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In genomic studies, the Han
Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations, albeit at a position closer to the northeast Asian Sinitic cline. This reflects the history of demic
877:
Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the
Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer, with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being
913:
Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional
Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been
1166:
The Hoklo or
Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien
931:
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include
927:
Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the
Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both
992:
The
Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic
547:. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes
1059:
Speakers of proper
Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou,
2092:
1151:
In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.
1024:
are more-or-less similar to that of
Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the
989:
The
Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.
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in
Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties. Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The
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language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.
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buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
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1736:
715:. First introduced by a Taiwanese linguist Wu Huai in 1957, and later popularized by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education for the pronunciation
409:
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1892:
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1354:
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He, Guanglin; Li, Yingxiang; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Tang, Renkuan; Wang, Peixin; Bai, Jingya; Yang, Xiaomin; Wang, Zheng (2021-07-26),
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posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).
1540:
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2004:
Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders
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speakers, particularly in Taiwan and mainland China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in
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1139:-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (
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855:; 'Central Chinese'), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (
35:
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267:
1826:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for Common Ancestry of Three Chinese Populations with a High Risk of Esophageal Cancer"
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Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.).
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1549:] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829.
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2011:
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People'), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (
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456:
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1824:
Huang, Haihua; Su, Min; Li, Xiaoyun; Li, Hui; Tian, Dongping; Gao, Yuxia; Guo, Yubai (2010-06-15).
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In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the
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in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.
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The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome-wide array genotyping
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731:; 'learned folk' – an orthographic borrowing from Hakka, where this word, pronounced
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2723:¹ — Kinmen (Quemoy) is a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is claimed by the PRC.
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Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities
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based on their dialects and districts of origin. People from the former two areas (
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662:
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464:
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folk' – a folk etymology emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian.
551:, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is partially mutually intelligible to the
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1143:-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
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descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of
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1298:"Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people.
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200:
2730:
1476:
Bolton, Kingsley; Botha, Werner; Kirkpatrick, Andy (14 September 2020).
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Hokkien women performing the Dragon Boat dance in traditional attire in
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especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.
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2543:
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1627:
1005:
793:; 'Our People') or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (
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2284:
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735:, is used to refer to Southern Min-speaking people (specifically the
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emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from
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18:
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The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among
1347:
Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film
503:). The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in
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Khoo Kongsi, the largest Hokkien clan house in Malaysia.
1215:
1123:
in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from
1185:. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.
739:). It was adopted by some Southern Min (particularly
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in China, and known by various related terms such as
1345:
Ng, Maria; Holden, Philip, eds. (1 September 2006).
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The Chinese language: its history and current usage
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771:; 'crane folk' – found in the 17th century
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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682:), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:
1741:Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos
1539:Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)".
1008:inventories among sinitic varieties, with more
583:speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (
1036:(Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is
3099:
2746:
2056:
874:diffusion out of the Central Plains region.
8:
1957:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
806:In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking
489:, or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the
124:
1111:(also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.
845:generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (
814:generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (
607:, they also call themselves Minnan people (
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1349:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20.
958:, with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.
123:
1859:
1841:
922:Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca, Malaysia
672:There are several spellings for the word
632:is usually used for the people. The term
593:) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1907:
1410:Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.).
1236:Taiwanese people (大員民族/大員族） from Taiwan)
938:
916:
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775:as the name for Hokkien-speaking people.
1978:The Island of Formosa, Past and Present
1887:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102.
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944:Fujian Assembly Hall in Vietnam, Hoi An
414:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
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1455:. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 62.
1709:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1660:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1157:Hong Kong people of Fujianese descent
467:language, or trace their ancestry to
7:
1779:) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
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1004:Hokkien has one of the most diverse
181:Regions with significant populations
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2013:The Republic of China Yearbook 2014
1246:For a more comprehensive list, see
1981:. London and New York: Macmillan.
1749:University of Santo Tomás Archives
1689:). Tainan: 亞細亞國際傳播社. p. 189.
1414:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians
1376:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
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277:One of the four largest groups of
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1107:and Taiwan. Only the speakers of
1675:張裕宏 (Tiuⁿ Jû-hông), ed. (2009).
1202:
394:
151:
23:
2019:. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014.
1479:The Handbook of Asian Englishes
1453:European perspectives on Taiwan
1378:(15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.:
1181:people in the country known as
1103:Southern Min-speaking areas in
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841:In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking
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646:and those people who speak it.
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34:needs additional citations for
790:Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng
617:
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599:
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1:
1725:Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum
1547:Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary
773:Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
1843:10.1371/journal.pone.0011118
1753:Dominican Order of Preachers
1640:Government-General of Taiwan
1370:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005),
1048:for example, has 7-8 tones.
3224:By nationality or ethnicity
3144:Refugees and asylum seekers
1601:循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇
1109:Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects
642:) is also used to refer to
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2002:Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016),
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954:Hoklo architecture styled
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3200:Shanghainese (and Ningbo)
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1806:10.1101/2021.07.25.453681
1482:. John Wiley & Sons.
1440:American Community Survey
1418:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
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3153:By Chinese dialect group
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743:) speakers in Guangdong.
144:
3399:Ethnic groups in Taiwan
3394:Ethnic groups in Fujian
3188:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien
3129:Indigenous inhabitants
2272:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2217:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2145:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2131:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2072:County-level divisions
1775:: CS1 maint: others (
1265:Demographics of Taiwan
1248:List of Hokkien people
1234:After the 1960s, many
1112:
1085:
1001:
960:
956:Lukang Longshan Temple
946:
924:
910:
661:that some Hokkien and
649:The term is likely an
402:This article contains
3164:Ethnic Cantonese and
1883:Kane, Daniel (2006).
1618:小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi)
1102:
1079:
999:
952:
942:
920:
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352:Chinese folk religion
3122:By migration history
1733:Early Manila Hokkien
1729:Early Modern Spanish
1573:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》
1242:Notable Hoklo people
779:In the Philippines,
457:Han Chinese subgroup
235:Chinese Singaporeans
157:A Hokkien family in
43:improve this article
16:Han Chinese subgroup
3178:Puntis (Aboriginal)
2484:Xiangcheng District
2293:Chengxiang District
2103:Sub-provincial city
1172:Chinese Indonesians
843:Chinese Indonesians
469:southeastern Fujian
367:ancestor veneration
257:Chinese Indonesians
140:
3166:Sze Yap/Taishanese
2667:Jiaocheng District
1973:Davidson, James W.
1737:Classical Mandarin
1529:, pp. 36, 48.
1260:Hokkien honorifics
1214:. You can help by
1113:
1086:
1002:
993:languages as well.
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899:Hoklo architecture
808:Chinese Malaysians
3381:
3380:
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3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:Southeast Asians
3279:
3272:
3265:
3251:
3244:
3173:
3081:
3080:
3017:Teochew Taiwanese
2906:Teochew Taiwanese
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2623:Yongding District
2552:Jianyang District
2499:Changtai District
2420:Quangang District
2415:Luojiang District
2298:Hanjiang District
2206:Cangshan District
2201:Taijiang District
2177:Prefecture-level
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2170:
2163:Xiang'an District
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1951:Brown, Melissa J.
1894:978-0-8048-3853-5
1527:Exec. Yuan (2014)
1389:978-1-55671-159-6
1380:SIL International
1356:978-962-209-796-4
1324:. 海峡文艺出版社. 2004.
1232:
1231:
1183:Chinese Filipinos
1115:About 70% of the
1014:Standard Mandarin
959:
945:
923:
909:
781:Chinese Filipinos
653:originating from
644:Taiwanese Hokkien
549:Taiwanese Hokkien
410:rendering support
390:
389:
372:Mahayana Buddhism
266:Largest group of
255:Largest group of
246:Chinese Filipinos
244:Largest group of
233:Largest group of
224:Malaysian Chinese
222:Largest group of
119:
118:
111:
93:
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3308:
3301:
3294:
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3275:
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3228:
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3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3025:
3013:
2996:
2914:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2649:Liancheng County
2639:Shanghang County
2634:Changting County
2580:Shunchang County
2557:Yanping District
2494:Longhai District
2489:Longwen District
2405:Licheng District
2341:Shaxian District
2336:Sanyuan District
2303:Licheng District
2274:
2246:Lianjiang County
2230:Changle District
2219:
2184:
2158:Tong'an District
2147:
2133:
2125:Haicang District
2108:
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1417:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1299:
1296:
1280:Cantonese people
1270:Taiwanese people
1227:
1224:
1206:
1199:
1117:Taiwanese people
1066:Hailufeng people
1035:
1031:
1027:
953:
943:
921:
907:
863:
858:
853:
848:
836:
831:
822:
817:
801:
796:
791:
786:
769:
764:
753:
748:
729:
724:
693:
688:
680:
640:
619:
614:
610:
601:
596:
591:
586:
553:Teochew language
501:
496:
483:
478:
453:
444:
416: instead of
398:
397:
319:Standard Chinese
299:
268:Bruneian Chinese
213:
175:
167:Total population
155:
141:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3317:
3219:
3148:
3117:
3112:
3082:
3077:
3019:
3007:
2990:
2988:Hakka Taiwanese
2908:
2884:Hoklo Taiwanese
2767:
2759:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2709:Zhouning County
2684:Shouning County
2653:
2618:Xinluo District
2604:
2538:
2519:Dongshan County
2470:
2453:Yongchun County
2410:Fengze District
2391:
2387:Jianning County
2331:Meilie District
2317:
2279:
2270:
2225:Jin'an District
2215:
2178:
2167:
2143:
2129:
2120:Siming District
2097:
2081:
2069:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1908:Davidson (1903)
1906:
1902:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1767:
1763:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1701:
1697:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1652:
1642:. p. 829.
1616:
1615:
1611:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1212:needs expansion
1197:
1195:Hoklo Americans
1191:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1097:
1095:Hoklo Taiwanese
1091:
1074:
1057:
1051:
1032:, which is now
1000:Min dialect map
987:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
901:
895:
890:
888:Hokkien culture
884:
871:
752:Hô-ló / Ho̍h-ló
679:Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló
577:Southern Fujian
573:
431:
430:
429:
408:Without proper
399:
395:
386:
338:
279:Burmese Chinese
198:
193:
162:
159:Southern Fujian
146:
139:
126:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3404:Hokkien people
3401:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:New immigrants
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2997:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:Hui'an maidens
2886:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Pingnan County
2696:
2694:Zherong County
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2600:Zhenghe County
2597:
2592:
2590:Guangze County
2587:
2585:Pucheng County
2582:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Nanjing County
2521:
2516:
2514:Zhao'an County
2511:
2509:Zhangpu County
2506:
2504:Yunxiao County
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:Taining County
2379:
2377:Jiangle County
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Ninghua County
2359:
2357:Qingliu County
2354:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2313:Xianyou County
2310:
2308:Xiuyu District
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2266:Pingtan County
2263:
2261:Yongtai County
2258:
2256:Minqing County
2253:
2251:Luoyuan County
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2211:Mawei District
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Gulou District
2192:
2190:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Jimei District
2150:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2008:
1999:
1969:
1963:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1912:
1910:, p. 591.
1900:
1893:
1875:
1816:
1786:
1761:
1716:
1695:
1667:
1620:, ed. (1932).
1609:
1560:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1461:
1443:
1431:
1424:
1402:
1388:
1362:
1355:
1337:
1330:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1275:Teochew people
1272:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1207:
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1163:
1162:Southeast Asia
1160:
1155:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1073:
1070:
1062:Teochew people
1056:
1053:
986:
983:
934:Kaiyuan Temple
897:Main article:
894:
891:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
870:
867:
777:
776:
760:
744:
737:Teochew people
720:
709:the area south
705:folk etymology
667:Southeast Asia
572:
569:
505:mainland China
491:Hokkien people
412:, you may see
400:
393:
392:
391:
388:
387:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
307:
306:
302:
301:
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
275:
271:
270:
264:
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
242:
238:
237:
231:
227:
226:
220:
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
187:
186:Mainland China
183:
182:
178:
177:
169:
168:
164:
163:
156:
148:
147:
138:
137:
134:
131:
127:
125:Hokkien people
120:
117:
116:
58:"Hoklo people"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Gutian County
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Wuping County
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Songxi County
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:Hua'an County
2532:
2530:
2529:Pinghe County
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2464:Kinmen County
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Hui'an County
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Datian County
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Mingxi County
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Minhou County
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:Huli District
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2028:
2026:9789860423020
2022:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:0-520-23182-1
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1836:(6): e11118.
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1762:9789866116742
1758:
1755:. 1626–1642.
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1696:9789868541818
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:9781118791653
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1462:9783531943039
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1425:0-312-17576-0
1421:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1331:9787806409633
1327:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1210:This section
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:United States
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Japanese rule
1118:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
984:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
957:
951:
941:
937:
935:
929:
919:
915:
905:
900:
892:
889:
881:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:Hok-kiàn-lâng
854:
844:
839:
837:
835:Hok-kiàn-lâng
827:
823:
813:
809:
804:
802:
800:Hok-kiàn-lâng
792:
782:
774:
770:
761:
758:
754:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
684:
683:
681:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
606:
602:
600:Hok-kiàn-lâng
592:
582:
578:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:United States
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:Hok-kiàn-lâng
492:
488:
487:Minnan people
484:
474:
473:Banlam people
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
448:
440:
436:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3257:South Asians
3237:East Asians
3192:
3041:Fuzhou Tanka
2927:Shanghainese
2878:
2828:Subei people
2791:Macau people
2689:Xiapu County
2462:
2458:Dehua County
2372:Youxi County
2030:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1977:
1954:
1943:Bibliography
1929:. Retrieved
1927:. 2017-02-16
1924:
1915:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1809:, retrieved
1796:
1789:
1744:
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1724:
1719:
1677:
1670:
1622:
1612:
1584:
1563:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1517:, p. 3.
1510:
1505:, p. 1.
1498:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1434:
1413:
1405:
1393:, retrieved
1375:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1294:
1233:
1220:
1216:adding to it
1211:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1150:
1114:
1058:
1055:Distribution
1050:
1046:Amoy dialect
1041:
1037:
1018:Standard Yue
1003:
991:
988:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
930:
926:
912:
893:Architecture
876:
872:
860:
850:
840:
833:
819:
812:Singaporeans
805:
798:
788:
778:
772:
766:
750:
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726:
716:
713:Yellow River
697:Yellow River
690:
677:
673:
671:
648:
637:
633:
629:
623:
616:
598:
590:Bân-lâm-lâng
588:
574:
498:
490:
486:
482:Bân-lâm-lâng
480:
472:
465:Southern Min
452:Ho̍h-ló-lâng
450:
435:Hoklo people
434:
432:
401:
377:Christianity
362:Confucianism
210:22,277,000 (
172:60,000,000 (
121:Ethnic group
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3339:Australians
3296:Indonesians
3115:Hongkongers
3029:Waishengren
3020: [
3008: [
2991: [
2944:Gaoshan Han
2909: [
2808:Ngái people
2786:Hongkongers
2762:Han Chinese
2448:Anxi County
1739:). kept as
1372:"Indonesia"
1223:August 2016
1105:South China
1028:initial as
628:, the term
561:Leizhou Min
529:Philippines
241:Philippines
99:August 2022
3388:Categories
3369:Ukrainians
3310:Vietnamese
3277:Pakistanis
3160:Yue people
3062:Yunnanese
2954:Minh Hương
2869:Fuzhounese
2840:Sichuanese
2781:Taishanese
2032:2016-06-11
2006:, Springer
1931:2024-06-03
1925:Young Post
1811:2024-07-02
1751:. Manila:
1438:2005-2009
1395:26 January
1306:References
1010:consonants
741:Haklau Min
703:' – a
618:Mǐnnán rén
565:Haklau Min
543:, and the
459:who speak
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69:newspapers
3349:Canadians
3334:Americans
3289:Filipinos
3231:From Asia
3139:Returnees
2983:Taiwanese
2966:Peranakan
2939:Chuanqing
2896:Putianese
2874:Hainanese
2823:Jianghuai
2819:Mandarin
2776:Cantonese
2765:subgroups
2628:Zhangping
2476:Zhangzhou
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821:Tn̂g-lâng
701:Luo River
659:Cantonese
571:Etymology
557:Hainanese
533:Indonesia
521:Singapore
513:Hong Kong
305:Languages
252:Indonesia
230:Singapore
199:parts of
196:Guangdong
194:parts of
189:Southern
3364:Russians
3329:Africans
3242:Japanese
3066:Chin Haw
3005:Hoklokeh
2857:Panthays
2835:Shandong
2815:Hunanese
2568:Wuyishan
2431:Jinjiang
2397:Quanzhou
2079:Province
1995:6931635M
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1129:Quanzhou
1072:Diaspora
985:Language
869:Genetics
728:Ha̍k-láu
605:Mandarin
525:Malaysia
455:) are a
343:Religion
334:Filipino
296:45,000 (
219:Malaysia
201:Zhejiang
3344:Britons
3270:Nepalis
3263:Indians
3249:Koreans
3215:Teochew
3058:Waxiang
2978:Sangley
2971:Benteng
2932:Wenzhou
2901:Teochew
2610:Longyan
2574:Jian'ou
2544:Nanping
2346:Yong'an
2323:Sanming
2093:capital
1987:1887893
1861:2886054
1683:Hokkien
1636:Taihoku
1628:Hokkien
1179:Sinitic
1006:phoneme
882:Culture
824:; '
768:Ho̍h-ló
755:; '
733:Ho̍k-ló
711:of the
695:; '
692:Hô-lo̍k
663:Teochew
639:Ho̍h-ló
630:"Hoklo"
581:Hokkien
541:Myanmar
461:Hokkien
439:Chinese
404:Hokkien
324:English
314:Hokkien
293:Vietnam
288:70,000+
274:Myanmar
83:scholar
3354:French
3322:Others
3071:Kokang
3053:Tunbao
2852:Dungan
2678:Fuding
2659:Ningde
2562:Shaowu
2437:Nan'an
2425:Shishi
2285:Putian
2235:Fuqing
2188:Fuzhou
2179:cities
2112:Xiamen
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579:, the
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1286:Notes
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