374:
per cubic metre). In the current EU emission norms for cars, vans, and trucks and in the upcoming EU emission norm for non-road mobile machinery, particle number measurements and limits are defined, commonly referred to as
197:, the particle number is the number of water molecules in the system. The meaning of constituent particles, and thereby of particle numbers, is thus temperature-dependent.
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considerations. In situations where the actual particle number of a given thermodynamical system needs to be determined, mainly in
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processes, the total number of particles may not be preserved. The concept is therefore generalized to the
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used in air quality standards is the atmospheric concentration of
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is one that cannot be broken into smaller pieces at the scale of
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the particles. If the material is homogeneous and has a known
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obtained by dividing the particle number of a system by its
314:. This parameter is often denoted by the lower-case letter
213:, it is not practically possible to measure it directly by
189:). For example, in a thermodynamic system consisting of a
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Benenson, Walter; Harris, John; Stöcker, Horst (2002).
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The concept of particle number plays a major role in
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in that system. The particle number is a fundamental
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Schumacher, Benjamin; Westmoreland, Michael (2010).
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that counts the number of constituent particles. In
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370:. This measure is usually expressed in μg/m (
27:Number of particles in a thermodynamic system
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428:Quantum Processes, Systems, and Information
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656:Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics
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342:, the particle number operator (see
236:can be found by the relation :
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201:Determining the particle number
173:involved in the process (where
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304:particle number concentration
143:, the particle number is a
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432:Cambridge University Press
293:intensive system parameter
579:Thermodynamic temperature
308:volumetric number density
306:PNC), a quantity of kind
332:particle number operator
265:{\displaystyle N=nN_{A}}
287:Particle number density
266:
232:, the particle number
145:dimensionless quantity
129:thermodynamic property
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661:Countable quantities
340:quantum field theory
322:In quantum mechanics
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164:constituent particle
117:thermodynamic system
554:Amount of substance
519:Molar concentration
507:Physical quantities
402:Handbook of Physics
220:amount of substance
141:physical quantities
34:Conjugate variables
18:Number of particles
514:Mass concentration
493:Boltzmann constant
368:particulate matter
328:quantum mechanical
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179:Boltzmann constant
153:extensive property
149:countable quantity
137:chemical potential
87:Chemical potential
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488:Avogadro constant
281:Avogadro constant
147:, specifically a
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36:of thermodynamics
16:(Redirected from
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620:Combined gas law
615:Gay-Lussac's law
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405:. Springer.
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564:Atomic mass
207:theoretical
193:containing
187:temperature
151:. It is an
75:Temperature
645:Categories
559:Molar mass
383:References
372:micrograms
350:wave (see
344:Fock state
336:observable
291:A related
481:Constants
348:classical
297:particle
211:chemistry
133:conjugate
131:which is
125:particles
574:Pressure
524:Molality
475:concepts
272:, where
215:counting
111:(symbol
47:Pressure
539:Density
295:is the
279:is the
185:is the
177:is the
135:to the
119:is the
115:) of a
80:Entropy
534:Volume
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312:volume
191:piston
168:energy
121:number
107:, the
67:Strain
60:Stress
52:Volume
229:moles
598:Laws
529:Mass
473:Mole
407:ISBN
302:（or
181:and
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326:In
171:k·T
103:In
647::
430:.
391:^
377:PN
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162:A
159:.
465:e
458:t
451:v
434:.
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316:n
276:A
274:N
258:A
254:N
250:n
247:=
244:N
234:N
224:n
183:T
175:k
113:N
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65:(
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58:(
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