531:(1860). The convention had reverted to defining the atomic mass of hydrogen as 1, although at the level of precision of measurements at that time – relative uncertainties of around 1% – this was numerically equivalent to the later standard of oxygen = 16. However the chemical convenience of having oxygen as the primary atomic mass standard became ever more evident with advances in analytical chemistry and the need for ever more accurate atomic mass determinations.
1013:, which redefined the mole by fixing the value of the Avogadro constant, making it very nearly equivalent to but no longer exactly equal to the gram-mole), but whose name and symbol adopt the SI convention for standard multiples of metric units – thus, kmol means 1000 mol. This is equivalent to the use of kg instead of g. The use of kmol is not only for "magnitude convenience" but also makes the equations used for modelling chemical engineering systems
47:
2914:
454:
663:, is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, this definition of the mole entailed that the mass of one mole of a compound or element in grams was numerically equal to the average mass of one molecule or atom of the substance in daltons, and that the number of daltons in a gram was equal to the number of elementary entities in a mole. Because the mass of a
437:, where the entire crystal is essentially a single molecule, the mole is still used to express the number of atoms bound together, rather than a count of molecules. Thus, common chemical conventions apply to the definition of the constituent entities of a substance, in other cases exact definitions may be specified. The mass of a substance is equal to its
909:
Like chemists, chemical engineers use the unit mole extensively, but different unit multiples may be more suitable for industrial use. For example, the SI unit for volume is the cubic metre, a much larger unit than the commonly used litre in the chemical laboratory. When amount of substance is also
580:
The oxygen-16 definition was replaced with one based on carbon-12 during the 1960s. The
International Bureau of Weights and Measures defined the mole as "the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12." Thus, by that
796:
On 16 November 2018, after a meeting of scientists from more than 60 countries at the CGPM in
Versailles, France, all SI base units were defined in terms of physical constants. This meant that each SI unit, including the mole, would not be defined in terms of any physical objects but rather they
432:
The mole corresponds to a given count of entities. Usually, the entities counted are chemically identical and individually distinct. For example, a solution may contain a certain number of dissolved molecules that are more or less independent of each other. However, the constituent entities in a
675:) is approximately 1 dalton and the nucleons in an atom's nucleus make up the overwhelming majority of its mass, this definition also entailed that the mass of one mole of a substance was roughly equivalent to the number of nucleons in one atom or molecule of that substance.
1448:
One femtomole is exactly 602,214,076 molecules; attomole and smaller quantities cannot be exactly realized. The yoctomole, equal to around 0.6 of an individual molecule, did make appearances in scientific journals in the year the yocto- prefix was officially implemented.
984:
1082:
893:(1803), a measurement of mass is not even necessary to measure the amount of substance (although in practice it is usual). There are many physical relationships between amount of substance and other physical quantities, the most notable one being the
885:
is not sufficient to define the system. Amount of substance can be described as mass divided by Proust's "definite proportions", and contains information that is missing from the measurement of mass alone. As demonstrated by
433:
solid are fixed and bound in a lattice arrangement, yet they may be separable without losing their chemical identity. Thus, the solid is composed of a certain number of moles of such entities. In yet other cases, such as
2106:
Lortz, R.; Wang, Y.; Abe, S.; Meingast, C.; Paderno, Yu.; Filippov, V.; Junod, A.; et al. (2005). "Specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and thermal expansion of the superconductor ZrB
913:
2049:
Wang, Yuxing; Bouquet, Frédéric; Sheikin, Ilya; Toulemonde, Pierre; Revaz, Bernard; Eisterer, Michael; Weber, Harald W.; Hinderer, Joerg; Junod, Alain; et al. (2003). "Specific heat of MgB
1020:
527:(1826–1910) expanded on Berzelius' works, resolving many of the problems of unknown stoichiometry of compounds, and the use of atomic masses attracted a large consensus by the time of the
1641:
495:(an unproven hypothesis at the time) to make practical use of the tables. This would lead to some confusion between atomic masses (promoted by proponents of atomic theory) and
1585:
2545:
499:(promoted by its opponents and which sometimes differed from relative atomic masses by an integer factor), which would last throughout much of the nineteenth century.
429:) contain equal numbers of substance, with one atom of mercury for each molecule of water, despite the two quantities having different volumes and different masses.
509:
as the standard to which other masses were referred. Oxygen is a useful standard, as, unlike hydrogen, it forms compounds with most other elements, especially
195:, which made the mass of a mole of a compound expressed in grams, numerically equal to the average molecular mass or formula mass of the compound expressed in
2003:
1847:
686:
2889:
187:. The value was chosen on the basis of the historical definition of the mole as the amount of substance that corresponds to the number of atoms in 12
2446:
Chen, Da Yong; et al. (1991). "Low-cost, high-sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis".
1084:) without multiplying by 1000 unless the basic SI unit of mol/s were to be used, which would otherwise require the molar mass to be converted to kg/mol.
786:
1811:
2950:
2522:
804:
Such changes officially came into effect on 20 May 2019. Following such changes, "one mole" of a substance was redefined as containing "exactly
3147:
1126:
Greenhouse and growth chamber lighting for plants is sometimes expressed in micromoles per square metre per second, where 1 mol photons ≈
491:
proportions of chemical reaction and compounds, a fact that greatly aided their acceptance: It was not necessary for a chemist to subscribe to
505:(1779–1848) was instrumental in the determination of relative atomic masses to ever-increasing accuracy. He was also the first chemist to use
3142:
2404:
2026:
1870:
1560:
2165:
2573:
1776:"Nennen wir allgemein das Gewicht in Grammen, welches dem Molekulargewicht eines gegebenen Stoffes numerisch gleich ist, ein Mol, so ... "
2502:
1778:(If we call in general the weight in grams, which is numerically equal to the molecular weight of a given substance, a "mol", then ... )
2605:
1461:. It is an informal holiday in honor of the unit among chemists. The date is derived from the Avogadro number, which is approximately
2020:
1864:
1734:
2795:
1014:
747:, the mole was defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12
1120:
2368:
979:{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kmol}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ mol}}}{1000{\text{ L}}}}={\frac {\text{mol}}{\text{L}}}}
516:
3000:
2899:
1491:
76:
2539:
2614:
1895:
1092:
827:
266:, defined as the amount of dissolved substance per unit volume of solution, for which the unit typically used is mole per
124:
65:
elementary entities, approximately equivalent to the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 in the historical definition
2424:
1077:{\textstyle {\frac {\text{kg}}{\text{kmol}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ g}}}{1000{\text{ mol}}}}={\frac {\text{g}}{\text{mol}}}}
2483:
863:
the SI defines numbers of entities as quantities of dimension one, and thus ignores the ontological distinction between
910:
expressed in kmol (1000 mol) in industrial-scaled processes, the numerical value of molarity remains the same, as
897:(where the relationship was first demonstrated in 1857). The term "mole" was first used in a textbook describing these
2943:
878:
849:
The SI thermodynamic mole is irrelevant to analytical chemistry and could cause avoidable costs to advanced economies
678:
Since the definition of the gram was not mathematically tied to that of the dalton, the number of molecules per mole
1017:. For example, the conversion of a flowrate of kg/s to kmol/s only requires dividing by the molar mass in g/mol (as
1912:
Andreas, Birk; et al. (2011). "Determination of the
Avogadro Constant by Counting the Atoms in a Si Crystal".
1680:
3065:
3035:
1973:
1797:
3152:
2853:
890:
1469:. It starts at 6:02 a.m. and ends at 6:02 p.m. Alternatively, some chemists celebrate June 2 (
3020:
2894:
1010:
882:
744:
502:
200:
3137:
2936:
2598:
1619:"On the revision of the International System of Units – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"
1618:
898:
843:
476:
305:
994:), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 kg of C, and often referred to the mole as the
520:
1763:
2299:
2221:
2129:
2072:
1931:
1547:
524:
438:
1728:
3101:
3040:
3005:
2879:
442:
384:
284:
263:
215:
203:, the numerical equivalence is now only approximate but may be assumed for all practical purposes.
129:
116:
91:
2518:
2007:
1851:
1138:
is variously defined as the energy in one mole of photons and also as simply one mole of photons.
2979:
2350:
2315:
2264:
2162:
2145:
2119:
2088:
2062:
1955:
1921:
1714:
1597:
1159:
756:
528:
406:
2247:
Price, Gary (2010). "Failures of the global measurement system. Part 1: the case of chemistry".
1002:), then defined as the number of entities in 12 g of C, when dealing with laboratory data.
1672:
685:(the Avogadro constant) had to be determined experimentally. The experimental value adopted by
3111:
2974:
2917:
2803:
2591:
2463:
2400:
2016:
1947:
1860:
1556:
798:
570:
496:
469:
422:
418:
333:
219:
172:
2499:
3106:
3091:
2535:
2455:
2342:
2307:
2256:
2229:
2137:
2080:
1939:
1746:
1689:
1589:
1496:
426:
155:
or 602 billion times a trillion), which can be atoms, molecules, ions, ion pairs, or other
3075:
3055:
2670:
2577:
2506:
2487:
2374:
2333:
Cooper, G.; Humphry, S. (2010). "The ontological distinction between units and entities".
2169:
1899:
1759:
1738:
1147:
1135:
558:
546:
457:
293:
134:
31:
2558:
As 6.02 corresponds to 6th
February, the School has adopted the date as their 'Mole Day'.
2303:
2225:
2133:
2076:
1935:
1731:
1708:
3096:
2823:
2755:
2509:, Mary Bigelow. SciLinks blog, National Science Teachers Association. October 17, 2013.
2182:
1514:
1088:
465:
46:
3131:
3116:
3030:
2884:
2808:
2745:
2735:
2459:
2319:
2311:
2084:
1601:
1508:
1502:
1163:
894:
875:
656:
513:. However, he chose to fix the atomic mass of oxygen as 100, which did not catch on.
492:
488:
259:
196:
2480:
2354:
2268:
2149:
2092:
1959:
3070:
2984:
2828:
2785:
2770:
2725:
2705:
2622:
2370:
The scientific foundations of analytical chemistry: Treated in an elementary manner
2210:"The Atomic Mass Unit, the Avogadro Constant, and the Mole: A Way to Understanding"
1943:
1108:
790:
732:
120:
3050:
2700:
1167:
887:
660:
480:
2283:
2141:
1892:
1579:
3045:
2420:
2346:
2260:
1710:
The
Principles of Mathematical Chemistry: The Energetics of Chemical Phenomena
1520:
453:
239:
152:
846:
that can be expressed simply as a number, not requiring a distinct base unit;
2765:
2680:
1693:
1593:
752:
574:
483:(1766–1844) in 1805, based on a system in which the relative atomic mass of
207:
192:
2378:
1951:
830:
in 1971, numerous criticisms of the concept of the mole as a unit like the
2467:
881:(1794) that knowledge of the mass of each of the components in a chemical
3060:
3010:
2645:
2124:
2067:
1458:
554:
484:
398:
247:
211:
156:
17:
1770:
Handbook and
Auxiliary Book for Conducting Physico-Chemical Measurements
1555:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
1009:(kmol), which was numerically identical to the kilogram-mole (until the
3025:
2833:
2818:
2760:
2690:
2685:
2635:
2209:
1981:
842:
the number of molecules, etc. in a given amount of material is a fixed
672:
664:
543:
434:
324:
316:
2233:
354:) has numerical multiplier given by the Avogadro number with the unit
2848:
2750:
2660:
2640:
2630:
1621:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 16 November 2018
1155:
835:
668:
510:
506:
410:
328:
320:
852:
The mole is not a true metric (i.e. measuring) unit, rather it is a
1499: – Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons
2863:
2858:
2843:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2695:
2650:
1926:
1151:
831:
768:
452:
414:
267:
1713:. transl. by Livingston, J.; Morgan, R. New York: Wiley. p.
1162:. Like other SI units, the mole can also be modified by adding a
1119:, which is the same numerical value as the number of grams in an
487:
was defined as 1. These relative atomic masses were based on the
3015:
2928:
2838:
2780:
2775:
1673:"'Atomic Weight' — The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units"
1005:
Late 20th-century chemical engineering practice came to use the
748:
586:
394:
188:
2932:
2587:
1765:
Hand- und
Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung Physiko-Chemischer Messungen
1727:
Some sources place the date of first usage in
English as 1902.
1511: – Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale chemical species
589:. The four different definitions were equivalent to within 1%.
2813:
2740:
2730:
1457:
October 23, denoted 10/23 in the US, is recognized by some as
402:
375:
is a measure of the amount of substance (with the unit mole).
464:
The history of the mole is intertwined with that of units of
2583:
1642:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the mole in the SI"
81:
30:"Nmol" redirects here. For the mathematical technique, see
1481:), a reference to the 6.02 or 6.022 part of the constant.
2541:
The Perse School celebrates moles of the chemical variety
2525:
2014-07-30 at
Wikiwix, Anne Marie Helmenstine. About.com.
2397:
Basic
Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering
1772:]. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann. p. 119.
789:(CGPM) agreed to a plan for a possible revision of the
591:
1023:
916:
577:
as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.
763:
was formerly used to mean one mole of molecules, and
1107:), which is defined as the number of entities in 12
238:
can be interpreted to mean that for each 2 mol
3084:
2993:
2967:
2872:
2794:
2669:
2621:
97:
87:
75:
70:
39:
1076:
978:
385:Amount of substance § Nature of the particles
2399:(6 ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. pp. 17–20.
1902:Fundamental Physical Constants: Avogadro Constant
1586:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1573:
1571:
1505: – Proportion of a constituent in a mixture
1087:For convenience in avoiding conversions in the
767:for one mole of atoms. For example, 1 mole of
2944:
2599:
2519:What Is Mole Day? – Date and How to Celebrate
2481:History of National Mole Day Foundation, Inc.
2390:
2388:
581:definition, one mole of pure C had a mass of
389:Depending on the nature of the substance, an
8:
2284:"Metrological thinking needs the notions of
2004:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1848:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1671:de Bièvre, Paul; Peiser, H. Steffen (1992).
1478:
1470:
561:had been in use at least a century earlier.
2890:Historical definitions of the SI base units
1842:
1840:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1517: – Mass of a given molecule in daltons
262:of a solution is commonly expressed by its
159:. The number of particles in a mole is the
2951:
2937:
2929:
2606:
2592:
2584:
1613:
1611:
787:General Conference on Weights and Measures
538:is an 1897 translation of the German unit
210:as a convenient way to express amounts of
137:of a substance. One mole contains exactly
36:
2123:
2066:
1925:
1064:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1022:
966:
955:
945:
939:
928:
923:
917:
915:
713:. In 2011 the measurement was refined to
1172:
818:elementary entities" of that substance.
445:, which is almost exactly 1 g/mol.
2574:ChemTeam: The Origin of the Word 'Mole'
1534:
1474:
151:elementary entities (approximately 602
2009:The International System of Units (SI)
1974:"BIPM – Resolution 3 of the 14th CGPM"
1853:The International System of Units (SI)
874:In chemistry, it has been known since
1542:
1540:
1538:
1181:
1178:
793:definitions at an undetermined date.
222:. For example, the chemical equation
7:
2373:. Macmillan and co., limited. 1900.
2055:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
1523: – Mass per amount of substance
460:, who inspired the Avogadro constant
254:) that react, 2 mol of water (H
2427:from the original on March 11, 2016
2249:Accreditation and Quality Assurance
1819:Current Trends in Mass Spectrometry
1148:SI derived unit with a special name
986:. Chemical engineers once used the
856:unit, and amount of substance is a
439:relative atomic (or molecular) mass
2288:quantities, units, and dimensions"
801:that are, in their nature, exact.
659:, a unit commonly used to measure
291:) in a one-mole sample equals the
25:
2580: (archived December 22, 2007)
1859:(8th ed.), pp. 114–15,
1549:The International System of Units
785:In 2011, the 24th meeting of the
279:Relation to the Avogadro constant
170:) and the numerical value of the
133:, a quantity proportional to the
2913:
2912:
45:
2548:from the original on 2015-02-11
2421:"Lighting Radiation Conversion"
2032:from the original on 2021-06-04
1876:from the original on 2021-06-04
1121:international avoirdupois pound
774:is 1 gram-molecule of MgBr
634:Relative atomic mass of O = 16
2900:System of units of measurement
1944:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.030801
1810:Busch, Kenneth (May 2, 2003).
1492:Element-reactant-product table
1142:Derived units and SI multiples
1095:), some engineers adopted the
869:units of continuous quantities
731:The mole was made the seventh
27:SI unit of amount of substance
1:
3148:Units of chemical measurement
2214:Journal of Chemical Education
1150:derived from the mole is the
1111:of C. One lb-mol is equal to
828:International System of Units
778:but 3 gram-atoms of MgBr
549:in 1894 from the German word
135:number of elementary entities
125:International System of Units
3143:Units of amount of substance
2460:10.1016/0021-9673(91)80074-Q
2163:CIPM Report of 106th Meeting
1812:"Units in Mass Spectrometry"
826:Since its adoption into the
648:
628:
615:
610:Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1
1174:SI multiples of mole (mol)
1134:photons. The obsolete unit
879:law of definite proportions
621:Atomic mass of oxygen = 16
413:. For example, 10 moles of
315:approximates the number of
206:The mole is widely used in
3169:
2395:Himmelblau, David (1996).
2312:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012
2282:Johansson, Ingvar (2010).
2208:Barański, Andrzej (2012).
2142:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.024547
2085:10.1088/0953-8984/15/6/315
1800:, Draft Revision Dec. 2008
1681:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1154:, defined as one mole per
735:in 1971 by the 14th CGPM.
557:). The related concept of
382:
327:) in one gram of ordinary
29:
3066:Thermodynamic temperature
2908:
2448:Journal of Chromatography
2347:10.1007/s11229-010-9832-1
2261:10.1007/s00769-010-0655-z
1798:Oxford English Dictionary
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
517:Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
44:
2854:minute and second of arc
1166:that multiplies it by a
891:law of partial pressures
2895:2019 revision of the SI
1914:Physical Review Letters
1694:10.1351/pac199264101535
1594:10.1351/goldbook.M03980
1477:), or 6 February (
1011:2019 revision of the SI
745:2019 revision of the SI
739:2019 revision of the SI
573:led to the adoption of
379:Nature of the entities
201:2019 revision of the SI
2172:Retrieved 7 April 2018
1078:
980:
899:colligative properties
844:dimensionless quantity
605:from the C = 12 scale
477:standard atomic weight
461:
306:dimensionless quantity
2544:, Cambridge Network,
2183:"Redefining the Mole"
1581:IUPAC – mole (M03980)
1079:
981:
521:Henri Victor Regnault
456:
2796:Other accepted units
2053:after irradiation".
1707:Helm, Georg (1897).
1640:BIPM (20 May 2019).
1021:
914:
797:would be defined by
525:Stanislao Cannizzaro
503:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
405:, an ion pair, or a
51:One mole is exactly
3041:Amount of substance
3006:Molar concentration
2994:Physical quantities
2880:Conversion of units
2304:2010Metro..47..219J
2226:2012JChEd..89...97B
2134:2005PhRvB..72b4547L
2077:2003JPCM...15..883W
1936:2011PhRvL.106c0801A
1175:
600:relative to C = 12
475:The first table of
443:molar mass constant
264:molar concentration
130:amount of substance
117:unit of measurement
92:amount of substance
71:General information
3001:Mass concentration
2980:Boltzmann constant
2673:with special names
2505:2014-07-29 at the
2486:2010-10-23 at the
2168:2018-01-27 at the
1898:2015-06-29 at the
1741:an etymology from
1737:2011-11-02 at the
1173:
1160:catalytic activity
1093:US customary units
1074:
976:
799:physical constants
603:Relative deviation
529:Karlsruhe Congress
497:equivalent weights
462:
441:multiplied by the
421:) and 10 moles of
407:subatomic particle
285:number of entities
240:molecular hydrogen
220:chemical reactions
3125:
3124:
2975:Avogadro constant
2926:
2925:
2804:astronomical unit
2406:978-0-13-305798-0
2234:10.1021/ed2001957
1984:on 9 October 2017
1893:physics.nist.gov/
1578:IUPAC Gold Book.
1562:978-92-822-2272-0
1473:), June 22 (
1446:
1445:
1117: g‑mol
1072:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1046:
1032:
1031:
1028:
974:
973:
970:
961:
958:
948:
934:
926:
921:
757:isotope of carbon
755:(the most common
653:
652:
571:mass spectrometry
479:was published by
470:Avogadro constant
419:chemical compound
391:elementary entity
358:(mol). The ratio
334:Avogadro constant
246:) and 1 mol
173:Avogadro constant
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3160:
3107:Combined gas law
3102:Gay-Lussac's law
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2536:The Perse School
2532:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2454:(1–2): 237–246.
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2127:
2125:cond-mat/0502193
2103:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2068:cond-mat/0208169
2046:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2015:(8th ed.),
2014:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1963:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1858:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1760:Ostwald, Wilhelm
1756:
1750:
1747:molecular weight
1743:Molekulärgewicht
1725:
1719:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1544:
1497:Faraday constant
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1176:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1116:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
985:
983:
982:
977:
975:
971:
968:
967:
962:
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
946:
940:
935:
933:
932:
927:
924:
919:
918:
817:
815:
812:
809:
727:
725:
721:
718:
712:
711:
709:
705:
702:
646:
644:
641:
626:
592:
569:Developments in
542:, coined by the
427:chemical element
374:
353:
308:. Historically,
248:molecular oxygen
237:
150:
148:
145:
142:
64:
62:
59:
56:
49:
37:
21:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3153:Units of amount
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3080:
3076:Specific volume
3056:Particle number
2989:
2963:
2957:
2927:
2922:
2904:
2885:Metric prefixes
2868:
2790:
2672:
2665:
2617:
2612:
2578:Wayback Machine
2570:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2549:
2538:(Feb 7, 2013),
2534:
2533:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2507:Wayback Machine
2500:Happy Mole Day!
2498:
2494:
2488:Wayback Machine
2479:
2475:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2170:Wayback Machine
2161:
2157:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1900:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1786:
1782:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1739:Wayback Machine
1729:Merriam–Webster
1726:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1688:(10): 1535–43.
1675:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1487:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1144:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1112:
1049:
1039:
1019:
1018:
951:
941:
922:
912:
911:
907:
824:
813:
810:
807:
805:
781:
777:
772:
741:
723:
719:
716:
714:
707:
703:
700:
698:
696:
690:
684:
642:
639:
637:
624:
604:
599:
567:
565:Standardization
559:equivalent mass
547:Wilhelm Ostwald
451:
387:
381:
373:
359:
356:reciprocal mole
351:
344:
338:
314:
303:
294:Avogadro number
281:
276:
257:
253:
245:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:and amounts of
183:) expressed in
182:
169:
161:Avogadro number
146:
143:
140:
138:
66:
60:
57:
54:
52:
35:
32:Method of lines
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:Avogadro's law
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:degree Celsius
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:Derived units
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:External links
2566:
2563:
2562:
2527:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2438:
2412:
2405:
2384:
2360:
2341:(2): 393–401.
2325:
2298:(3): 219–230.
2274:
2255:(7): 421–427.
2239:
2200:
2174:
2155:
2107:
2098:
2061:(6): 883–893.
2050:
2041:
2021:
1995:
1965:
1904:
1885:
1865:
1836:
1825:(5S): S32-S34
1802:
1780:
1751:
1720:
1699:
1658:
1632:
1607:
1567:
1561:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1515:Molecular mass
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1143:
1140:
1063:
1052:
1042:
1036:
965:
954:
944:
938:
931:
906:
903:
872:
871:
861:
850:
847:
823:
820:
779:
775:
770:
740:
737:
694:
682:
651:
650:
647:
635:
631:
630:
627:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
601:
596:
566:
563:
523:(1810–78) and
489:stoichiometric
466:molecular mass
450:
447:
380:
377:
371:
349:
342:
312:
301:
280:
277:
275:
272:
255:
251:
243:
233:
229:
225:
180:
167:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:SI base units
3136:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3117:Ideal gas law
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Charles's law
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Mass fraction
3034:
3032:
3031:Mole fraction
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:degree of arc
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:(1): 97–102.
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:(2): 024547.
2117:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2022:92-822-2213-6
2018:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1872:
1868:
1866:92-822-2213-6
1862:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:From p. 119:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:Dalton (unit)
1507:
1504:
1503:Mole fraction
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1185:
1179:Submultiples
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:metric prefix
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1061:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:kilogram-mole
963:
952:
942:
936:
929:
905:Similar units
904:
902:
900:
896:
895:ideal gas law
892:
889:
884:
880:
877:
870:
866:
862:
860:base quantity
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
839:
838:have arisen:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
802:
800:
794:
792:
788:
783:
773:
766:
762:
761:gram-molecule
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
736:
734:
729:
693:
688:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
636:
633:
632:
623:
620:
619:
612:
609:
608:
602:
597:
594:
593:
590:
588:
584:
578:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
493:atomic theory
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
459:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
386:
378:
376:
370:
366:
362:
357:
348:
341:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
307:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
278:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:concentration
258:O) form. The
249:
241:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
175:
174:
166:
162:
158:
154:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3071:Molar volume
2985:Gas constant
2959:
2829:electronvolt
2655:
2557:
2550:, retrieved
2540:
2530:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2415:
2396:
2369:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2189:. 2018-10-23
2186:
2177:
2158:
2115:
2112:Phys. Rev. B
2111:
2101:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2034:, retrieved
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1978:www.bipm.org
1977:
1968:
1920:(3): 30801.
1917:
1913:
1907:
1888:
1878:, retrieved
1852:
1827:. Retrieved
1822:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1742:
1723:
1709:
1702:
1685:
1679:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1580:
1548:
1456:
1447:
1436:10 mol
1427:10 mol
1416:10 mol
1407:10 mol
1396:10 mol
1387:10 mol
1376:10 mol
1367:10 mol
1356:10 mol
1347:10 mol
1336:10 mol
1327:10 mol
1316:10 mol
1307:10 mol
1296:10 mol
1287:10 mol
1276:10 mol
1267:10 mol
1256:10 mol
1247:10 mol
1236:10 mol
1227:10 mol
1216:10 mol
1207:10 mol
1145:
1125:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
908:
873:
868:
864:
857:
853:
825:
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795:
791:SI base unit
784:
764:
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759:). The term
742:
733:SI base unit
730:
691:
679:
677:
654:
595:Scale basis
582:
579:
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550:
539:
535:
533:
515:
501:
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128:
112:
108:
106:
88:Unit of
3097:Boyle's law
3051:Atomic mass
1651:18 February
1442:quettamole
1433:quectomole
1168:power of 10
743:Before the
726:10 mol
710:10 mol
689:in 2010 is
661:atomic mass
613:1.00794(7)
598:Scale basis
519:(1816–56),
481:John Dalton
199:. With the
77:Unit system
3132:Categories
3046:Molar mass
2623:Base units
2292:Metrologia
2286:parametric
2193:24 October
2036:2021-12-16
1880:2021-12-16
1529:References
1521:Molar mass
1422:ronnamole
1413:rontomole
1402:yottamole
1393:yoctomole
1382:zettamole
1373:zeptomole
1333:femtomole
1273:micromole
1253:millimole
1242:hectomole
1233:centimole
1199:SI symbol
1190:SI symbol
1182:Multiples
1099:(notation
1097:pound-mole
998:(notation
990:(notation
858:parametric
854:parametric
655:Because a
629:+0.00375%
625:15.9994(3)
468:, and the
409:such as a
393:may be an
383:See also:
153:sextillion
2968:Constants
2766:steradian
2681:becquerel
2431:March 10,
2320:122242959
1927:1010.2317
1602:241546445
1353:attomole
1342:petamole
1322:teramole
1313:picomole
1302:gigamole
1293:nanomole
1282:megamole
1262:kilomole
1222:decamole
1213:decimole
1146:The only
1055: mol
996:gram-mole
947: mol
822:Criticism
765:gram-atom
753:carbon-12
649:+0.0318%
575:oxygen-16
534:The name
270:(mol/L).
212:reactants
208:chemistry
157:particles
127:(SI) for
121:base unit
18:Millimole
3061:Pressure
3011:Molality
2962:concepts
2918:Category
2873:See also
2646:kilogram
2615:SI units
2546:archived
2523:Archived
2503:Archived
2484:Archived
2425:Archived
2379:7204743M
2355:46532636
2335:Synthese
2269:95388009
2166:Archived
2150:38571250
2093:16981008
2027:archived
2006:(2006),
1960:18291648
1952:21405263
1896:Archived
1871:archived
1850:(2006),
1829:29 April
1762:(1893).
1735:Archived
1732:proposes
1646:BIPM.org
1485:See also
1459:Mole Day
1453:Mole Day
1362:examole
1136:einstein
1089:imperial
1015:coherent
1007:kilomole
888:Dalton's
876:Proust's
865:entities
667:(i.e. a
616:−0.788%
585:12
555:molecule
485:hydrogen
458:Avogadro
399:molecule
337:(symbol
325:neutrons
317:nucleons
297:(symbol
287:(symbol
274:Concepts
216:products
176:(symbol
163:(symbol
111:(symbol
3026:Density
2834:hectare
2819:decibel
2761:sievert
2756:siemens
2686:coulomb
2636:candela
2576:at the
2552:Feb 11,
2468:1761625
2300:Bibcode
2222:Bibcode
2130:Bibcode
2073:Bibcode
1932:Bibcode
1625:1 March
1113:453.592
1045: g
957: L
834:or the
673:neutron
665:nucleon
583:exactly
551:Molekül
544:chemist
449:History
435:diamond
423:mercury
321:protons
197:daltons
123:in the
115:) is a
3021:Volume
2849:minute
2809:dalton
2751:radian
2746:pascal
2736:newton
2661:second
2641:kelvin
2631:ampere
2466:
2403:
2377:
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2267:
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2019:
1958:
1950:
1863:
1600:
1559:
1219:damol
1196:Value
1187:Value
1156:second
1101:lb-mol
992:kg-mol
883:system
836:second
687:CODATA
669:proton
657:dalton
638:15.994
511:metals
507:oxygen
411:proton
331:. The
329:matter
119:, the
98:Symbol
2864:tonne
2859:neper
2844:litre
2786:weber
2771:tesla
2726:lumen
2721:katal
2716:joule
2711:hertz
2706:henry
2696:farad
2651:metre
2351:S2CID
2316:S2CID
2265:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2120:arXiv
2089:S2CID
2063:arXiv
2030:(PDF)
2013:(PDF)
1988:1 May
1956:S2CID
1922:arXiv
1874:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1768:[
1676:(PDF)
1598:S2CID
1553:(PDF)
1479:06.02
1471:06/02
1463:6.022
1439:Qmol
1430:qmol
1419:Rmol
1410:rmol
1399:Ymol
1390:ymol
1379:Zmol
1370:zmol
1359:Emol
1350:amol
1339:Pmol
1330:fmol
1319:Tmol
1310:pmol
1299:Gmol
1290:nmol
1279:Mmol
1270:μmol
1259:kmol
1250:mmol
1239:hmol
1230:cmol
1210:dmol
1202:Name
1193:Name
1152:katal
1105:lbmol
1000:g-mol
832:metre
806:6.022
749:grams
715:6.022
699:6.022
415:water
401:, an
304:), a
268:litre
232:→ 2 H
189:grams
139:6.022
53:6.022
3085:Laws
3016:Mass
2960:Mole
2839:hour
2781:watt
2776:volt
2701:gray
2656:mole
2554:2015
2464:PMID
2433:2016
2401:ISBN
2195:2018
2187:NIST
2017:ISBN
1990:2018
1948:PMID
1861:ISBN
1831:2023
1788:mole
1653:2022
1627:2021
1557:ISBN
1475:6/22
1128:6.02
1091:(or
1051:1000
1041:1000
1030:kmol
953:1000
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920:kmol
867:and
769:MgBr
722:(18)
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643:6221
536:mole
397:, a
395:atom
352:/mol
283:The
109:mole
107:The
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2814:day
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2456:doi
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