110:
1532:
is for this reason that boys copy the shapes of letters that they may learn to write, and that musicians take the voices of their teachers, painters the works of their predecessors, and peasants the principles of agriculture which have been proved in practice, as models for their imitation. In fact, we may note that the elementary study of every branch of learning is directed by reference to some definite standard that is placed before the learner. (10.2.1-2; Butler, LCL)
1914:): Luke emulates Homer in the following ways. Elpenor fell to his death because he was in a drunken stupor; Eutychus appeared to die after falling asleep (out a window) while listening to Paul preach deep into the night. Odysseus was unaware of Elpenor's misfortune; Paul knew immediately about Eutychus' fall and also that "his soul still in him." Later in Homer's story, Elpenor's body was buried at dawn; at dawn, the other believers lifted up Eutychus alive.
1740:): Luke improves upon his model in the following ways. In 1 Kings, the widow initiates the miracle by castigating Elijah for causing her son's death; in Luke, Jesus is the one to initiate the miracle. In 1 Kings, Elijah then reproaches God, asking if God has "brought calamity even upon the widow with whom I am staying, by killing her son" (17:20); in Luke, Jesus does not blame God for the boy's death but instead has compassion for her. In 1 Kings, it is the
2017:
Christian movement to an extent which the present study has not confirmed. Ancient education was designed for the upper strata of the population." Thus, Sandnes argues deductively: Since such familiarity with Homer was limited to the upper stratum of society, and since the authors of Mark and Luke-Acts (nor their audiences) are not believed to belong to this stratum, then the authors of Mark and Luke-Acts simply
1540:
upon their chosen models (10.2.12). One way for students to accomplish this task, Quintilian says, is to imitate several models in eclectic fashion: "We shall do well to keep a number of different excellences before our eyes, so that different qualities from different authors may impose themselves on
1531:
There can be no doubt that in art no small portion of our task lies in imitation, since, although invention came first and is all-important, it is expedient to imitate whatever has been invented with success. And it is a universal rule of life that we should wish to copy what we approve in others. It
1549:
In order to circumvent the capriciousness of subjectivity, MacDonald suggests six criteria for determining whether a claim for a mimetic connection between texts is reasonable: accessibility, analogy, density, order, distinctive traits, and interpretability. The first two criteria concern the status
1526:
Of course, the selection of one's literary model is of the utmost importance. In
Quintilian's opinion, one could find no better model than Homer, "for he has given us a model and an inspiration for very department of eloquence" (10.1.46; Butler, LCL). When it comes to the act of imitation itself, he
2040:
restricted to the cultural elite. According to a first-century CE writer, "From the earliest age, children beginning their studies are nursed on Homer's teaching. One might say that while we were still in swathing bands we sucked from his epics as from fresh milk. He assists the beginner and later
2016:
Karl Olav
Sandnes, the most vocal of MacDonald's critics, objects that MacDonald's "reading of both Mark's Gospel and Acts assumes a readership with an in-depth as well as extensive familiarity with the Homeric epics. This implies that the curriculum of encyclical studies had penetrated into the
1517:
For in everything which we teach examples are more effective even than the rules which are taught in the schools, so long as the student has reached a stage when he can appreciate such examples without the assistance of a teacher, and can rely on his own powers to imitate them. (10.1.15; Butler,
1513:- gives advice to teachers who are instructing students in oration. He tells them that, by the time students begin composition, they should be so well-versed in exemplary models that are able to imitate them without physically consulting them (10.1.5). Quintilian writes,
2047:
has also published a critical response to MacDonald's work on
Homeric imitation within the New Testament. MacDonald addresses Mitchell's critiques, as well as earlier criticism from Sandnes, in an article titled, "My Turn: A Critique of Critics of 'Mimesis Criticism.'"
1591:: A common motivation for imitating an earlier text is to rival that text, whether philosophically, theologically, politically, or otherwise. If one can determine such a motivation in a compelling fashion, then there is a stronger case for imitation.
2041:
the adult in his prime. In no stage of life, from boyhood to old age, do we ever cease to drink from him." Finally, MacDonald notes that
Sandnes does not offer any other explanation for the parallels between the New Testament writings and Homer.
1522:
He also advises that students constantly reread the exemplary models (10.1.19), not only in sections but all the way through (10.1.20), so that they might be empowered to imitate these models with more craft and subtlety.
1581:: If there are parallels between two texts, but none of the parallels are anything but one would expect in their respective contexts, then it becomes difficult to argue for a mimetic connection. Especially helpful are
1557:: One must demonstrate that the author of the later text would have been reasonably able to access a copy of the text being imitated. Was the antetext well known or obscure at the time of the later text's composition?
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our minds, to be adopted for use in the place that becomes them best" (10.2.26; Butler, LCL). On this point, Quintilian was at odds with Cicero, who felt it best for authors to imitate a single author.
2167:
Dennis R. MacDonald, "My Turn: A Critique of
Critics of 'Mimesis Criticism,'" (Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity 53; The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 2009).
2056:
Despite his stance that the
Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, including the narratives about Jesus, were influenced by Homeric literature, MacDonald himself holds to a minimalist view of the
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or other unusual elements present in the later text which parallel the proposed model. It is also typical for authors to use significant names to alert the reader to the textual interplay.
1563:: If one text is discovered to imitate a certain antetext, it is probable that other texts have also done so. Are there examples of other authors using this antetext as a literary model?
1605:
Two examples of imitation within the New
Testament will be outlined. The first pertains to Luke's use of 1 Kings 17 as a literary model. The second outlines Luke's imitation of Homer's
1420:) discusses the rhetorical technique of mimesis or imitation; what Aristotle describes, however, is the author's imitation of nature, not earlier literary or cultural models.
1744:
who raises the boy, not Elijah; in Luke, it is Jesus himself. In 1 Kings, only the widow responds to the miracle; in Luke, a "large crowd" responds positively.
1207:
1906:
11.61, 76, 80); Luke's
Eutychus literally means "good fortune." Furthermore, the raising of Luke's Eutychus occurs in the Troad, the site of the Trojan War.
1028:
1575:: The more frequently the parallels between the two texts follow the same order, the less likely it becomes that the parallels are just coincidental.
1118:
2024:
MacDonald's response has been threefold. First, a more sure decision about the education of the authors of Mark and Luke-Acts would result from an
109:
1902:) can be seen to be met by referring to the above table. Of particular significance is Luke's name choice: Homer often called Elpenor "unlucky" (
1828:"He fell to the ground three floors below and was picked up dead. But Paul went down,...and said, 'Do not be alarmed, for his soul is in him.'"
1569:: The greater number of parallels one can induce between the two texts, the stronger one's case will be for a mimetic relationship between them.
1321:
2304:
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2234:
2216:
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1443:'s teachers, affirms that writers of prose histories and fictions used literary models. He writes (rhetorically) in book five of
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573:
1237:
1202:
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1704:): Mark provides an analogous imitation of 1 Kings 17 with his story about the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:35-43).
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1281:
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One can justifiably argue that Luke used 1 Kings 17:9-24 as a model for Luke 7:11-16 because it meets the criteria of
1128:
2271:. Translated by H. D. Butler. 4 volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961–1966.
1510:
1464:
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of the text used as a model ("ante-text"); the final four concern the later text that may have used the antetext.
1038:
1487:), survives only in fragments. Apparently, most of this work concerned the proper selection of literary models.
1192:
440:
978:
331:
160:
1825:" fell down from the roof. His neck / broke from the spine, and his soul went down to the house of Hades."
1509:. In book 10, Quintilian - who was well-read with respect to both Greek and Latin rhetoricians, including
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1927:, MacDonald proposes that Mark's Gospel and Luke-Acts used the following literary models: Homer's
1471:, from imitation of nature's to imitation of literature. His most important work in this respect,
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1473:
1447:, "Who would claim that the writing of prose is not reliant on the Homeric poems?" (5.30.36-31.)
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1167:
1138:
988:
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is a method of interpreting texts in relation to their literary or cultural models. Mimesis, or
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Jesus saw a widow's dead son after approaching the city gate being carried out on a bier.
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35:
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Elijah saw a widow after approaching the city gate. Her son later becomes sick and dies.
50:. The effects of imitation are usually manifested in the later text by means of distinct
1850:
In the same way, one can justifiably argue that Luke has used the story of
Elpenor from
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1988:
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1058:
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607:
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1996:
1995:. Elsewhere, MacDonald has also argued for the presence of Homeric imitations in the
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74:
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10-12 as a model for his account of
Eutychus in Acts 20:5-12 using the criteria.
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These examples come from MacDonald and can be found in his various publications.
1944:
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807:
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31:
2255:
Does the New Testament Imitate Homer? Four Cases from the Acts of the Apostles
1918:
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1428:
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897:
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30:), was a widely used rhetorical tool in antiquity up until the 18th century's
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and other early Christian narratives imitating the "canonical" works of
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1796:"There were many lamps in the room upstairs where they were meeting."
1728:) can be identified in the above table. The most important aspect for
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Paul and his crew arrive at Troas en route to Jerusalem from Achaea.
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is the identical Greek wording for "And he gave him to his mother."
2283:
The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets, and Early Christianity
2102:(Library of New Testament Studies; T&T Clark Int'l, 2009), 249.
2100:
The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets, and Early Christianity
1874:): Among the many imitations of these books in antiquity, Virgil's
1992:
1956:
1929:
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427:
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represents a change from the Aristotelian rhetorical notion of
2313:? An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's 'Mimesis Criticism.'"
2154:? An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's 'Mimesis Criticism,'"
1455:
A Greek historian and rhetorician from the late first century
38:
relationships between two texts that go beyond simple echoes,
2229:
The Acts of Andrew. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
1983:
The Acts of Andrew, MacDonald argues that the second-century
1812:"A young man named Eutychus, who was sitting in the window."
1478:
34:
emphasis on originality. Mimesis criticism looks to identify
2297:
The Gospel "According to Homer and Virgil": Cento and Canon
1761:
Odysseus and his crew left Troy and sailed back to Achaea.
1780:
After a sojourn, Paul and the believers there ate a meal.
1678:
The crowd glorified God, calling Jesus "a great prophet."
2209:
The Classical Plot and the Invention of Western Narrative
1878:
contains two, the stories about Palinurus and Misenus.
1647:
Elijah took the corpse and cried out angrily to God.
2137:
Margaret M. Mitchell, "Homer in the New Testament?"
1772:
The account is narrated in the first-person plural.
1769:
The account is narrated in the first-person plural.
2021:have imitated Homer in the way MacDonald suggests.
1777:After a sojourn, Odysseus and his crew ate a meal.
2080:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 103.
1650:Jesus took the corpse and spoke directly to him.
2030:approach to the question, rather than Sandnes'
1696:): Luke cites this very story in Luke 4:25-26.
2211:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
2197:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1388:
8:
1809:"There was a man, Elpenor, the youngest..."
1793:The crew slept in Circe's "darkened halls."
1675:The widow praised Elijah as "a man of God."
1804:The narrator switches to the third person.
1801:The narrator switches to the third person.
1639:Elijah told the widow, "Give me your son."
1029:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
2257:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
2243:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
1866:were among the most popular in antiquity.
1844:Eutychus was not raised alive until dawn.
1395:
1381:
88:
2285:. LNTS 400. London: T&T Clark, 2009.
2052:Implications for the Historicity of Jesus
2241:The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark
1746:
1662:The dead son sat up and began to speak.
1611:
1536:Furthermore, students are encouraged to
1119:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
2069:
100:
2036:approach. Second, access to Homer was
1991:, was a Christian version of Homer's
1642:Jesus told the widow, "Do not weep."
1322:Rhetoric of social intervention model
7:
2299:. NovTSup 138. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
2126:Homer, Vergil, and the New Testament
1836:Associates took up the body, alive.
1655:The dead son revived and cried out (
1841:Elpenor was not buried until dawn.
1833:Associates fetched the body, dead.
1820:Eutychus fell into a "deep sleep."
14:
1817:Elpenor fell into "sweet sleep."
1670:"And he gave him to his mother."
1667:"And he gave him to his mother."
2176:Cf. MacDonald, "My Turn," 23-24.
1439:philosopher and poet and one of
108:
2156:Journal of Biblical Literature
1:
1917:In addition to imitating the
1596:Mimesis in Early Christianity
1292:List of feminist rhetoricians
1499:published his twelve-volume
1282:Glossary of rhetorical terms
73:, especially in relation to
16:Method of interpreting texts
1788:Disaster came at midnight.
1129:Language as Symbolic Action
2385:
2253:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald.
2239:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald.
2221:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald.
1479:
1465:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1451:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2076:Kenneth Knowles Ruthven,
1999:, another second-century
1039:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
1785:Disaster came at night.
1623:Elijah went to Sarepta.
2139:The Journal of Religion
979:De Sophisticis Elenchis
2346:Homeric and Virgilian
1534:
1520:
1497:M. Fabius Quintilianus
1099:De doctrina Christiana
1089:Dialogus de oratoribus
1009:Rhetorica ad Herennium
235:Captatio benevolentiae
69:has been pioneered by
65:As a critical method,
2309:Sandnes, Karl Olav. "
2223:Christianizing Homer:
2124:Dennis R. MacDonald,
1987:apocryphal work, the
1977:Christianizing Homer:
1529:
1515:
1459:/early first century
1267:Communication studies
1109:De vulgari eloquentia
969:Rhetoric to Alexander
2295:Sandnes, Karl Olav.
2281:Sandnes, Karl Olav.
2150:Karl Olav Sandnes, "
2078:Critical Assumptions
2045:Margaret M. Mitchell
2012:Scholarly Opposition
1975:In his seminal work
1626:Jesus went to Nain.
1429:Philodemus of Gadara
2317:124 (2005): 715–32.
2269:Institutio oratoria
2158:124 (2005): 715-32.
2098:Karl Olav Sandnes,
1971:Christian Apocrypha
1955:, and dialogues by
1952:Madness of Heracles
1502:Institutio oratoria
1272:Composition studies
1203:Health and medicine
1069:Institutio Oratoria
276:Eloquentia perfecta
2364:Biblical criticism
2141:83 (2003): 244-60.
1900:Distinctive Traits
1862:): Books 10-12 of
1726:Distinctive Traits
1609:10–12 in Acts 20.
1579:Distinctive Traits
1495:Roman rhetorician
1412:Greek rhetorician
1357:Terministic screen
1139:A General Rhetoric
669:Resignation speech
206:Studia humanitatis
188:Byzantine rhetoric
81:Greek literature.
2195:and the Near East
2003:apocryphal work.
1848:
1847:
1686:mimesis criticism
1682:
1681:
1405:
1404:
1332:Rogerian argument
1079:Panegyrici Latini
171:The age of Cicero
67:mimesis criticism
20:Mimesis criticism
2376:
2333:Dennis MacDonald
2177:
2174:
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2111:Ps.-Heraclitus,
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2058:Historical Jesus
2002:
1986:
1912:Interpretability
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1738:Interpretability
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1615:1 Kings 17:9-24
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1589:Interpretability
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1297:List of speeches
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748:Neo-Aristotelian
315:Figure of speech
176:Second Sophistic
112:
89:
71:Dennis MacDonald
52:characterization
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2311:Imitatio Homeri
2189:Louden, Bruce.
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2152:Imitatio Homeri
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1317:Public rhetoric
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1193:Native American
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574:Funeral oration
564:Farewell speech
521:Socratic method
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2277:978-0674991415
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2263:978-0300097702
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2249:978-0300080124
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2235:978-0195087222
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2217:978-0521771764
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2203:978-0521768207
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2128:(forthcoming).
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1059:On the Sublime
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795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
714:
713:
703:
697:
691:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
654:
653:
652:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
620:
615:
610:
608:Lightning talk
605:
604:
603:
593:
588:
587:
586:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
537:
532:
525:
524:
523:
513:
508:
503:
502:
501:
489:
484:
478:
474:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
457:
450:
449:
448:
438:
433:
432:
431:
424:
417:
405:
400:
395:
393:Method of loci
390:
383:
376:
371:
370:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
329:
328:
327:
322:
312:
311:
310:
300:
293:
288:
281:
280:
279:
267:
262:
255:
248:
243:
238:
230:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
210:
209:
197:
196:
195:
190:
180:
179:
178:
173:
163:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
129:Ancient Greece
125:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
98:
97:
86:
83:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:Acts of Peter
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:Homeric Hymns
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Accessibility
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:Acts 20:5-12
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Accessibility
1691:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:Luke 7:11-16
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1601:New Testament
1600:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:non sequiturs
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:Accessibility
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1485:Perì mimēseōs
1480:Περὶ μιμήσεως
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:(1st century
1430:
1423:
1421:
1416:(4th century
1415:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Toulmin model
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Talking point
1345:
1343:
1342:Speechwriting
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Argumentation
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:De Inventione
996:
991:
990:
986:
981:
980:
976:
971:
970:
966:
961:
960:
956:
951:
950:
946:
941:
940:
936:
935:
927:
926:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
688:
687:
680:
679:War-mongering
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
651:
648:
647:
646:
645:Progymnasmata
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Maiden speech
611:
609:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:
526:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
471:
470:
463:
462:
458:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
416:
415:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
368:
367:
363:
361:
360:
356:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:
335:
334:
333:
330:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:
232:
231:
223:
222:
215:
214:Modern period
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
161:Ancient India
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
144:Attic orators
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
116:
115:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
84:
82:
80:
76:
75:New Testament
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2347:
2339:
2314:
2310:
2296:
2282:
2268:
2267:Quintilian.
2254:
2240:
2227:, Plato, and
2226:
2222:
2208:
2207:Lowe, N. J.
2194:
2190:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2113:Quaest. Hom.
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2055:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2015:
1981:, Plato, and
1980:
1976:
1974:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:and Homer's
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1606:
1604:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1472:
1454:
1444:
1427:
1411:
1287:Glossophobia
1259:
1178:Constitutive
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
761:Rhetoricians
737:
674:Stump speech
591:Invitational
544:
529:Dissoi logoi
527:
506:Deliberative
498:Controversia
496:
459:
452:
426:
419:
412:
385:
378:
366:Pronuntiatio
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
295:
283:
274:
257:
250:
233:
204:
166:Ancient Rome
66:
64:
36:intertextual
27:
23:
19:
18:
2225:The Odyssey
1979:The Odyssey
1908:Criterion 6
1868:Criterion 2
1856:Criterion 1
1734:Criterion 6
1730:criterion 5
1698:Criterion 2
1690:Criterion 1
1367:Wooden iron
1327:Rhetrickery
1302:Oral skills
1238:Composition
1173:Contrastive
993:(c. 350 BC)
983:(c. 350 BC)
973:(c. 350 BC)
963:(c. 350 BC)
953:(c. 370 BC)
813:Demosthenes
793:Brueggemann
728:Ideological
579:Homiletics
492:Declamation
482:Apologetics
332:Five canons
200:Renaissance
183:Middle Ages
62:structure.
2358:Categories
2338:Dionysian
2184:References
1933:, several
1919:Septuagint
1880:Criteria 3
1706:Criteria 3
1505:around 95
1491:Quintilian
1474:On Mimesis
1424:Philodemus
1223:Technology
1213:Procedural
1033:(c. 50 BC)
1019:De Oratore
883:Quintilian
878:Protagoras
733:Metaphoric
657:Propaganda
540:Epideictic
454:Sotto voce
408:Persuasion
403:Operations
345:Dispositio
241:Chironomia
48:redactions
2064:Citations
2033:deductive
2027:inductive
2019:could not
2007:Reception
1941:Euripides
1511:Dionysius
1445:On Poetry
1437:Epicurean
1414:Aristotle
1408:Aristotle
1337:Seduction
1168:Cognitive
1156:Subfields
1083:(100–400)
838:Isocrates
778:Augustine
768:Aristotle
743:Narrative
693:Criticism
638:Philippic
552:Panegyric
535:Elocution
516:Dialectic
436:Situation
297:Facilitas
291:Enthymeme
270:Eloquence
252:Delectare
79:Classical
58:, and/or
44:citations
40:allusions
24:imitation
2369:Rhetoric
2340:imitatio
2322:See also
2193:Odyssey
1965:Socrates
1961:Xenophon
1545:Criteria
1527:writes,
1208:Pedagogy
1188:Feminist
959:Rhetoric
949:Phaedrus
943:(380 BC)
893:Richards
863:Perelman
711:Pentadic
706:Dramatic
650:Suasoria
628:Diatribe
569:Forensic
546:Encomium
511:Demagogy
380:Imitatio
352:Elocutio
338:Inventio
308:Informal
227:Concepts
154:Sophists
149:Calliope
139:Atticism
134:Asianism
102:Rhetoric
94:a series
92:Part of
32:romantic
28:imitatio
2328:Mimesis
2191:Homer's
1946:Bacchae
1924:Odyssey
1904:Odyssey
1894:), and
1884:Density
1872:Analogy
1864:Odyssey
1852:Odyssey
1751:Odyssey
1720:), and
1710:Density
1702:Analogy
1607:Odyssey
1567:Density
1561:Analogy
1538:improve
1469:mimesis
1253:Related
1228:Therapy
1218:Science
1183:Digital
1063:(c. 50)
1053:(46 BC)
1043:(46 BC)
1023:(55 BC)
1013:(80 BC)
1003:(84 BC)
939:Gorgias
908:Toulmin
903:Tacitus
853:McLuhan
828:Gorgias
823:Erasmus
818:Derrida
783:Bakhtin
773:Aspasia
738:Mimesis
701:Cluster
633:Eristic
623:Polemic
618:Oratory
596:Lecture
359:Memoria
303:Fallacy
246:Decorum
193:Trivium
121:History
85:History
2348:Centos
2303:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2247:
2233:
2215:
2201:
2115:1.5-6.
1963:about
1876:Aeneid
1753:10-12
1457:b.c.e.
1441:Virgil
1435:), an
1433:b.c.e.
1418:b.c.e.
1312:Pistis
1307:Orator
1233:Visual
1143:(1970)
1133:(1966)
1123:(1521)
1113:(1305)
1049:Orator
989:Topics
918:Weaver
848:Lysias
843:Lucian
833:Hobbes
808:de Man
803:Cicero
601:Public
584:Sermon
559:Eulogy
487:Debate
475:Genres
421:Pathos
387:Kairos
374:Hypsos
320:Scheme
285:Eunoia
265:Device
259:Docere
56:motifs
1993:Iliad
1957:Plato
1930:Iliad
1892:Order
1718:Order
1573:Order
1103:(426)
1093:(102)
931:Works
898:Smith
888:Ramus
873:Plato
868:Pizan
798:Burke
788:Booth
723:Genre
718:Frame
461:Topos
446:Grand
441:Style
428:Logos
414:Ethos
398:Modes
325:Trope
46:, or
2301:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2001:c.e.
1985:c.e.
1959:and
1949:and
1742:Lord
1518:LCL)
1461:c.e.
1277:Doxa
1073:(95)
913:Vico
662:Spin
60:plot
2315:JBL
2038:not
1886:),
1712:),
1659:).
1657:lxx
1507:c.e
1352:TED
1198:New
858:Ong
2360::
2060:.
1967:.
1943:'
1939:,
1688:.
1483:,
1463:,
96:on
54:,
42:,
1910:(
1898:(
1896:5
1890:(
1888:4
1882:(
1870:(
1858:(
1736:(
1724:(
1722:5
1716:(
1714:4
1708:(
1700:(
1692:(
1477:(
1396:e
1389:t
1382:v
26:(
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