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98:. Latin schools aimed to prepare students for university, as well as seeking to enable those of middle-class status to rise above their station. It was therefore not unusual for children of commoners to attend Latin schools, especially if they were expected to pursue a career within the church. Although Latin schools existed in many parts of Europe in the 14th-century and were more open to the laity, prior to that the Church allowed for Latin schools for the sole purpose of training those who would one day become clergymen. Latin schools began to develop to reflect
217:, another humanist, devised three stages for humanistic learning: the elementary, the grammatical and the rhetorical. Humanists held the belief that by being a learned individual they were contributing to society. Hence, humanistic education constituted the intermediate and advanced levels for most of the urban population. It created an opportunity to advance an individual's social status since more institutions intellectual, political and economic sought workers who possessed a background in classical Latin as well as training in humanistic scripts.
38:
304:, but mnemonic value and "truth". Poetry was not chiefly studied during the medieval times, although some classic poems were taken into the curriculum. However, during the Renaissance, pupils greatly studied poetry in order to learn metrics and style. As well, it was viewed as a broader study of Latin grammar and rhetoric, which often included concepts, and analysis of words
1826:, with students capable of speaking, reading and debating in Latin. The challenge to the Latin, Greek and "classical" domination of education came earlier than in Europe, but the tradition continued at a diminished level through the twentieth century. A number of "Latin Schools" still exist in the US, some of which teach Latin, while others do not.
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that assured this. These five elements were: "how to word a question; how to dispose material; how to find the right words and effective stylistic devices; how to commit everything to memory; how to find the right intonation and suitable gestures". During the
Renaissance however, rhetoric developed
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in order to learn how to write formal letters. Authors often had lists of books that were supposed to be used in the curriculum that would teach students grammar. These texts however, were often not the original texts, as more often than not, texts were changed to include moral stories or to display
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to assist the master teacher in teaching the younger or less skilled pupils. Most boys began at the age of seven but older men who wanted to study were not discouraged as long as they could pay the fees. Students usually finished their schooling during their late teens, but those who desired to join
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founded their own schools and offered free training in Latin grammar, Philosophy, Theology, Geography, Religious
Doctrine and History for boys. It was important for Jesuits as well as the Catholic Reformation to instruct clergymen as well as laymen in this type of education. The Jesuits pursued the
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Schools were managed by appointing a committee who then employed a teacher and paid their salary. These schools usually had limited supervision from the town authorities. Freelance Latin masters opened up their own schools quite frequently and would provide Latin education to anyone willing to pay.
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Europe thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate. Grammar schools otherwise known as Latin schools taught Latin by using Latin. Latin was the language used in nearly all academic and most legal and administrative matters, as well as the language of the
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Clergy often funded ecclesiastical schools where clerics taught. Many historians argue that up until 1300 the Church had a monopoly on education in
Medieval Italy. Latin church schools seemed to appear around the 12th century, however very few remained after the 14th century as a vernacular, more
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was a long verse of Latin grammar. This textbook dealt with parts of speech, syntax, quantity and meter, as well as figures of speech. The
Doctrinale as well as a large sum of other books (though not nearly as popular) was often referred to as the "canon of textbooks". Similarly, as the student
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children were first taught to read and write the vernacular and were then sent to Latin schools. If the parents were financially able, the child went even before he learned to read or write if the opportunity was present. Men were the usual students since women were either taught at home or in
127:. Some of the laity, though not instructed formally, spoke and wrote some Latin. Courts, especially church courts, used Latin in their proceedings, although this was even less accessible than the vernacular to the lower classes, who often could not read at all, let alone Latin.
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These freelance schools usually taught students in the master's home. Others taught as a tutor in a student's household by either living there or making daily visits to teach. Students ranged from those who were members of the peasantry to those of the elite. If a
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the priesthood had to wait until they were twenty-four in order to get accepted. There was usually a limit to how long a student could stay in school, although if a relative was one of the school's founders then an extended stay was possible.
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stage), which was a syntax manual that was memorized, or even more advanced with glossaries and dictionaries. Although many teachers used many books that varied from person to person, the most popular textbook would have been the
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texts, Greek as well as modern foreign languages. The use of pagan authors became more common as the church became less involved with the humanistic method used in academic institutions before university.
224:. Due to this event and the common practice of interweaving Latin with a dialect even at advanced stages in learning, the precedence of Latin schools from other pedagogical institutions diminished.
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rules of grammar. These were usually in the form of fables or poems. New students generally started off with easy basic grammar, and steadily moved into harder Latin readings such as the
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definite form of Latin school emerged in Italy. In some areas in Spain during the late 15th century, the church encouraged priests and sacristans to train others in reading and writing.
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Still considered as the language of the learned, Latin was esteemed and used frequently in the academic field. However, at the start of the 14th century, writers started writing in the
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significance of education to their order and took over the teaching responsibilities in Latin schools and secondary schools along with other
Catholic orders in several Catholic areas.
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conducted their own schools within their convents. University was the final stage of academic learning and within its walls Latin was the language of lectures and scholarly debates.
2293:
Nellen, Henk J. M. 2005. Short but not sweet: the career of
Gisbertus Longolius (1507–1543), headmaster of the Latin school in Deventer and professor at the University of Cologne.
181:. Humanist ideas became so influential that residents in Italian states began to call for a new kind of education in Latin. Schools and academies that centred on instructing
248:, a reformer, taught Latin grammar along with the Geneva catechism. Nevertheless, there were some reformers who wanted to cease using Latin in worship, finding the
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but did not have this background found it difficult to get accepted into chanceries following the year 1450. Those who did study under this discipline were taught
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This article is about a type of school of Europe and the United States. For several schools in the United States that are called "Latin School", see
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Humanism and
Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Tradition and Innovation in Latin Schools from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century
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213:. Positions such as headmaster of grammar schools or professor of Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialect, were filled in by erudite humanists.
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Students often studied in Latin school for about five years, but by their third year, students would be deemed as "knowledgeable enough" in
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stage more theory and practice writing formal or prose letters were focused on. Poetry was often a teachers favorite as it taught not only
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Latin schools, on the same model, were founded in North
America, importing the European methods of education. The first of these was
143:'s child wanted to go to school, payment given to the lord was required (to replace the value of his labour) as well as his consent.
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and other subjects in this curriculum enabled the individual to speak, argue and write with eloquence and relevance.
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of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in
England. Other terms used include
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WItt, Ronald. 1982. Medieval "ars dictaminis" and the beginnings of humanism: a new construction of the problem.
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as a response to the demand for social communication as offices for religious and political leaders increased.
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around the 1450s. In some countries, but not
England, they later lost their popularity as universities and some
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Mehl, James V. 1993. Hermannus Buschius' Dictata utilissima: a textbook of commonplaces for the Latin school.
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Proctor, Robert E. 1990. The studia humanitatis: contemporary scholarship and renaissance ideals.
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Verweij, Michiel. 2004. Comic elements in 16th-century Latin school drama in the low countries.
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into the study of how to write official and private letters as well as records. The revised
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Praesidium atque decus quae sunt et gaudia vitae – Formant hic animos Graeca Latina rudes
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a more efficient language to use. In the latter part of the 16th century, the Catholic
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was seen as a method of persuasion and so there were five distinct aspects of
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The Renaissance in Historical Thought: Five Centuries of Interpretation
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starting from elementary school was necessary. Those who studied under
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1780:'s decision to cloister all female religious, female orders such as
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and some Medieval authors. Students had to learn the principles of
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and became one of the most popular books of its time. Students of
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2237:. trans. David Jones. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1978.
366:(conclusion). This systematic presentation was attributed to the
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Studies in Education during the Age of the Renaissance 1400-1600
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was an area of study that was created in the latter part of the
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calling it "barbaric jargon". Scholars like the Dutch humanist,
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Schooling in Renaissance Italy Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600
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History of education in the United States § Colonial era
1746:(1518), a book containing dialogues written for the study of
41:
Inscription above the entrance of the former Latin school in
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Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England
240:, the Catholic Church tried to deal with the surfacing of
209:. Latin school formed the basis of education in the elite
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Teaching and learning Latin in thirteenth-century England
1822:, founded in 1635. These fed early universities such as
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The Latin school curriculum was based mainly on reading
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so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools.
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School type in Europe from the 14th to 19th centuries
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Neo-Latin § Latin in school education 1500-1700
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2267:Schools and scholars in fourteenth-century England
2220:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
1808:Latin schools in colonial North America and the US
256:supported the establishment of municipal schools.
2197:The historical anthropology of early modern Italy
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1792:however, including those who were converted into
2199:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
2189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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2246:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
2211:Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society
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1320:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
2253:. New York: Russell and Russell⋅Inc, 1965.
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2230:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
68:. Latin schools were also established in
2269:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1410:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
370:preference for hierarchal organization.
147:Renaissance and Early Modern perceptions
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106:orders began to prefer the vernacular.
1701:was the new curriculum founded in the
1613:Rhetoric of social intervention model
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2330:Schools in the Latin Knowledge (XXG)
2209:Goldgar, Anne, and Robert I. Frost.
2206:. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin, 1948.
2163:Classical Latin School Association -
346:. There were five main parts: the
177:should accompany the study of the
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399:
334:took its guidelines from one of
358:(the point of the discussion),
90:was the most basic part of the
2244:Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789
2235:The World of Medieval Learning
1:
2279:Martin, John Jeffries. 2007.
1776:nunneries. Subsequent to the
1583:List of feminist rhetoricians
32:Latin School (disambiguation)
2265:Courtenay, William J. 1987.
2249:Woodward, William Harrison.
1573:Glossary of rhetorical terms
2360:Medieval European education
1420:Language as Symbolic Action
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2276:. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer.
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1330:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
1750:grammar, was written by
2302:Humanistica Lovaniensia
2288:Humanistica Lovaniensia
2241:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.
1270:De Sophisticis Elenchis
265:Latin school curriculum
78:was placed on learning
2283:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2213:. Boston: BRILL, 2004.
2015:Wiesner-Hanks, p. 129.
1981:Wiesner-Hanks, p. 130.
1390:De doctrina Christiana
1380:Dialogus de oratoribus
1300:Rhetorica ad Herennium
526:Captatio benevolentiae
344:Rhetorica ad Herennium
342:and pseudo-Ciceronian
238:Protestant Reformation
201:, medieval texts, the
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2316:Renaissance Quarterly
2309:Renaissance Quarterly
2281:The Renaissance World
2202:Ferguson, Wallace K.
1997:Wiesner-Hanks, p. 32.
1558:Communication studies
1400:De vulgari eloquentia
1260:Rhetoric to Alexander
175:Roman Catholic Church
163:Renaissance humanists
64:in Germany, or later
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2159:"Accredited Schools"
2148:Wiesner-Hanks, p120.
2078:Wiesner-Hanks, p119.
1873:Wiesner-Hanks, p122.
1719:classical literature
228:Latin church schools
183:classical literature
100:Renaissance humanism
2060:Wiesner-Hanks, p30.
1820:Boston Latin School
1563:Composition studies
1494:Health and medicine
1360:Institutio Oratoria
567:Eloquentia perfecta
254:Counter-Reformation
211:Italian city-states
115:Medieval background
82:, initially in its
2340:The Latin Library
2272:Hunt, Tony. 1991.
2216:Grendler, Paul F.
1768:Other institutions
1757:Studia Humanitatis
1731:natural philosophy
1711:Studia Humanitatis
1699:Studia Humanitatis
1648:Terministic screen
1430:A General Rhetoric
960:Resignation speech
497:Studia humanitatis
479:Byzantine rhetoric
375:Studia Humanitatis
296:advanced into the
207:Studia Humanitatis
195:natural philosophy
171:Desiderius Erasmus
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18:Studia humanitatis
2038:Grendler, p. 136.
2006:Grendler, p. 110.
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1370:Panegyrici Latini
462:The age of Cicero
215:Guarino da Verona
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921:
911:
906:
901:
899:Lightning talk
896:
895:
894:
884:
879:
878:
877:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
840:
828:
823:
816:
815:
814:
804:
799:
794:
793:
792:
780:
775:
769:
765:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
741:
740:
739:
729:
724:
723:
722:
715:
708:
696:
691:
686:
684:Method of loci
681:
674:
667:
662:
661:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
620:
619:
618:
613:
603:
602:
601:
591:
584:
579:
572:
571:
570:
558:
553:
546:
539:
534:
529:
521:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
501:
500:
488:
487:
486:
481:
471:
470:
469:
464:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:Ancient Greece
416:
410:
409:
408:
405:
404:
396:
395:
389:
388:
377:
372:
350:(salutation),
338:'s works, the
332:Ars Dictaminis
327:Ars Dictaminis
315:Ars Dictaminis
311:
309:Ars Dictaminis
306:
298:Ars Dictaminis
275:Ars Dictaminis
266:
263:
229:
226:
203:Greek language
167:Medieval Latin
148:
145:
116:
113:
111:
108:
84:Medieval Latin
58:grammar school
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:Grendler, p5.
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:Grendler, p4.
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:Grendler, p6.
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Toulmin model
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Talking point
1636:
1634:
1633:Speechwriting
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Argumentation
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:De Inventione
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
979:
978:
971:
970:War-mongering
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:Progymnasmata
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Maiden speech
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
844:
841:
839:
838:
834:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
791:
790:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
762:
761:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
707:
706:
702:
701:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
637:
633:
631:
630:
626:
625:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:
573:
569:
568:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:
523:
522:
514:
513:
506:
505:Modern period
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
453:
452:Ancient India
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Attic orators
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
413:
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:benevolentiae
349:
345:
341:
340:de inventione
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
310:
307:
305:
303:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
276:
272:
264:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
227:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
146:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Latin grammar
128:
126:
121:
114:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2355:School types
2318:43: 813-818.
2315:
2308:
2304:53: 175-190.
2301:
2294:
2290:42: 102-125.
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2193:Burke, Peter
2186:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:Goldgar and
2043:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1938:
1917:
1908:
1841:Latin poetry
1817:
1794:Christianity
1773:Early Modern
1771:
1755:
1743:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1578:Glossophobia
1550:
1469:Constitutive
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1052:Rhetoricians
965:Stump speech
882:Invitational
835:
820:Dissoi logoi
818:
797:Deliberative
789:Controversia
787:
750:
743:
717:
710:
703:
676:
669:
657:Pronuntiatio
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
586:
574:
565:
548:
541:
524:
495:
457:Ancient Rome
374:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
326:
314:
313:
308:
297:
292:
288:
283:
279:
274:
268:
235:
231:
219:
206:
156:
137:
129:
118:
96:Liberal arts
74:
62:Lateinschule
61:
54:Latin school
53:
51:
46:
2130:Piltz, p21.
2087:Burke, p89.
1963:Orme, p131.
1942:Orme, p130.
1933:Orme, p129.
1912:Piltz, p17.
1903:Burke, p84.
1721:, history,
1658:Wooden iron
1618:Rhetrickery
1593:Oral skills
1529:Composition
1464:Contrastive
1284:(c. 350 BC)
1274:(c. 350 BC)
1264:(c. 350 BC)
1254:(c. 350 BC)
1244:(c. 370 BC)
1104:Demosthenes
1084:Brueggemann
1019:Ideological
870:Homiletics
783:Declamation
773:Apologetics
623:Five canons
491:Renaissance
474:Middle Ages
319:Middle Ages
246:John Calvin
185:, history,
165:criticized
159:Renaissance
2349:Categories
2179:References
2168:2023-05-15
1812:See also:
1786:Angelicals
1744:Colloquies
1735:arithmetic
1514:Technology
1504:Procedural
1324:(c. 50 BC)
1310:De Oratore
1174:Quintilian
1169:Protagoras
1024:Metaphoric
948:Propaganda
831:Epideictic
745:Sotto voce
699:Persuasion
694:Operations
636:Dispositio
532:Chironomia
293:Doctrinale
289:Doctrinale
250:vernacular
242:Protestant
236:After the
222:vernacular
199:arithmetic
151:See also:
2311:35: 1-35.
2051:, p. 320.
1782:Ursulines
1727:dialectic
1707:humanists
1628:Seduction
1459:Cognitive
1447:Subfields
1374:(100–400)
1129:Isocrates
1069:Augustine
1059:Aristotle
1034:Narrative
984:Criticism
929:Philippic
843:Panegyric
826:Elocution
807:Dialectic
727:Situation
588:Facilitas
582:Enthymeme
561:Eloquence
543:Delectare
364:conclusio
348:salutatio
284:Ars Minor
271:Classical
191:dialectic
66:Gymnasium
2297:32: 3-22
1830:See also
1762:classics
1739:medieval
1723:rhetoric
1499:Pedagogy
1479:Feminist
1250:Rhetoric
1240:Phaedrus
1234:(380 BC)
1184:Richards
1154:Perelman
1002:Pentadic
997:Dramatic
941:Suasoria
919:Diatribe
860:Forensic
837:Encomium
802:Demagogy
671:Imitatio
643:Elocutio
629:Inventio
599:Informal
518:Concepts
445:Sophists
440:Calliope
430:Atticism
425:Asianism
393:Rhetoric
385:a series
383:Part of
368:Medieval
356:narratio
323:Rhetoric
187:rhetoric
179:classics
120:Medieval
104:Catholic
94:and the
76:Emphasis
56:was the
1836:Donatus
1824:Harvard
1752:Erasmus
1737:, some
1544:Related
1519:Therapy
1509:Science
1474:Digital
1354:(c. 50)
1344:(46 BC)
1334:(46 BC)
1314:(55 BC)
1304:(80 BC)
1294:(84 BC)
1230:Gorgias
1199:Toulmin
1194:Tacitus
1144:McLuhan
1119:Gorgias
1114:Erasmus
1109:Derrida
1074:Bakhtin
1064:Aspasia
1029:Mimesis
992:Cluster
924:Eristic
914:Polemic
909:Oratory
887:Lecture
650:Memoria
594:Fallacy
537:Decorum
484:Trivium
412:History
360:petitio
280:Donatus
258:Jesuits
125:liturgy
110:History
92:trivium
88:Grammar
1798:Hebrew
1603:Pistis
1598:Orator
1524:Visual
1434:(1970)
1424:(1966)
1414:(1521)
1404:(1305)
1340:Orator
1280:Topics
1209:Weaver
1139:Lysias
1134:Lucian
1124:Hobbes
1099:de Man
1094:Cicero
892:Public
875:Sermon
850:Eulogy
778:Debate
766:Genres
712:Pathos
678:Kairos
665:Hypsos
611:Scheme
576:Eunoia
556:Device
550:Docere
336:Cicero
291:. The
86:form.
2049:Frost
1847:Notes
1802:Latin
1748:Latin
1394:(426)
1384:(102)
1222:Works
1189:Smith
1179:Ramus
1164:Plato
1159:Pizan
1089:Burke
1079:Booth
1014:Genre
1009:Frame
752:Topos
737:Grand
732:Style
719:Logos
705:Ethos
689:Modes
616:Trope
302:Latin
80:Latin
43:Gouda
2295:Lias
1800:and
1790:Jews
1784:and
1568:Doxa
1364:(95)
1204:Vico
953:Spin
141:serf
52:The
1705:by
1643:TED
1489:New
1149:Ong
2351::
2226:.
2195:.
2161:.
2092:^
2029:^
1986:^
1947:^
1926:^
1890:^
1878:^
1854:^
1804:.
1733:,
1729:,
1725:,
387:on
197:,
193:,
189:,
72:.
45::
2171:.
1687:e
1680:t
1673:v
282:(
34:.
20:)
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