Mind uploading - Knowledge (XXG)

43: 1314:. Participants at a 2011 AI workshop estimated an 85% probability that neuromorphic AI would arrive before brain emulation. This was based on the idea that brain emulation would require understanding of the workings and functions of the different brain components, along with the technological know-how to emulate neurons. To counter this idea, reverse engineering the Microsoft Windows code base is already hard, so reverse engineering the brain would likely be much harder. By a very narrow margin, the participants on balance leaned toward the view that accelerating brain emulation would increase expected AI risk. 906:(MEG, for mapping of electrical currents), or combinations of multiple methods, to build a detailed three-dimensional model of the brain using non-invasive and non-destructive methods. Today, fMRI is often combined with MEG for creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, as the methods complement each other. Even though current imaging technology lacks the spatial resolution needed to gather the information needed for such a scan, important recent and future developments are predicted to substantially improve both spatial and temporal resolutions of existing technologies. 1219:. Their emergence and existence may lead to increased risk of war, including inequality, power struggles, strong loyalty and willingness to die among emulations, and new forms of racism, xenophobia, and religious prejudice. If emulations run much faster than humans, there might not be enough time for human leaders to make wise decisions or negotiate. It is possible that humans would react violently against the growing power of emulations, especially if that depresses human wages. Emulations may not trust each other, and even well-intentioned defensive measures 1073:

all resulting minds of an uploading procedure are granted equal primacy in their claim to the original identity, such that survival of the self is determined retroactively from a strictly subjective position. Some have also asserted that consciousness is a part of an extra-biological system that is yet to be discovered; therefore it cannot be fully understood under the present constraints of neurobiology. Without the transference of consciousness, true mind-upload or perpetual immortality cannot be practically achieved.

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far from being sufficient. Operation of the brain depends on the dynamics of electrical and biochemical signal exchange between neurons; therefore, capturing them in a single "frozen" state may prove insufficient. In addition, the nature of these signals may require modeling at the molecular level and beyond. Therefore, while not rejecting the idea in principle, Miller believes that the complexity of the "absolute" duplication of an individual mind is insurmountable for the nearest hundreds of years.

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neural network could be captured and copied as a "computer file" from the brain and re-implemented into a different physical form. This is not to deny that minds are richly adapted to their substrates. An analogy to mind uploading is to copy the information state of a computer program from the memory of the computer on which it is executing to another computer and then continue its execution on the second computer. The second computer may perhaps have different hardware architecture, but it

877: 1137:. He then concludes: “If, as I argue above, a sufficiently detailed computational simulation of the brain is potentially operationally equivalent to an organic brain, it follows that we must consider extending protections against suffering to simulations.” Chalmers himself has argued that such virtual realities would be genuine realities. However, if mind uploading occurs and the uploads are not conscious, there may be a significant opportunity cost. In the book 841:, thus capturing the structure of the neurons and their interconnections. The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very slow and labor-intensive process, research is underway to automate the collection and microscopy of serial sections. The scans would then be analyzed, and a model of the neural net recreated in the system into which the mind was being uploaded. 1251: 1185: 885: 590: 7391: 5326: 7401: 4617: 5843: 1061:

while only outside observers can maintain the illusion of the original person still being alive. For it is implausible to think that one's consciousness would leave one's brain and travel to a remote location; ordinary physical objects do not behave this way. Ordinary objects (rocks, tables, etc.) are not simultaneously here, and elsewhere. At best, a copy of the original mind is created.

1080:). If a computer could process sensory inputs to generate the same outputs that a human mind does (speech, muscle movements, etc.) without necessarily having any experience of consciousness, then it may be impossible to determine whether the uploaded mind is truly conscious, and not merely an automaton that externally behaves the way a human would. Thought experiments like the 1163:

biological version was terminally ill or in a coma? Would it help to treat emulations as adolescents for a few years so that the biological creator would maintain temporary control? Would criminal emulations receive the death penalty, or would they be given forced data modification as a form of "rehabilitation"? Could an upload have marriage and child-care rights?

5338: 511:. This questions the concept of identity. From the perspective of the biological brain, the simulated brain may just be a copy, even if it is conscious and has an indistinguishable character. As such, the original biological being, before the uploading, might consider the digital twin to be a new and independent being rather than the future self. 5107: 365:. Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our "mind-file", to enable interstellar space travel, and a means for human culture to survive a global disaster by making a functional copy of a human society in a computing device. Whole-brain emulation is discussed by some futurists as a "logical endpoint" of the topical 299:, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains. According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility. 1121:. The neuroscience required to develop brain emulation would require animal experimentation, first on invertebrates and then on small mammals before moving on to humans. Sometimes the animals would just need to be euthanized in order to extract, slice, and scan their brains, but sometimes behavioral and 1281:

Kenneth D. Miller, a professor of neuroscience at Columbia University and a co-director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, raised doubts about the practicality of mind uploading. His major argument is that reconstructing neurons and their connections is in itself a formidable task, but it is

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Many questions arise regarding the legal personhood of emulations. Would they be given the rights of biological humans? If a person makes an emulated copy of themselves and then dies, does the emulation inherit their property and official positions? Could the emulation ask to "pull the plug" when its

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Others have argued against such conclusions. For example, Buddhist transhumanist James Hughes has pointed out that this consideration only goes so far: if one believes the self is an illusion, worries about survival are not reasons to avoid uploading, and Keith Wiley has presented an argument wherein

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If neuroscience is the bottleneck on brain emulation rather than computing power, emulation advances may be more erratic and unpredictable based on when new scientific discoveries happen. Limited computing power would mean the first emulations would run slower and so would be easier to adapt to, and

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wrote: “I would be glad to know... whether when my brain has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the same materials are fabricated so curiously as to become an intelligent being, whether, I say that being will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of

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Advocates of mind uploading point to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing power is expected to become available within a few decades. However, the actual computational requirements for running an uploaded human mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such

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There are very few feasible technologies that humans have refrained from developing. The neuroscience and computer-hardware technologies that may make brain emulation possible are widely desired for other reasons, and logically their development will continue into the future. We may also have brain

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feature that arises from large neural network high-level patterns of organization, which could be realized in other processing devices. Mind uploading relies on the idea that the human mind (the "self" and the long-term memory) reduces to the current neural network paths and the weights of synapses

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and a $ 1000 PC. Note the logarithmic scale. The (exponential) trend line for the fastest supercomputer reflects a doubling every 14 months. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg & Bostrom report is less certain about where consciousness

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The focus of mind uploading, in the case of copy-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the brain. A set of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and copy the mental contents of a brain. The LCOL approach may

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Although the number of neuronal connections in the human brain is very significant (around 100 trillions), the frequency of activation of biological neurons is limited to around 200 Hz, whereas electronic hardware can easily operate at multiple GHz. With sufficient hardware parallelism, a simulated

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It might help reduce emulation suffering to develop virtual equivalents of anaesthesia, as well as to omit processing related to pain and/or consciousness. However, some experiments might require a fully functioning and suffering animal emulation. Animals might also suffer by accident due to flaws

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In theory, if the information and processes of the mind can be disassociated from the biological body, they are no longer tied to the individual limits and lifespan of that body. Furthermore, information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other substrates

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If simulated minds would come true and if they were assigned rights of their own, it may be difficult to ensure the protection of "digital human rights". For example, social science researchers might be tempted to secretly expose simulated minds, or whole isolated societies of simulated minds, to

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raise fundamental questions about mind uploading: If an upload displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness, or even verbally insists that it is conscious, does that prove it is conscious? There might also be an absolute upper limit in processing speed, above which consciousness

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claims that at best, uploading would create a copy of the original person's mind. Schneider agrees that consciousness has a computational basis, but this does not mean we can upload and survive. According to her views, "uploading" would probably result in the death of the original person's brain,

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Cyberpunk writers and their successors have also frequently imagined the uploading of human minds into computers, thus creating a special sort of artificial intelligence that can free individuals of the limitations of biological bodies, a notion that would be notably extended in the work of Greg

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AI, because brains are messy and complicated; this could reduce risks of their rapid takeoff. Also, emulations may be bulkier and require more hardware than AI, which would also slow the speed of a transition. Unlike AI, an emulation would not be able to rapidly expand beyond the size of a human

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A full brain map has been estimated to occupy less than 2 x 10 bytes (20,000 TB) and would store the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' 10 synapses. However, the biological complexities of true brain function (e.g. the epigenetic

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Assuming physicalism is true, the mind can be defined as the information state of the brain, so it is immaterial only in the same sense as the information content of a data file, or the state of software residing in a computer's memory. In this case, data specifying the information state of the

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Greater investment in brain emulation and associated cognitive science might enhance the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to create "neuromorphic" (brain-inspired) algorithms, such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, and hierarchical perception. This could accelerate

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deals extensively with uploading from the perspective of distributed embodiment, arguing for example that humans are currently part of the "artificial life phenotype". Doyle's vision reverses the polarity on uploading, with artificial life forms such as uploads actively seeking out biological

979:. Many philosophical responses to the hard problem entail that mind uploading is fundamentally or practically impossible, while others are compatible with at least some formulations of mind uploading. Many proponents of mind uploading defend the possibility of mind uploading by recourse to 779:

When modelling and simulating the brain of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain. For whole brain simulation, this network map should show the connectivity of the whole

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take advantage of self-reports, life-logs and video recordings that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence. A bottom-up approach may focus on the specific resolution and morphology of neurons, the spike times of neurons, the times at which neurons produce action potential responses.

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Many theorists have presented models of the brain and have established a range of estimates of the amount of computing power needed for partial and complete simulations. Using these models, some have estimated that uploading may become possible within decades if trends such as

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Research led by cognitive scientist Michael Laakasuo has shown that attitudes towards mind uploading are predicted by an individual's belief in an afterlife; the existence of mind uploading technology may threaten religious and spiritual notions of immortality and divinity.

1093:). Regardless, some scientists believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. Still other scientists believe consciousness may emerge from some form of quantum computation that is dependent on the organic substrate (see 6515: 1510:. It is distinct from the concept of transferring a consciousness from one human body to another. It is sometimes applied to a single person and other times to an entire society. Recurring themes in these stories include whether the computerized mind is truly 397:, which would not be based on existing brains. Computer-based intelligence such as an upload could think much faster than a biological human even if it were no more intelligent. A large-scale society of uploads might, according to futurists, give rise to a 4427: 4324: 1956:

The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original

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Regardless of the techniques used to capture or recreate the function of a human mind, the processing demands are likely to be immense, due to the large number of neurons in the human brain along with the considerable complexity of each neuron.

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in Switzerland, is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry, in order to accelerate experimental research on the brain. In 2009, after a successful simulation of part of a rat brain, the director

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Neuroscientists have stated that important functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memory, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain and are governed by applicable laws. For example,

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Brain emulations could be erased by computer viruses or malware, without the need to destroy the underlying hardware. This may make assassination easier than for physical humans. The attacker might take the computing power for its own use.

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A possible method for mind uploading is serial sectioning, in which the brain tissue and perhaps other parts of the nervous system are frozen and then scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a

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If one AI-development group had a lead in emulation technology, it would have more subjective time to win an arms race to build the first superhuman AI. Because it would be less rushed, it would have more freedom to consider AI

860:), this may not suffice for capturing and simulating neuron functions. It may be possible to extend the techniques of serial sectioning and to capture the internal molecular makeup of neurons, through the use of sophisticated 811:

include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, as well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electrical and chemical signal state of the synapses and neurons may be hard to extract. The uploaded mind may then perceive a

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place great hope in the belief that they may become immortal, by creating one or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological shell". However, the philosopher and transhumanist

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Consciousness is part of the natural world. It depends, we believe, only on mathematics and logic and on the imperfectly known laws of physics, chemistry, and biology; it does not arise from some magical or otherworldly

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emulations for a brief but significant period on the way to non-emulation based human-level AI. Assuming that emulation technology will arrive, a question becomes whether we should accelerate or slow its advance.

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In addition, the resulting animal emulations themselves might suffer, depending on one's views about consciousness. Bancroft argues for the plausibility of consciousness in brain simulations on the basis of the

868:. However, as the physiological genesis of 'mind' is not currently known, this method may not be able to access all of the necessary biochemical information to recreate a human brain with sufficient fidelity. 1236:

poses many hypotheses on the nature of a society of mind uploads, including that the most common minds would be copies of adults with personalities conducive to long hours of productive specialized work.

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states of neurons, protein components with multiple functional states, etc.) may preclude an accurate prediction of the volume of binary data required to faithfully represent a functioning human mind.

500:(including digital storage or another brain), thereby—from a purely mechanistic perspective—reducing or eliminating "mortality risk" of such information. This general proposal was discussed in 1971 by 2821:

Once this replica is built, we will be able to do experiments that normally take us years or are prohibitively expensive or too difficult to perform. This will greatly accelerate the pace of research.

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There are uncertainties with this approach using current microscopy techniques. If it is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure alone, then the resolution afforded by a

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Improvements in manufacturing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology may accelerate hardware production, which could increase the "computing overhang" from excess hardware relative to neuroscience.

326:, supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated mind could reside in a computer inside—or either connected to or remotely controlled by—a (not necessarily 1974:"Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity: a reaction to Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, and McDermott's critique of Kurzweil" 1024:

argued against physicalist "Academians" in the 5th century, writing that consciousness cannot be an illusion because only a conscious being can be deceived or experience an illusion.

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brain could thus in theory be made to run faster than a biological brain. Uploaded beings may therefore not only be more efficient, but also supposedly have a faster rate of

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brain may not survive the copying process or may be deliberately destroyed during it in some variants of uploading. The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or

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Emulations may not inherit all human motivations. Perhaps they would inherit our darker motivations or would behave abnormally in the unfamiliar environment of cyberspace.

555:, it would require particularly advanced technology. Editing an uploaded mind would be much easier, as long as the exact edits to be made are known. This would facilitate 937: 2571:

Hagmann, Patric; Cammoun, Leila; Gigandet, Xavier; Meuli, Reto; Honey, Christopher J.; Wedeen, Van J.; Sporns, Olaf; Friston, Karl J. (2008). Friston, Karl J. (ed.).

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Emulation research would also accelerate neuroscience as a whole, which might accelerate medical advances, cognitive enhancement, lie detectors, and capability for

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International Congress in New York, which claims to subscribe to a similar set of beliefs. Mind uploading has also been advocated by a number of researchers in

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Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.

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Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see

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claimed that "A detailed, functional artificial human brain can be built within the next 10 years". In 2013, Markram became the director of the new decade-long

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the salient features of a biological brain, and then by storing and copying that information state into a computer system or another computational device. The

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circles and elsewhere on the net. That site has not been actively updated in recent years, but it has spawned other sites including MindUploading.org, run by

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Roadmap. "Given the complexities and conceptual issues of consciousness we will not examine criteria 6abc, but mainly examine achieving criteria 1–5." p. 11.

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Human abilities, behavioral tendencies, and vulnerabilities are more thoroughly understood, thus control measures might be more intuitive and easier to plan.

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and neuroscientists have predicted that advanced computers will be capable of thought and even attain consciousness, including Koch and Tononi,

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brain emulations, as well as creating neuromorphic emulations that draw inspiration from biological brains but are built somewhat differently.

1089:, believe that whether a separate entity is conscious is impossible to know with confidence, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see 996:

accounts seek to avoid the hard problem of consciousness by explaining it in terms of immaterial (and presumably inaccessible) substances like

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of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a

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would suffice for such a technique. However, as the function of brain tissue is partially determined by molecular events (particularly at

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Waiting might give society more time to think about the consequences of brain emulation and develop institutions to improve cooperation.

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brain. Emulations running at digital speeds would have less intelligence differential vis-à-vis AI and so might more easily control AI.

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cannot be sustained. The subjectivity of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question. Numerous scientists, including

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Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by either of two methods: copy-and-upload or copy-and-delete by gradual replacement of

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controlled experiments in which many copies of the same minds are exposed (serially or simultaneously) to different test conditions.

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While some researchers believe editing human brains to be physically possible in theory, for example by performing neurosurgery with

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emulating the brain takes control of the body. In the case of the former method, mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and

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Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels, along with the fastest and slowest

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Many transhumanists look forward to the development and deployment of mind uploading technology, with transhumanists such as

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of interactions within the brain, having no causal power of its own and being entirely downstream from the brain's activity.

20: 1065:, a sub-branch of neuroscience, states that consciousness may be thought of as a state-dependent property of some undefined 1000:, which would pose a fundamental or at least practical challenge to the feasibility of artificial consciousness in general. 361:"). Some believe mind uploading is humanity's current best option for preserving the identity of the species, as opposed to 7426: 7315: 7040: 7015: 6949: 6836: 6826: 6798: 6724: 6490: 6103: 6044: 6000: 5938: 5874: 5847: 5813: 3158: 2857: 1057: 964: 5650: 5613: 5017: 4075: 292: 72: 7259: 7101: 6937: 6248: 4463: 3702:"Would you exchange your soul for immortality? – Existential Meaning and Afterlife Beliefs Predict Mind Upload Approval" 3379: 2227: 1633: 989: 845: 382: 2953: 920:

Ongoing work in the field of brain simulation includes partial and whole simulations of some animals. For example, the

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and lack of insight into what parts of their brains are suffering. Questions also arise regarding the moral status of

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my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being.” Although the name of

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predicting that it will become possible within the 21st century due to technological trends such as Moore's law.

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In light of uncertainty about whether mind uploads are conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:

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of emulation behavior under self-improvement might be much less predictable than the evolution of safe

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Mind uploading—transferring an individual's personality to a computer—appears in several works of

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Required computational capacity strongly depends on the chosen level of simulation model scale:

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than biological brains (e.g. experiencing an hour of lifetime in a single second of real time).

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Even if there is a slow takeoff toward emulations, there would still be a second transition to

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and the precise control of the well-being, motivations or personality of the emulated beings.

520: 469: 390: 323: 160: 97: 4382: 4276: 3292: 2728:"An insect brain computational model inspired by Drosophila melanogaster: Simulation results" 2681:"Theory of the locomotion of nematodes: control of the somatic motor neurons by interneurons" 7162: 7060: 6889: 6555: 6076: 5791: 5707: 5640: 5633: 5608: 5546: 5526: 5481: 5476: 5250: 5189: 5071: 4783: 4672: 4192: 4137: 4021: 3764: 3723: 3713: 3672: 3620: 3493: 3455: 3412: 3371: 2987: 2735: 2692: 2643: 2594: 2584: 2520: 2254: 2118: 2068: 2050: 1985: 1889: 1881: 1832: 1814: 1770: 1736: 1701: 1659: 1591: 1546: 1541: 1387: 1220: 1052: 915: 789: 532: 504: 422: 374: 370: 311: 284: 7355: 7202: 7177: 7132: 6455: 6120: 6088: 6056: 5890: 5667: 5655: 5132: 5127: 5076: 5031: 4923: 4848: 4798: 4743: 4727: 4242: 2769: 2558: 2550: 2498: 2447: 2364:

Bostrom, Nick (March 27, 2024). "Handout 2: Some capabilities at technological maturity".

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to the human body. It would allow for the use of smaller spacecraft, such as the proposed

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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continue. As of December 2022, this kind of technology is almost entirely theoretical.

477: 350: 307: 287:, including animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers, 248: 3317: 2073: 2030: 894:

It may be possible to create functional 3D maps of the brain activity, using advanced

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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders

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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders

4319: 4234: 3786: 3513: 2696: 2665: 2491: 2178: 2099: 1654: 1551: 1511: 1228: 1041: 972: 943: 594: 465: 439: 434: 430: 346: 315: 185: 3853: 3467: 2783: 2274: 7137: 6927: 6884: 6615: 6535: 6475: 6450: 6387: 5732: 5600: 5486: 5454: 5296: 5265: 5255: 5173: 5081: 4889: 4707: 4692: 4662: 4586: 4576: 4536: 4080: 4026: 3803: 2290:"Identity crisis: Artificial intelligence and the flawed logic of 'mind uploading'" 2223: 2130: 1969: 1934: 1782: 1644: 1437: 1418: 1406: 1400: 1233: 1144: 1094: 1086: 1081: 895: 793: 766: 524: 461: 296: 280: 256: 165: 4229:; Curl, Ruth (1996). "Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction". In 4108:"'Mind Uploading' & Digital Immortality May Be Reality By 2045, Futurists Say" 3938: 3769: 3752: 816:

of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.

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Bancroft, Tyler D. (Aug 2013). "Ethical Aspects of Computational Neuroscience".

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The process of developing emulation technology raises ethical issues related to

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The main philosophical problem faced by "mind uploading" or mind copying is the

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Immortal Engines: Life Extension and Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy

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Because of the postulated difficulties that a whole brain emulation-generated

967:: the difficulty of explaining how a physical entity such as a human can have 686: 319: 201: 144: 62: 3778: 3686: 3634: 3505: 3126: 2704: 2339:

Bostrom, Nick (March 27, 2024). "Handout 10: downloading and brain editing".

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Laakasuo, Michael; Sundvall, Jukka; Drosinou, Marianna; et al. (2023).

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Martin, G. M. (1971). "Brief proposal on immortality: an interim solution".

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there would be more time for the technology to transition through society.

7111: 6253: 6179: 5995: 5561: 5536: 4516: 3244:"My Brain, my Mind, and I: Some Philosophical Problems of Mind-Uploading" 2842: 2834: 1596: 1426: 993: 702: 552: 362: 342: 327: 267: 259: 252: 5354: 1885: 1468:

may enable people to be transported vast distances at near light-speed.

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As counterpoint to these considerations, Bostrom notes some downsides:

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expresses concern that we could build a "Disneyland without children."

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An "uploaded astronaut" could be used instead of a "live" astronaut in

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Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in

57: 5106: 3286:"Seeking normative guidelines for novel future forms of consciousness" 1125:

measures would be required, which might cause pain to living animals.

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was coined in 1994, debate surrounding the problem itself is ancient.

6049: 5194: 4521: 3531: 3061:(Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2908:

Chalmers, David (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness".

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Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control

3398:"Why Uploading Will Not Work, or, the Ghosts Haunting Transhumanism" 2930: 2648: 2623: 1215:

Emulations might be preceded by a technological arms race driven by

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rejects creating one, simply calling it "so obviously a bad idea".

983:, which includes the philosophical belief that consciousness is an 6132: 6005: 5859: 5556: 4788: 4189:

All the Wonder that Would Be: Exploring Past Notions of the Future

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The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

2391:"A New Field of Neuroscience Aims to Map Connections in the Brain" 1373:

AI later on. Two intelligence explosions may mean more total risk.

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Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics

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Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment

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Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence

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fruit fly, and mouse have all been simulated to various degrees.

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Sandberg, Anders (14 April 2014). "Ethics of brain emulations".

2228:"Live Forever–Uploading The Human Brain...Closer Than You Think" 2152: 1756:"Coalescing minds: brain uploading-related group mind scenarios" 997: 414: 273: 5863: 5358: 4990: 4452: 1040:

was among the first to describe mental experience as merely an

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Shulman, Carl; Sandberg, Anders (2010). Mainzer, Klaus (ed.).

3318:"When Should Two Minds Be Considered Versions of One Another?" 1687:"A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind's substrate" 1244: 1178: 880:

Process from MRI acquisition to whole brain structural network

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movement, mind uploading is treated as an important proposed

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ECAP10: VIII European Conference on Computing and Philosophy

3184: 2883:"Why the human brain project went wrong and how to fix it" 2726:

Arena, Paolo; Patane, Luca; Termini, Pietro Savio (2010).

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Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL (March 2008).

796:. Destructive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a 3932: 3930: 3928: 3812:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 528. 1069:, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system. 1011:

These philosophical issues have a long history. In 1775,

4060:"Today's Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future" 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3991:

Bostrom, Nick (2014). "Ch. 14: The strategic picture".

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Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy

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would pose for the control problem, computer scientist

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Emulations could more easily inherit human motivations.

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Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature

3291:. University of California, Santa Cruz. Archived from 3111:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press. 2573:"Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex" 1862:"Identifying natural images from human brain activity" 1727:

Goertzel, Ben; Ikle', Matthew (2012). "Introduction".

3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3159:"Response to Susan Schneider's "Philosophy of 'Her"" 2971:

Yoonsuck Choe; Jaerock Kwon; Ji Ryang Chung (2012).

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Arguments for speeding up brain-emulation research:

19:"Mind transfer" redirects here. For other uses, see 7298: 7278: 7211: 7125: 7094: 6998: 6913: 6870: 6861: 6797: 6776: 6740: 6695: 6688: 6639: 6396: 6375: 6368: 6262: 6202: 6148: 5962: 5897: 5680: 5599: 5399: 5392: 5284: 5208: 5182: 5141: 5114: 5024: 4968: 4908: 4857: 4736: 4640: 4624: 4489: 4360:. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 173–174. 4191:. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 276–278. 3267:"You Might Never Upload Your Brain Into a Computer" 3189:(1st ed.). Humanity+ Press and Alautun Press. 1492:embodiment as part of their reproductive strategy. 935:, initiated by the Brain and Mind Institute of the 800:including synaptic details is possible as of 2010. 16:

Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain

377:for medical research purposes. It is discussed in 4285:Our Stories: Essays on Life, Death, and Free Will 3006:"The Duplicates Paradox (The Duplicates Problem)" 2954:"Clearing Up Misconceptions About Mind Uploading" 2414:Bostrom, Nick (2017). "Speed superintelligence". 2094: 2092: 1483:beings, but also deals with human mind transfer. 1355:Even if we better understand human behavior, the 403:numerous science fiction novels, films, and games 4431:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 418–420. 3854:"Implications of a Software-Limited Singularity" 2546: 2544: 1473:Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds 1305:Arguments for slowing brain-emulation research: 4898:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To 4602:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 3986: 3984: 3982: 3599:Eckersley, Peter; Sandberg, Anders (Dec 2013). 3479: 3477: 2366:Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World 2341:Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World 2035:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1102: 445: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3405:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3363:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2980:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1763:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1729:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1694:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 421:property of the information processing of its 5875: 5370: 5002: 4464: 3993:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 3912:"Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import" 3879: 3877: 3835:"Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?" 3646: 3644: 3559:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 3057:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 2446:. Carboncopies.org Foundation. Archived from 2416:Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies 864:staining methods that could then be read via 221: 8: 4287:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–101. 3561:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 3186:A Taxonomy and Metaphysics of Mind-Uploading 3076: 3074: 2315:"Uploaded e-crews for interstellar missions" 1803:"A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience" 1796: 1794: 1792: 1518:is preserved. It is a common feature of the 1464:and whole brain emulation using an advanced 413:Many neuroscientists believe that the human 4328:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 154. 3336:"Goertzel Contra Dvorsky on Mind Uploading" 3023:Augustine of Hippo. "Book 11, Chapter 26". 1328:Emulations might be easier to control than 775:Scanning and mapping scale of an individual 6867: 6692: 6372: 6206: 5966: 5882: 5868: 5860: 5842: 5396: 5377: 5363: 5355: 5009: 4995: 4987: 4471: 4457: 4449: 4218: 4216: 3657:Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 3605:Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 2202:. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 261–262. 902:(fMRI, for mapping change in blood flow), 539:, and it would enable virtually unlimited 228: 214: 25: 4557:Index of topics related to life extension 3939:"Singularity Summit 2011 Workshop Report" 3937:Salamon, Anna; Muehlhauser, Luke (2012). 3910:Muehlhauser, Luke; Salamon, Anna (2012). 3798: 3796: 3768: 3727: 3717: 3676: 3624: 2973:"Time, Consciousness, and Mind Uploading" 2647: 2598: 2588: 2492:Large scale analysis of neural structures 2072: 2054: 1989: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1893: 1836: 1818: 1754:Sotala, Kaj; Valpola, Harri (June 2012). 1623:Thought recording and reproduction device 1489:Wetwares: Experiments in PostVital Living 1452:Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible 1342:Emulations are harder to manipulate than 4389:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28. 3536:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 938:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 616: 381:research publications as an approach to 255:the mental state of the individual in a 5472:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor 5430:Applications of artificial intelligence 3946:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 3833:Miller, Kenneth D. (October 10, 2015). 3355:"The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment" 3059:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2679:Niebur, E.; Erdös, P. (November 1993). 2622:Glover, Paul; Bowtell, Richard (2009). 1984:(18, Special Review Issue): 1161–1173. 1801:Fan, Xue; Markram, Henry (2019-05-07). 1677: 1522:subgenre, sometimes taking the form of 746:Stochastic behavior of single molecules 193: 152: 131: 115: 49: 33: 6626:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 5698:Differential technological development 3751:Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (2022-07-18). 2765: 2755: 2480:. Stanford Medicine. 21 December 2009. 2389:Caruso, Catherine (January 19, 2023). 2624:"Medical imaging: MRI rides the wave" 2513:"Uploading: A Philosophical Analysis" 2199:I of the vortex: from neurons to self 2148:"Tech Luminaries Address Singularity" 484:Theoretical benefits and applications 7: 5591:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 5337: 2247:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1008:the hardware of the first computer. 576:Relevant technologies and techniques 5787:Future-oriented technology analysis 5450:Progress in artificial intelligence 4159:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 3143:Transhumanism and Personal Identity 2784:"Mouse brain simulated on computer" 2313:Prisco, Giulio (12 December 2012). 2181:(June 1991). "Conscious Machines". 1175:Political and economic implications 3265:Dvorsky, George (April 17, 2013). 3081:Schneider, Susan (March 2, 2014). 2835:"Artificial brain '10 years away'" 1063:Neural correlates of consciousness 866:confocal laser scanning microscopy 14: 2952:Cortese, Franco (June 17, 2013). 2833:Fildes, Jonathan (22 July 2009). 2511:Chalmers, David J. (2014-06-13). 1665:Neural network (machine learning) 1613:Technologically enabled telepathy 1018:the hard problem of consciousness 759: 7399: 7390: 7389: 5974:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 5841: 5336: 5325: 5324: 5105: 4615: 2935:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2911:Journal of Consciousness Studies 1940:Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap 1249: 1183: 988:in the brain. In contrast, many 262:. The computer would then run a 41: 5487:Fourth-generation optical discs 4632:Timeline of senescence research 3601:"Is Brain Emulation Dangerous?" 3334:Morem, Sally (April 21, 2013). 3183:Wiley, Keith (September 2014). 3157:Wiley, Keith (March 20, 2014). 2931:"The Universe in Consciousness" 2856:Epstein, Robert (18 May 2016). 2288:Rosenberg, Louis (2022-08-13). 1241:Emulation timelines and AI risk 1221:might be interpreted as offense 640:Analog network population model 387:artificial general intelligence 7351:Science and technology studies 4383:"Artificial Intelligence (AI)" 3217:Ruparel, Bhavik (2018-07-30). 2029:Hopfield, J. J. (1982-04-01). 1109:Ethical and legal implications 21:Mind transfer (disambiguation) 1: 5814:Technology in science fiction 3884:Hanson, Robin (26 Nov 2009). 3770:10.1080/13576275.2022.2100250 3038:Descartes, René (1637). "4". 2815:. 19 May 2015. Archived from 2440:"Substrate-Independent Minds" 1807:Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 1409:, director of engineering at 965:hard problem of consciousness 310:brain no longer exists and a 4197:10.1007/978-3-319-51759-9_10 3460:10.1080/0952813X.2014.895113 3396:Hopkins, Patrick D. (2012). 3242:Hauskeller, Michael (2012). 2881:Theil, Stefan (2015-10-01). 2697:10.1016/0025-5564(93)90033-7 2590:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159 2104:"Can machines be conscious?" 1991:10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.011 1634:The Future of Work and Death 856:places on the neuron's cell 846:scanning electron microscope 832:Serial sectioning of a brain 243:is a speculative process of 6895:Space stations and habitats 4759:Alliance for Aging Research 4419:"Immortality and Longevity" 4247:University of Georgia Press 3995:. Oxford University Press. 3353:Rothblatt, Martine (2012). 2501:, CSL-89-10 November 1989, 2418:. Oxford University Press. 718:States of protein complexes 7468: 5819:Technology readiness level 5755:Technological unemployment 5159:Computational neuroscience 5062:Intelligence amplification 4794:Gerontology Research Group 4237:; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). 4072:Carnegie Mellon University 3719:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254846 3651:Muzyka, Kamil (Dec 2013). 3219:"On Achieving Immortality" 3053:Robinson, William (2023), 2929:Kastrup, Bernardo (2018). 2740:10.1109/IJCNN.2010.5596513 2183:Machinery of Consciousness 2123:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4531463 1618:Teletransportation paradox 1499: 1363:AI under self-improvement. 1323:psychological manipulation 1312:risks from uncontrolled AI 1047:A considerable portion of 913: 635:(Earliest year of making) 633:$ 1 million super‐computer 492: 367:computational neuroscience 103:Intelligence amplification 18: 7384: 7341:Museum of Science Fiction 7286:Christian science fiction 7250:Self-replicating machines 6209: 5969: 5837: 5802:Technological singularity 5762:Technological convergence 5320: 5103: 4834:MPI for Biology of Ageing 4613: 4567:Longevity escape velocity 4381:Booker, M. Keith (2014). 3498:10.1007/s12152-012-9163-7 3417:10.1142/S1793843012400136 3376:10.1142/S1793843012400070 3107:Squire, Larry R. 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Koene, and 389:) and to at least weak 379:artificial intelligence 7371:Technology and society 6239:Science Fiction Museum 5777:Technology forecasting 5772:Technological paradigm 5745:Proactionary principle 5619:Electroencephalography 5586:Software-defined radio 5154:Cognitive neuroscience 4607:Transhumanist politics 4092:Moravec, Hans (1988). 4058:Moravec, Hans (1979). 3678:10.2478/jagi-2013-0010 3626:10.2478/jagi-2013-0011 3557:Bostrom, Nick (2014). 3316:Goertzel, Ben (2012). 3140:Hughes, James (2013). 2395:Harvard medical school 2056:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 1106: 904:magnetoencephalography 891: 889:Magnetoencephalography 881: 833: 655:Spiking neural network 607:an argument specious. 603: 450: 393:. Another approach is 357:technology (known as " 251:is used to completely 68:Biomedical engineering 6970:Organ transplantation 6229:Libraries and museums 6150:Cyberpunk derivatives 6104:Utopian and dystopian 5703:Disruptive innovation 5386:Emerging technologies 5302:Simulation hypothesis 4959:Rejuvenation Research 4952:Neurobiology of Aging 4829:Methuselah Foundation 4354:"Reshaping the Human" 4275:; Curl, Ruth (2009). 4064:Field Robotics Center 3284:Oto, Brandon (2011). 2259:10.1353/pbm.1971.0015 1685:Bamford, Sim (2012). 1608:Simulation hypothesis 1514:, and if so, whether 977:subjective experience 887: 879: 831: 592: 570:subjective experience 557:cognitive enhancement 245:whole brain emulation 171:Morphological freedom 108:Whole brain emulation 83:Distributed cognition 7427:Fictional technology 7321:Fictional technology 7316:Fictional astronauts 7173:Frankenstein complex 5750:Technological change 5693:Collingridge dilemma 5413:Ambient intelligence 5122:Electrocorticography 5115:Scientific phenomena 5087:Sensory substitution 4281:Fischer, John Martin 4273:Fischer, John Martin 4227:Fischer, John Martin 2517:Intelligence Unbound 1640:Vertiginous question 1462:quantum entanglement 1454:, based on his book 1078:philosophical zombie 959:Philosophical issues 898:technology, such as 862:immunohistochemistry 181:Techno-progressivism 7361:Speculative fiction 6955:Genetic engineering 5807:Technology scouting 5782:Accelerating change 5435:Machine translation 5097:Synthetic telepathy 4804:Immortalist Society 4552:Indefinite lifespan 4532:Free-radical theory 4512:Calorie restriction 4502:Anti-aging movement 3669:2013JAGI....4..164M 3617:2013JAGI....4..170E 2888:Scientific American 2640:2009Natur.457..971G 2047:1982PNAS...79.2554H 2010:sf-encyclopedia.com 1886:10.1038/nature06713 1878:2008Natur.452..352K 1572:Human Brain Project 1562:Cylon (reimagining) 1524:digital immortality 1415:Global Futures 2045 948:Human Brain Project 771: 541:interstellar travel 495:Digital immortality 454:computer scientists 373:fields, both about 359:digital immortality 345:and within part of 124:Cyborg anthropology 88:Genetic engineering 29:Part of a series on 7188:Message from space 7153:Ancient astronauts 7041:Parallel universes 7016:Extrasolar planets 6923:Biological warfare 6045:Parallel universes 5927:Scientific romance 5824:Technology roadmap 5460:Speech recognition 5445:Mobile translation 5418:Internet of things 5312:Walk Again Project 5231:J. C. R. Licklider 5169:Neural engineering 4874:The First Immortal 4350:Blackford, Russell 4068:Robotics Institute 3087:The New York Times 3055:"Epiphenomenalism" 2809:"Bluebrain - EPFL" 2557:2008-02-01 at the 2497:2012-02-04 at the 2490:Merkle, R., 1989, 2196:Llinas, R (2001). 1587:Open individualism 1022:Augustine of Hippo 933:Blue Brain Project 892: 882: 834: 604: 458:Douglas Hofstadter 176:Singularitarianism 7414: 7413: 7306:Alternate history 7294: 7293: 7255:Simulated reality 6985:Sex and sexuality 6938:Extraterrestrials 6857: 6856: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6421:Campbell Memorial 6198: 6197: 6067:Planetary romance 5857: 5856: 5676: 5675: 5661:Visual prosthesis 5569:Optical computing 5352: 5351: 5292:Human enhancement 5221:Douglas Engelbart 5149:Cognitive science 4984: 4983: 4814:Insilico Medicine 4653:Eric R. Braverman 4597:Stem-cell therapy 4438:978-0-313-32951-7 4396:978-0-8108-7884-6 4367:978-3-319-61685-8 4335:978-0-313-32951-7 4294:978-0-19-537495-7 4249:. pp. 3–12. 4206:978-3-319-51759-9 4138:Stableford, Brian 4036:978-0-525-55861-3 2858:"The empty brain" 2749:978-1-4244-6916-1 2634:(7232): 971–972. 2425:978-0-19-967811-2 2226:(February 2000). 2209:978-0-262-62163-2 1972:(December 2007). 1383:Stuart J. Russell 1379:superintelligence 1279: 1278: 1213: 1212: 1140:Superintelligence 1030:mind-body dualism 1028:, the founder of 824:Serial sectioning 805:short-term memory 790:sensory receptors 772: 758: 671:Electrophysiology 521:human spaceflight 515:Space exploration 391:superintelligence 334:, biological, or 238: 237: 161:Cognitive liberty 98:Human enhancement 7459: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7231:Astroengineering 7163:Evil corporation 6890:Matrioshka brain 6868: 6807:List of TV shows 6693: 6373: 6207: 6077:Sword and planet 5967: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5845: 5844: 5792:Horizon scanning 5708:Ephemeralization 5641:Neuroprosthetics 5634:Neuroinformatics 5609:Artificial brain 5547:Racetrack memory 5482:Extended reality 5477:Cybermethodology 5397: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5356: 5340: 5339: 5328: 5327: 5251:Miguel Nicolelis 5190:Brain transplant 5109: 5072:Neuroprosthetics 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4882:Fantastic Voyage 4673:Leonard Hayflick 4619: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4442: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4268: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4185:"Mind Uploading" 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074:. 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Martin 502:biogerontologist 423:neuronal network 375:brain simulation 371:neuroinformatics 312:computer program 285:computer science 230: 223: 216: 194:Related articles 45: 26: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7442:Neurotechnology 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7380: 7356:Sense of wonder 7290: 7274: 7207: 7203:Xenoarchaeology 7178:Galactic empire 7133:Africanfuturism 7121: 7090: 6994: 6909: 6853: 6793: 6772: 6736: 6676: 6635: 6398: 6392: 6364: 6258: 6194: 6144: 6121:Techno-thriller 6089:Climate fiction 6057:Science fantasy 6011:Anime and manga 5958: 5917:Anthropological 5893: 5891:Science fiction 5888: 5858: 5853: 5833: 5672: 5668:Neurotechnology 5656:Retinal implant 5595: 5406: 5403: 5402:Information and 5388: 5383: 5353: 5348: 5316: 5280: 5204: 5178: 5137: 5133:Neuroplasticity 5128:Neural ensemble 5110: 5101: 5077:Neurotechnology 5032:Biomechatronics 5020: 5015: 4985: 4980: 4964: 4904: 4853: 4849:Sierra Sciences 4799:Human Longevity 4744:2045 Initiative 4732: 4728:Michael D. 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June 18, 2013 4112:Huffington Post 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4037: 4017:Russell, Stuart 4015: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3990: 3989: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3890:Overcoming Bias 3883: 3882: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3598: 3597: 3576: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3528:Chalmers, David 3526: 3525: 3521: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3445: 3444: 3431: 3423: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3119: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3062: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2941:(5–6): 125–155. 2928: 2927: 2923: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2819:on 2006-01-14. 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2764: 2754: 2750: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2649:10.1038/457971a 2621: 2620: 2616: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2559:Wayback Machine 2549: 2542: 2535: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2499:Wayback Machine 2489: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1929: 1928: 1911: 1872:(7185): 352–5. 1859: 1858: 1854: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1650:2045 Initiative 1602:Ship of Theseus 1532: 1508:science fiction 1504: 1498: 1477:Gregory S. Paul 1431:Randal A. Koene 1397: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1111: 1058:Susan Schneider 961: 956: 918: 912: 874: 826: 777: 760:Estimates from 634: 629: 624: 587: 578: 565: 549: 517: 497: 491: 486: 411: 324:simulated world 289:virtual reality 234: 93:Human ecosystem 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7465: 7463: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Rubber science 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7326:Future history 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7148:Alien language 7145: 7143:Alien invasion 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7107:Mind uploading 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 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6400: 6397:Literary, art, 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5624:Mind uploading 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5440:Machine vision 5437: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5409: 5407: 5404:communications 5400: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5334: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216:Charles Stross 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5200:Mind uploading 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Isolated brain 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4976:Life extension 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4938:Biogerontology 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4866:Life Extension 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4774:Buck Institute 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4698:Ilya Mechnikov 4695: 4690: 4688:Dimu Kotsovsky 4685: 4683:Cynthia Kenyon 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Aubrey de Grey 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Organ printing 4579: 4574: 4572:Mind uploading 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483:life extension 4478: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4423:Westfahl, Gary 4415:Westfahl, Gary 4406: 4395: 4373: 4366: 4341: 4334: 4320:Westfahl, Gary 4303: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4269: 4255: 4235:Westfahl, Gary 4222: 4212: 4205: 4172: 4162:(4th ed.) 4125: 4099: 4084: 4078:on 2022-12-19. 4050: 4035: 4008: 4002:978-0199678112 4001: 3958: 3924: 3902: 3873: 3844: 3839:New York Times 3825: 3818: 3792: 3743: 3692: 3663:(3): 164–169. 3640: 3611:(3): 170–194. 3574: 3568:978-0199678112 3567: 3549: 3542: 3519: 3492:(2): 415–418. 3473: 3454:(3): 439–457. 3429: 3426:on 2012-09-06. 3411:(1): 229–243. 3388: 3385:on 2013-08-27. 3370:(1): 141–158. 3345: 3326: 3308: 3276: 3257: 3234: 3209: 3196:978-0692279847 3195: 3175: 3149: 3132: 3117: 3099: 3070: 3045: 3030: 3015: 2997: 2963: 2944: 2921: 2900: 2873: 2848: 2825: 2800: 2775: 2766:|journal= 2748: 2718: 2671: 2614: 2563: 2540: 2533: 2503: 2483: 2469: 2460: 2431: 2424: 2406: 2381: 2375:978-1646871643 2374: 2356: 2350:978-1646871643 2349: 2331: 2319:kurzweilai.net 2305: 2280: 2253:(2): 339–340. 2237: 2215: 2208: 2188: 2179:Minsky, Marvin 2170: 2136: 2100:Koch, Christof 2088: 2021: 1997: 1961: 1909: 1852: 1788: 1769:(1): 293–312. 1746: 1719: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577:Isolated brain 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1396: 1393: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1337: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1277: 1276: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1211: 1210: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1135:David Chalmers 1115:animal welfare 1110: 1107: 1049:transhumanists 1026:René Descartes 960: 957: 955: 952: 914:Main article: 911: 908: 900:functional MRI 873: 870: 852:, but also at 839:ultramicrotome 825: 822: 809:working memory 782:nervous system 776: 773: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 743: 742: 739: 736: 733: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 715: 714: 711: 708: 705: 699: 698: 695: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 676: 673: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 651: 650: 647: 644: 641: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 595:supercomputers 586: 583: 577: 574: 564: 561: 548: 545: 531:of space, and 516: 513: 493:Main article: 490: 487: 485: 482: 470:Rodolfo Llinás 417:is largely an 410: 407: 351:life extension 241:Mind uploading 236: 235: 233: 232: 225: 218: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 196: 195: 191: 190: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 155: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 134: 133: 129: 128: 127: 126: 118: 117: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 52: 51: 47: 46: 38: 37: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7464: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7447:Transhumanism 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7336:Magic realism 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212:Technological 7210: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Transhumanism 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:First contact 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095:Psychological 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:Teleportation 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Portable hole 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6872:Architectural 6869: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6768:Short stories 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Tähtivaeltaja 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6038:Space Western 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6023:Space warfare 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5829:Transhumanism 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Brain implant 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Brain-reading 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5579:Chipless RFID 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5345: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Transhumanism 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5276:Edward Boyden 5274: 5272: 5271:Yoky Matsuoka 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Merlin Donald 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Kevin Warwick 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Brain implant 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737:Organizations 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Denham Harman 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497:Anti-oxidants 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4256:0-8203-1733-0 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181:Webb, Stephen 4176: 4173: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4094:Mind Children 4088: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3819:9780198754626 3815: 3811: 3810: 3809:The Age of Em 3805: 3804:Hanson, Robin 3799: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3543:9780393635805 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3298:on 2014-01-03 3294: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3254:(1): 187–200. 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118:9780123740199 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2918:(3): 200–219. 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:ATLUM Project 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534:9781118736418 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2450:on 2014-01-03 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2368:. Ideapress. 2367: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2343:. Ideapress. 2342: 2335: 2332: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Kurzweil, Ray 2219: 2216: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2160:on 2009-05-01 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:IEEE Spectrum 2105: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2011: 2007: 2006:"SFE: Upload" 2001: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Goertzel, Ben 1965: 1962: 1958: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935:Boström, Nick 1932: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655:Dmitry Itskov 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552:Brain-reading 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485:Richard Doyle 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229:The Age of Em 1224: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1131:fading qualia 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042:epiphenomenon 1039: 1038:Thomas Huxley 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 958: 953: 951: 949: 945: 944:Henry Markram 940: 939: 934: 929: 927: 923: 917: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 890: 886: 878: 872:Brain imaging 871: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 830: 823: 821: 817: 815: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 774: 770: 768: 764: 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 740: 737: 734: 731: 730: 726: 723: 720: 717: 716: 712: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 696: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638: 632: 628:Memory demand 627: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 608: 600: 596: 591: 584: 582: 575: 573: 571: 562: 560: 558: 554: 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 514: 512: 510: 506: 503: 496: 488: 483: 481: 479: 473: 471: 467: 466:Marvin Minsky 463: 459: 455: 449: 444: 442: 441: 440:IEEE Spectrum 436: 435:Giulio Tononi 432: 431:Christof Koch 426: 424: 420: 416: 408: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:transhumanist 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 272: 269: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 231: 226: 224: 219: 217: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 186:Transhumanism 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 54: 53: 48: 44: 40: 39: 36: 32: 28: 27: 22: 7452:Posthumanism 7366:Supernatural 7138:Afrofuturism 7051:Space travel 6960:Invisibility 6928:Energy being 6905:Terraforming 6885:Dyson sphere 6880:Colonization 6812:Australasian 6705:Film history 6486:Grand Master 5846: 5733:Robot ethics 5623: 5601:Neuroscience 5455:Semantic Web 5342: 5329: 5297:Neurohacking 5266:Vernor Vinge 5256:Peter Kyberd 5199: 5174:Neuroscience 5082:Optogenetics 5025:Technologies 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4896: 4890:Ending Aging 4888: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4708:Durk Pearson 4693:Ray Kurzweil 4663:Laura Deming 4648:Bill Andrews 4587:Rejuvenation 4577:Nanomedicine 4571: 4537:Gene therapy 4426: 4409: 4400: 4386: 4376: 4357: 4344: 4323: 4306: 4284: 4238: 4188: 4175: 4164:. Retrieved 4157: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4111: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4076:the original 4053: 4027:Viking Press 4020: 4011: 3992: 3949:. Retrieved 3945: 3918: 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3889: 3864:. Retrieved 3860: 3847: 3838: 3828: 3808: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3660: 3656: 3608: 3604: 3558: 3552: 3532: 3522: 3489: 3485: 3451: 3447: 3421:the original 3408: 3404: 3391: 3380:the original 3367: 3361: 3348: 3339: 3329: 3311: 3300:. Retrieved 3293:the original 3279: 3270: 3260: 3251: 3248:Academia.edu 3247: 3237: 3226:. Retrieved 3222: 3212: 3200:. Retrieved 3185: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3162: 3152: 3142: 3135: 3108: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3086: 3063:, retrieved 3058: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2983: 2979: 2966: 2957: 2947: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2892:. Retrieved 2886: 2876: 2865:. Retrieved 2861: 2851: 2838: 2828: 2820: 2817:the original 2812: 2803: 2792:. 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Retrieved 1939: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1810: 1806: 1766: 1762: 1749: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1700:(1): 23–34. 1697: 1693: 1680: 1645:Chinese room 1632: 1505: 1488: 1472: 1470: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1438:Nick Bostrom 1435: 1419:neuroscience 1407:Ray Kurzweil 1405: 1401:Hans Moravec 1398: 1386: 1385:in his book 1376: 1370: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1332:AI because: 1329: 1327: 1320: 1304: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1267: 1259: 1234:Robin Hanson 1227: 1225: 1214: 1201: 1193: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145:Nick Bostrom 1138: 1127: 1122: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1095:quantum mind 1087:Ray Kurzweil 1082:Chinese room 1075: 1071: 1046: 1033: 1017: 1010: 1002: 962: 936: 930: 925: 921: 919: 896:neuroimaging 893: 843: 835: 818: 803:However, if 802: 794:muscle cells 778: 761: 613: 609: 605: 579: 566: 550: 547:Mind editing 525:zero gravity 518: 498: 474: 462:Jeff Hawkins 451: 446: 438: 427: 412: 340: 301: 297:connectomics 281:neuroscience 278: 244: 240: 239: 166:Extropianism 7437:Immortality 7224:AI takeover 7071:Time travel 7031:Inertialess 7021:Force field 7011:Black holes 6980:Prosthetics 6842:Live-action 6611:Translation 6606:Tour-Apollo 6481:Golden Duck 6383:Jules Verne 6249:Women in SF 6214:Conventions 6099:Libertarian 6062:Dying Earth 6033:Space opera 6001:Inner space 5912:Definitions 5797:Moore's law 5728:Neuroethics 5723:Cyberethics 5467:Atomtronics 5183:Speculative 5142:Disciplines 4723:Roy Walford 4703:Liz Parrish 4542:Gerontology 4316:"Computers" 4146:Clute, John 3921:. 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