
gained their autonomy as a religious community in 1848 by
616:, Armenian: ազգ (azg), Greek: Έθνος (ethnos), and Ladino:
3232:(Master Thesis thesis). Middle East Technical University.
2699:, İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2007, p. 148.
1319:
had to conform to the norms imposed by the leader of the
2251:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–2.
2090:
minority, and no ethnic or national minorities, such as
1626:
moreover, lay in an alliance with the Turks against the
1268:
during the 18th century, in 1766 and 1767 respectively.
2409:
Barkey, Karen and George Gavrilis. 2016. "The Ottoman
1168:", and enjoyed a certain autonomy. It was named after
1071:), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the
524:
has argued that before the Tanzimat reforms, the word
470:
regards the millet system as an example of pre-modern
3446:
An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church
3049:
Barkey, Karen; Gavrilis, George (21 December 2015).
1294:
Until the 19th century, there was a single Armenian
4333:
4269:
4256:
4199:
4138:
4072:
4065:
4020:
4013:
3779:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
1931:expressed his position on Ottoman Armenians to the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3925:The Young Turks. Prelude to the Revolution of 1908
3871:, in: Review, XI, 2, Spring 1988, pp. 151–65.
2462:
446:, similar to the way other countries use the word
3771:, translated by Judy Mabro, London−New York 1997.
3749:Ottoman Empire site, German full original version
2608:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804
2572:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2376:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2035:Israel, too, keeps a system based on the Ottoman
608:" and instead described themselves as "nations" (
395:) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
3104:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 831–863,
2814:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 272–280,
2205:, tax levied on non-Muslims based on Islamic law
2115:"Greek Orthodox of Istanbul". In 1924, upon the
3635:Arab Nationalism and Christianity in the Levant
3367:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo
2718:
2716:
2678:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 45-46.
1941:
1217:from 1680, that lists the ethnic groups in the
3569:Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yerel Yönetim Gelenegi
2365:
2363:
2361:
2153:" means "nation" or "people" in Turkish, e.g.
3987:
3934:, in: Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997), 119–29.
2574:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2431:. New York, NY: Holt Paperbacks. p. 20.
2378:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2060:part of a religious community (e.g., staunch
1924:expressed itself within the Armenian church.
1865:of 1847, which eventually led in 1854 to the
1027:
329:
8:
3654:
3652:
1888:Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
1650:in the Ottoman Empire was mainly due to the
3143:. Cambridge University Press. p. 833.
1843:of certain groups in the empire: Russia of
398:Despite frequently being referred to as a "
379:pertaining to "personal law" under which a
4266:
4069:
4017:
3994:
3980:
3972:
3581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3476:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48.
3327:Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule
3284:Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2486:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2315:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001).
2043:is officially recognised in Israel, while
2004:In Egypt for instance, the application of
1067:by their religious affiliations (or their
1034:
1020:
655:
336:
322:
133:
3896:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3760:Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (ed.),
3725:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3704:Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire
3606:
3604:
3404:
2576:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2380:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2318:The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism
2274:Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire
1777:In 1856, during the Tanzimat era, Sultan
1761:Before the turn of the 19th century, the
1514:Learn how and when to remove this message
1458:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
431:rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3098:"Jews in the Ottoman Empire (1580–1839)"
2400:) // CITED: p. 44-45 (PDF p. 46-47/338).
1699:). The Church of the East's leader, the
1621:In the Orient, the 16th century saw the
3777:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
3767:Youssef Courbage and Philippe Fargues,
3163:
2944:
2932:
2790:
2352:
2239:
1798:In March 1863, the Sultan enacted the "
1274:Basic Laws of the Greek Orthodox Millet
1046:The millet system is closely linked to
874:
678:
658:
597:" was declining in favour of the word "
383:(a group abiding by the laws of Muslim
279:
254:
189:
161:
154:
3574:
3532:Sharkey, Heather Jane (3 April 2017).
3096:Hacker, Joseph R. (16 November 2017),
2889:(4. baskı ed.). İstanbul: Timaş.
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
3947:"Millet System in the Ottoman Empire"
2982:
2980:
2978:
2801:
2799:
2295:
2293:
2028:, and Jewish families are subject to
1922:Armenian national liberation movement
1208:were all considered part of the same
362:
7:
3243:Frazee, Charles A. (21 April 1983).
2024:. Christian families are subject to
1634:was established at the start of the
1496:adding citations to reliable sources
466:(ملة) and literally means "nation".
372:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3764:, 2 vol., New York and London 1982.
3473:The lopsided spread of Christianity
2987:Taylor, William (16 October 2014).
2676:A History of the Modern Middle East
2168:("minivan taxi drivers people") or
2131:, which threatened to renounce the
2001:, display similar characteristics.
1858:, as weakening their own teaching.
1837:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
1831:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
585:The Ottoman Turkish version of the
406:as a whole. The notion of distinct
4441:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
4436:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire
4421:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
3913:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3828:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1967.tb01260.x
3742:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3571:(in Turkish), Istanbul, p. 73
2806:Masters, Bruce (2 November 2006),
2596:) // CITED: p. 37 (PDF p. 39/338).
2538:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2302:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1821:Effect of Protectorate of missions
978:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
25:
4186:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
3370:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 28.
3321:Masters, Bruce (1 January 2010),
3278:Masters, Bruce (1 January 2010),
3213:Myth, Countermyth, and Distortion
2993:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2962:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1800:Regulation of the Armenian Nation
4247:
3945:Aviv, Efrat (28 November 2016).
3885:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0741
3497:Masters, Bruce (6 August 2001).
3141:The Cambridge History of Judaism
3139:Hacker, Joseph (November 2017).
3102:The Cambridge History of Judaism
2808:"Christians in a changing world"
2725:"Christians in a changing world"
2697:"Osmanlı Barışı (Ottoman Peace)"
1599:in the Sultan's domain were the
1472:
670:
620:). The lack of use of the word "
137:
34:
4110:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
3923:Ramsaur, Ernest Edmondson Jr.,
3769:Christians and Jews under Islam
3686:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
2859:The Cambridge History of Turkey
2812:The Cambridge History of Turkey
2652:The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire
2008:– including marriage, divorce,
1563:. The Jewish millet received a
1483:needs additional citations for
1463:
1290:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
636:) in Armenian, общност/община (
564:
549:
45:needs additional citations for
4431:Religion in the Ottoman Empire
4426:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
3965:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0231
3538:. Cambridge University Press.
3503:. Cambridge University Press.
3443:Wigram, William Anger (1910).
3249:. Cambridge University Press.
3182:. Cambridge University Press.
2862:. Cambridge University Press.
2622:"Millet | religious community"
2133:Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
1804:Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân
1715:19th century (Reformation Era)
1679:in application to the Persian
1:
4446:Society of the Ottoman Empire
3864:- Published online 2015-12-21
3852:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
3673:, USA: State Department, 2001
3067:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
2820:10.1017/chol9780521620956.014
2517:The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
2192:History of the Ottoman Empire
2187:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1896:system was unified under the
1743:Reformulation into Ottomanism
1090:Later, the perception of the
148:History of the Ottoman Empire
3791:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
3176:Masters, Bruce Alan (2001).
2217:, Ottoman official and judge
2071:Israeli secularists such as
1871:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1753:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1364:Süryaniler/Syriac Christians
587:Ottoman Constitution of 1876
509:, which originates from the
69:"Millet" Ottoman Empire
4384:Vassal and tributary states
4171:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3470:Montgomery, Robert (2002).
3329:, BRILL, pp. 455–473,
3286:, BRILL, pp. 455–473,
2674:Cleveland, William (2013).
2552:"The Ottoman Millet System"
2143:Current meaning of the word
2137:Mollov-Kafantaris Agreement
1854:established in Anatolia by
1808:Armenian Orthodox Gregorian
1769:reforms aimed to encourage
1407:Chaldean Catholic community
1369:Assyrian or Eastern Syriacs
1258:Serbian Patriarchate of Peć
1063:People were bound to their
4467:
3930:Elizabeth A. Zachariadou,
2741:Cambridge University Press
2215:Kadi (Ottoman Empire)
2182:Consistory (Protestantism)
1881:
1824:
1806:): a constitution for the
1746:
1461:
1455:
1420:
1409:was recognized as its own
1393:was recognized as its own
1354:Loussavorial and Khavarial
1308:Armenian Protestant Church
1283:
1128:
640:) in Bulgarian, κοινότης (
190:Ethnoreligious communities
4245:
3932:Co−Existence and Religion
3775:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3335:10.1163/9789004191044_024
3292:10.1163/9789004191044_024
3110:10.1017/9781139017169.033
2920:THE OTTOMAN MILLET SYSTEM
2536:"Millet", Bruce Masters,
2515:Quataert, Donald (2005).
1933:British Foreign Secretary
1570:The Jews, like the other
1391:Syriac Catholic community
1300:Armenian Apostolic Church
4416:Arabic words and phrases
4176:Ministry of the Interior
3832:- Online on 3 April 2007
3688:, Vol. 1 (1996), p. 329.
3255:10.1017/cbo9780511562617
2886:Son imparatorluk Osmanlı
2648:Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı
2606:Sugar, Peter F. (1977).
2594:Martin Luther University
2584:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2566:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2461:Ursinus, M.O.H. (1993).
2398:Martin Luther University
2388:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2370:Strauss, Johann (2010).
1827:Protectorate of missions
1304:Armenian Catholic Church
1254:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1069:confessional communities
898:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
491:non-territorial autonomy
429:During the 19th century
4207:(constitutional period)
3957:Oxford University Press
3892:Masters, Bruce (2001).
3879:(2nd ed.). Brill.
3721:Masters, Bruce (2001).
3567:Ortayli, Ilber (1985),
3406:10.1501/otam_0000000274
3364:Duijzings, Ger (2000).
3014:Jakob, Joachim (2014).
2883:Ortaylı, İlber (2006).
2723:Masters, Bruce (2006).
2646:Ortaylı, İlber (2006),
2626:Encyclopedia Britannica
2494:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2323:Oxford University Press
2247:Masters, Bruce (2001).
2121:Politis–Kalfov Protocol
1667:Use for Sassanid Empire
1535:Eastern Orthodox millet
3877:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3598:The Crimean War Begins
2918:Özturk, Fatih (2014).
2110:of 1924, when the old
1946:
1918:Clash of Civilizations
1593:Fall of Constantinople
1556:
1423:Syriac Orthodox Church
1262:Archbishopric of Ohrid
1121:was also represented.
613:
539:The systematic use of
489:system as one form of
381:confessional community
4125:Dragoman of the Porte
3952:Oxford Bibliographies
3612:The Middle East Today
3391:ŞAŞMAZ, Musa (1998).
3246:Catholics and Sultans
3226:Barın, Büşra (2014).
2427:Akçam, Taner (2006).
2129:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1975:Palestinian Authority
1878:Effect of nationalism
1747:Further information:
1705:Patriarch of the East
1673:William Ainger Wigram
1151:were included in the
433:, as a result of the
375:) was an independent
162:Court and aristocracy
3783:Roderic H. Davison,
3211:Stillman, Norman A.
2743:. pp. 272–280.
2157:("Turkish nation"),
1691:(later known as the
1646:The large number of
1597:Latin Catholic group
1492:improve this article
1242:Ecumenical Patriarch
1221:as follows: Greeks (
416:Mehmed the Conqueror
54:improve this article
4222:Chamber of Deputies
4181:Ministry of Justice
4166:Ministry of Finance
4141:Imperial Government
3640:4 July 2007 at the
3610:Peretz, Don (1994)
3430:Circassian genocide
2729:Faroqhi, Suraiya N.
2123:, recognizing the "
2106:of 1923 and of the
2049:Conservative Rabbis
2018:Personal Status Law
1149:Orthodox Christians
1125:Orthodox Christians
648:in Judaeo-Spanish.
628:" in the place of "
472:religious pluralism
468:Abdulaziz Sachedina
256:Rise of nationalism
4301:Armenian Apostolic
4085:(classical period)
4003:State organisation
2947:, p. 123-124.
2935:, p. 122-123.
2325:. pp. 96–97.
2108:Treaty of Lausanne
2086:recognizes only a
2014:heavenly religions
1939:on 13 April 1878.
1929:Nerses Varjabedyan
1689:Church of the East
1431:, but part of the
1378:Church of the East
1058:Ottoman government
246:Great Fire of 1660
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4229:political parties
4161:Ministry of Evkaf
4033:Ottoman Caliphate
3915:. pp. 383–4.
3903:978-0-521-80333-5
3804:978-0-521-02700-7
3744:. pp. 383–4.
3732:978-0-521-80333-5
3713:978-0-8419-0519-1
3631:S. J. Kuruvilla,
3545:978-0-521-76937-2
3483:978-0-275-97361-2
3456:978-1-59333-103-0
3449:. Gorgias Press.
3428:Walter Richmond.
3264:978-0-521-24676-7
3027:978-3-643-50616-0
3000:978-1-4438-6946-1
2869:978-0-521-62095-6
2750:978-0-521-62095-6
2705:978-975-263-516-6
2661:978-975-263-490-9
2590:info page on book
2586:. pp. 21–51.
2554:. pp. 71–86.
2501:978-90-04-09419-2
2438:978-0-8050-8665-2
2417:15, no. 1: 24–42.
2394:info page on book
2390:. pp. 21–51.
2332:978-0-19-513991-4
2304:. pp. 383–4.
2283:978-0-8419-0519-1
2258:978-0-521-80333-5
2147:Today, the word "
2125:Greek Slavophones
2117:League of Nations
2020:, which draws on
1902:French Revolution
1884:French Revolution
1841:formal Protectors
1612:Sultan Abdulmecid
1608:Melkite Catholics
1524:
1523:
1516:
1464:§ Modern use
1329:non-Chalcedonians
1198:Megleno-Romanians
1044:
1043:
346:
345:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4458:
4451:Decentralization
4296:Eastern Orthodox
4267:
4251:
4232:
4209:
4202:General Assembly
4148:
4087:
4075:Imperial Council
4070:
4036:
4018:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3968:
3916:
3907:
3888:
3863:
3831:
3815:The Muslim World
3808:
3780:
3745:
3736:
3717:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2984:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2695:Ortaylı, İlber.
2693:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2477:Heinrichs, W. P.
2466:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2418:
2407:
2401:
2391:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2229:, Islamic jurist
2172:("women folk").
2041:Orthodox Judaism
1949:Post-Ottoman use
1863:candlestick wars
1845:Eastern Orthodox
1787:(modern Turkish
1697:Nestorian schism
1693:Nestorian Church
1519:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1476:
1468:
1385:Syriac Catholics
1139:Bulgarian Millet
1036:
1029:
1022:
852:Tekalif-i orfiye
674:
656:
644:) in Greek, and
568:
567: 1413–1421
566:
553:
552: 1808–1839
551:
480:Justice Ministry
476:Foreign Ministry
440:ethno-linguistic
374:
366:
364:[millet]
361:
338:
331:
324:
156:Social structure
150:
141:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4395:
4329:
4311:Coptic Orthodox
4306:Syriac Orthodox
4284:Sheikh ul-Islam
4263:
4260:
4252:
4235:
4226:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4191:Ministry of War
4156:Cadastre Bureau
4149:
4146:(reform period)
4144:
4143:
4134:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4061:
4030:
4028:Ottoman dynasty
4009:
4000:
3944:
3941:
3910:
3904:
3891:
3874:
3867:Çağlar Keyder,
3835:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3774:
3757:
3755:Further reading
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3642:Wayback Machine
3630:
3626:
3614:, 6th Edition
3609:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3511:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3190:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2897:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2779:, p. 25. (Bg.)
2770:
2766:
2751:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2690:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:Öztürk, Fatih.
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2469:Bosworth, C. E.
2460:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2333:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2223:, Islamic judge
2197:Devşirme system
2178:
2159:İngiliz milleti
2145:
1951:
1890:
1880:
1833:
1823:
1789:Islahat Fermânı
1759:
1745:
1717:
1681:Sasanian Empire
1671:In a 1910 book
1669:
1664:
1644:
1589:
1587:Roman Catholics
1539:Armenian millet
1520:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1489:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1425:
1417:Syriac Orthodox
1366:
1356:) and with the
1333:Syriac Orthodox
1292:
1286:Armenian millet
1284:Main articles:
1282:
1145:
1127:
1102:
1040:
827:Resm-i mücerred
692:Adet-i deştbani
654:
589:uses the word "
563:
548:
534:Michael Ursinus
532:. In contrast,
530:Donald Quataert
522:Benjamin Braude
503:
458:comes from the
444:minority groups
369:Ottoman Turkish
359:
342:
313:
275:
250:
185:
146:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4372:
4370:Mutasarrifates
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4259:Administrative
4257:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:Reis ül-Küttab
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:Palace Schools
4047:
4045:Imperial Harem
4042:
4037:
4024:
4022:
4021:House of Osman
4015:
4014:Central system
4011:
4010:
4007:Ottoman Empire
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3940:
3939:External links
3937:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3872:
3865:
3833:
3822:(3): 212–223.
3809:
3803:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3712:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3660:
3648:
3624:
3620:978-0275945763
3600:
3589:
3559:
3544:
3524:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3462:
3455:
3435:
3432:. p. 118.
3420:
3383:
3376:
3356:
3343:
3313:
3300:
3270:
3263:
3235:
3218:
3203:
3188:
3168:
3166:, p. 114.
3156:
3149:
3131:
3118:
3088:
3041:
3026:
3006:
2999:
2974:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2910:
2895:
2875:
2868:
2841:
2828:
2795:
2793:, p. 128.
2783:
2764:
2749:
2712:
2688:
2667:
2660:
2638:
2613:
2598:
2558:
2556:- Cited: p. 72
2542:
2522:
2507:
2500:
2473:van Donzel, E.
2444:
2437:
2429:A Shameful Act
2419:
2402:
2357:
2355:, p. 132.
2345:
2331:
2307:
2289:
2282:
2264:
2257:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2144:
2141:
2073:Shulamit Aloni
1950:
1947:
1937:Lord Salisbury
1898:House of Osman
1879:
1876:
1822:
1819:
1784:Hatt-ı Hümayun
1744:
1741:
1716:
1713:
1675:used the term
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1643:
1640:
1588:
1585:
1522:
1521:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1421:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1350:a constitution
1345:a constitution
1281:
1278:
1225:), Albanians (
1126:
1123:
1101:
1096:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
908:Hazine-i Amire
905:
903:Hazine-i Hassa
900:
895:
890:
885:
877:
876:
875:Implementation
872:
871:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Resm-i arusane
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:Muskirat resmi
764:
762:Mururiye resmi
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
722:Cürm-ü cinayet
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
681:
680:
676:
675:
667:
666:
664:Ottoman Empire
653:
650:
502:
499:
350:Ottoman Empire
344:
343:
341:
340:
333:
326:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
277:
276:
274:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
252:
251:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Greek Orthodox
201:
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
173:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
152:
151:
143:
142:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4463:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:Ethnopolitics
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:0-521-80333-0
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3377:1-85065-431-X
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3346:
3344:9789004191044
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3303:
3301:9789004191044
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:0-521-80333-0
3185:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3150:9781139017169
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3121:
3119:9781139017169
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:Ethnopolitics
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:975-263-490-7
2892:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2831:
2829:9781139054119
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:Kanun-ı Esasi
2562:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:Ethnopolitics
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:Kanun-ı Esasi
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:Pillarisation
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2170:kadın milleti
2167:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:Reform Rabbis
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:This section
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1233:), "Vlachs" (
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Regie Company
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:Rusum-e-eflak
835:
833:
832:Resm-i sicill
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Resm-i hınzır
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Resm-i filori
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Resm-i bostan
795:
793:
792:Resm-i bennâk
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Bedl-i askeri
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
668:
665:
661:
657:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:hasarakut'iwn
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
561:
557:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:constitutions
449:
445:
442:
441:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
365:
357:
356:
351:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
319:
317:
316:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
261:
260:
257:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Ottoman court
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2019
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Millet system
4323:Hakham Bashi
4291:Christianity
4270:
4206:
4145:
4095:Grand Vizier
4084:
3950:
3931:
3924:
3912:
3893:
3876:
3868:
3843:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3793:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3741:
3722:
3703:
3696:Bibliography
3685:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3632:
3627:
3611:
3592:
3568:
3562:
3534:
3527:
3499:
3492:
3472:
3465:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3396:
3386:
3366:
3359:
3348:, retrieved
3326:
3316:
3305:, retrieved
3283:
3273:
3245:
3238:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3178:
3171:
3164:Davison 1963
3159:
3140:
3134:
3123:, retrieved
3101:
3091:
3061:(1): 24–42.
3058:
3054:
3044:
3020:. LIT-Verl.
3016:
3009:
2989:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2945:Davison 1963
2940:
2933:Davison 1963
2928:
2919:
2913:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2833:, retrieved
2811:
2791:Davison 1963
2786:
2767:
2732:
2708:(in Turkish)
2696:
2691:
2675:
2670:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2545:
2537:
2516:
2510:
2491:
2484:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2379:
2373:
2353:Davison 1963
2348:
2338:
2336:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:Türk milleti
2154:
2149:
2146:
2111:
2082:
2070:
2065:
2036:
2034:
2003:
1952:
1942:
1913:
1909:
1908:The Ottoman
1907:
1893:
1891:
1860:
1852:missionaries
1849:
1834:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1802:" (Turkish:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1781:enacted the
1779:Abdulmejid I
1776:
1762:
1760:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1645:
1631:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:constitution
1548:Hakham Bashi
1546:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1501:
1490:Please help
1485:verification
1482:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1295:
1293:
1270:
1246:millet-bashi
1245:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1209:
1166:Roman nation
1165:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1143:Ullah millet
1106:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:-based law.
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1045:
952:
933:Kanun-i Raya
842:Selamet isni
817:Resm-i ganem
807:Resm-i dönüm
732:Gümrük resmi
687:Adet-i Ağnam
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
605:
603:
594:
590:
584:
579:
575:
570:
555:
540:
538:
525:
513:
506:
504:
486:
484:
463:
455:
447:
438:
428:
419:
411:
407:
403:
397:
391:, or Jewish
387:, Christian
377:court of law
354:
353:
347:
203:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3399:: 331–366.
3397:OTAM Ankara
2490:Volume VII:
2481:Pellat, Ch.
1867:Crimean War
1856:World War I
1652:Crimean War
1648:Circassians
1642:Circassians
1595:, the only
802:Resm-i çift
777:Otlak resmi
727:Damga resmi
707:Bac-i pazar
495:Taner Akçam
4410:Categories
4363:Sanjakbeys
4346:Beylerbeys
4334:Provincial
4066:Government
3554:1137854914
3519:1269872656
2777:9545284676
2759:2006013835
2684:0813340489
2631:30 January
2234:References
2166:çu milleti
2100:Bulgarians
2077:Uri Avnery
2030:Jewish law
2006:family law
1999:Bangladesh
1882:See also:
1825:See also:
1771:Ottomanism
1757:Ottomanism
1701:Catholicos
1695:after the
1591:After the
1526:Under the
1462:See also:
1266:Phanariots
1229:), Serbs (
1194:Aromanians
1178:Bulgarians
1164:) or the "
1154:Rum Millet
1135:Phanariots
1131:Rum Millet
1129:See also:
1119:Samaritans
973:Mütesellim
847:Tapu resmi
782:Rav akçesi
626:communauté
420:milletbaşı
271:Ottomanism
80:newspapers
4261:divisions
4105:Kazaskers
3860:146691754
3415:1019-469X
3198:897353876
3083:146691754
3075:1744-9057
3036:885203150
2737:Cambridge
2026:canon law
1926:Patriarch
1920:when the
1638:reforms.
1628:Habsburgs
1623:Maronites
1567:in 1865.
1557:Hahambaşı
1504:June 2016
1448:in 1873.
1433:Armenian
1413:in 1844.
1401:Chaldeans
1397:in 1829.
1374:Assyrians
1306:, or the
1280:Armenians
1202:Romanians
1186:Georgians
1182:Albanians
1159:millet-i
1111:Catholics
968:Muqata'ah
938:Kanunname
862:Tuz resmi
545:Mahmud II
505:The term
389:canon law
231:Armenians
224:Bulgarian
219:Aromanian
181:Devshirme
4379:Kadiluks
4353:Vilayets
4040:Seraglio
3638:Archived
3577:citation
2905:85841155
2580:Würzburg
2483:(eds.).
2464:"Millet"
2384:Würzburg
2176:See also
2062:atheists
1995:Pakistan
1905:system.
1810:nation (
1767:Tanzimat
1749:Tanzimat
1636:Tanzimat
1441:Tanzimat
1335:and the
1260:and the
1250:ethnarch
1115:Karaites
1003:Tanzimat
963:Muhassil
958:Muafiyet
948:Merdiban
943:Malikâne
883:Ahidnâme
747:Ispendje
660:Taxation
646:komunita
642:koinotēs
560:Mehmed I
435:Tanzimat
424:Ethnarch
360:Turkish:
266:Tanzimat
214:Armenian
4358:Sanjaks
4341:Eyalets
4318:Judaism
4271:Millets
4115:Nişancı
4100:Viziers
4050:Enderûn
4005:of the
3920:253–273
2731:(ed.).
2492:Mif–Naz
2010:alimony
1967:Lebanon
1763:millets
1737:millets
1733:millets
1721:millets
1662:History
1601:Genoese
1553:Turkish
1325:millets
1219:Balkans
1107:millets
1099:Millets
1077:millets
1065:millets
1048:Islamic
988:Siyakat
918:Iltizam
857:Temettu
742:Ihtisab
662:in the
652:Concept
638:obstina
556:millets
518:Quranic
408:millets
393:halakha
348:In the
280:Classes
204:Millets
199:Muslims
176:Slavery
94:scholar
4217:Senate
3900:
3858:
3801:
3729:
3710:
3618:
3552:
3542:
3517:
3507:
3480:
3453:
3413:
3374:
3350:17 May
3341:
3307:17 May
3298:
3261:
3196:
3186:
3147:
3125:17 May
3116:
3081:
3073:
3034:
3024:
2997:
2967:17 May
2903:
2893:
2866:
2835:17 May
2826:
2775:
2757:
2747:
2703:
2682:
2658:
2498:
2479:&
2435:
2411:Millet
2339:millet
2329:
2280:
2255:
2203:Jizyah
2164:dolmuş
2150:millet
2112:millet
2096:Pomaks
2088:Muslim
2084:Greece
2066:millet
2057:Bahá'í
2037:millet
2022:Sharia
1997:, and
1983:Greece
1981:, and
1973:, the
1971:Israel
1963:Jordan
1914:millet
1910:millet
1894:millet
1812:millet
1793:millet
1755:, and
1729:millet
1725:millet
1685:millet
1656:Russia
1632:millet
1616:millet
1581:millet
1577:millet
1572:millet
1543:millet
1528:millet
1446:millet
1435:millet
1429:millet
1411:millet
1395:millet
1321:millet
1317:millet
1312:millet
1302:, the
1296:millet
1227:Arnaut
1215:Firman
1210:millet
1204:, and
1174:Greeks
1141:, and
1117:, and
1092:millet
1085:sharia
1081:millet
1073:millet
1053:dhimmi
998:Tahrir
993:Sürsat
953:Millet
923:Istira
888:Defter
752:Istira
702:Avarız
630:millet
622:millet
618:nasyon
614:nation
610:French
606:millet
591:millet
580:millet
576:millet
571:millet
541:millet
526:millet
511:Arabic
507:millet
487:millet
464:millah
460:Arabic
456:millet
448:nation
412:millet
404:millet
400:system
385:sharia
355:millet
309:Vlachs
299:Giaour
289:Askeri
241:Greeks
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4389:Rayas
4375:Kazas
4279:Islam
4130:Birûn
4079:Porte
3856:S2CID
3079:S2CID
2727:. In
2650:[
2467:. In
2227:Mufti
2098:, or
2092:Turks
2053:Druze
1987:India
1979:Egypt
1959:Syria
1709:India
1677:melet
1561:divan
1358:Porte
1337:Copts
1248:, or
1235:Eflak
1206:Serbs
1190:Arabs
1170:Roman
867:Zakat
772:Nüzül
757:Maktu
737:Haraç
717:Cizye
697:Ashar
679:Taxes
599:ummah
595:milla
514:milla
462:word
304:Rayah
101:JSTOR
87:books
3898:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3583:link
3550:OCLC
3540:ISBN
3515:OCLC
3505:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3411:ISSN
3372:ISBN
3352:2022
3339:ISBN
3309:2022
3296:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3194:OCLC
3184:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3127:2022
3114:ISBN
3071:ISSN
3032:OCLC
3022:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2969:2022
2901:OCLC
2891:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2837:2022
2824:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2755:LCCN
2745:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2633:2018
2496:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2337:The
2327:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2221:Qadi
2075:and
2055:and
2047:and
1991:Iran
1955:Iraq
1886:and
1829:and
1606:The
1532:e.g.
1452:Jews
1405:The
1389:The
1288:and
1240:The
1231:Sirf
1147:The
1008:Waqf
928:Kadı
913:Hane
893:Emin
501:Term
352:, a
294:Ayan
236:Jews
73:news
3961:doi
3881:doi
3848:doi
3824:doi
3401:doi
3331:doi
3288:doi
3251:doi
3106:doi
3063:doi
2816:doi
2592:at
2396:at
1703:or
1494:by
1339:.
1223:Rum
1161:Rûm
601:".
373:ملت
56:by
4412::
3959:.
3955:.
3949:.
3854:.
3844:15
3842:.
3820:57
3818:.
3651:^
3603:^
3579:}}
3575:{{
3548:.
3513:.
3409:.
3395:.
3337:,
3325:,
3294:,
3282:,
3257:.
3192:.
3112:,
3100:,
3077:.
3069:.
3059:15
3057:.
3053:.
3030:.
2977:^
2960:.
2899:.
2844:^
2822:,
2810:,
2798:^
2753:.
2739::
2735:.
2715:^
2624:.
2582::
2578:.
2525:^
2488:.
2475:;
2471:;
2447:^
2386::
2382:.
2360:^
2335:.
2321:.
2292:^
2094:,
1993:,
1989:,
1977:,
1969:,
1965:,
1961:,
1957:,
1935:,
1751:,
1711:.
1555::
1537:,
1360:.
1276:.
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1180:,
1176:,
1137:,
1133:,
1113:,
1060:.
612::
582:.
565:r.
550:r.
482:.
371::
367:;
4377:/
4231:)
4227:(
4081:)
4077:(
4035:)
4031:(
3995:e
3988:t
3981:v
3967:.
3963::
3906:.
3887:.
3883::
3862:.
3850::
3830:.
3826::
3807:.
3735:.
3716:.
3675:.
3646:.
3644:"
3633:"
3587:.
3585:)
3556:.
3521:.
3486:.
3459:.
3417:.
3403::
3380:.
3333::
3290::
3267:.
3253::
3215:.
3200:.
3153:.
3108::
3085:.
3065::
3038:.
3003:.
2971:.
2922:.
2907:.
2872:.
2818::
2761:.
2710:.
2686:.
2665:.
2635:.
2588:(
2504:.
2441:.
2392:(
2286:.
2261:.
1551:(
1517:)
1511:(
1506:)
1502:(
1488:.
1157:(
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
562:(
547:(
422:(
358:(
337:e
330:t
323:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
