600:
580:. Periodically rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item impedes absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, easing the process of hygienically cleaning wooden utensils and equipment. The use of mineral oil to impede water absorption can also prevent cracks and splits from forming in wooden utensils due to wetting and drying cycles. However, some of the mineral oil used on these items, if in contact with food, will be picked up by it and therefore ingested.
36:
557:
310:
141:"Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the United States, is not sold as such in the United Kingdom. Instead, British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat more viscous varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and
442:
296:
allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as 20 μl (0.0012 cu in) per oocyte instead of several milliliters for the batch culture); and it serves as a temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation.
133:
Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and merchants who did not know, and usually had no need of knowing, the oil's precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" as being
295:
and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over the open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it
952:
IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 100F.) MINERAL OILS, UNTREATED OR MILDLY TREATED.
176:(FSA) carried out a risk assessment on the migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging—including mineral oils—into food in 2011, based on the findings of a survey conducted in the same year. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks.
615:, which can otherwise be accomplished only through prolonged use. Either the chips are placed in mineral oil for a short time, or the oil is applied to each chip then wiped off. This removes any chalky residue left-over from manufacture, and also improves the look and feel of the chips.
591:. The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its laxative effect. The maximum daily intake is calculated to be about 100 mg (1.5 gr), of which some 80 mg (1.2 gr) are contributed from its use on machines in the baking industry.
587:. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods, though it is still found in many confectioneries, including
195:
of 5 mg/m (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, with a previous limit of 10 mg/m (0.0044 gr/cu ft) for short-term exposure rescinded according to the 2019 Guide to
Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the
204:. However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of 2,500 mg/m (1.1 gr/cu ft) is indicated as being arbitrary.
1197:
815:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related the use of mineral oils in jute and sisal bags"
761:: Due to paraffin oil's freezing temperature being lower than that of water (approx. 24 °F (−4 °C)), this makes them less susceptible to freezing during shipment, or when stored in a cold environment.
649:
use of mineral oil follows industrial use, since it typically is the insulating and cooling fluid in large electrical transformers and similar equipment, such as small switches used for high-voltages.
667:
Mineral oil is burned in specialized machines (both manufactured and home-made) to produce a thick white smoke that is then blown into automotive evaporative emissions (EVAP) systems to find leaks.
169:
known to be carcinogenic to humans; Highly refined oils are classified group 3 as not suspected to be carcinogenic, from known available information sufficient to classify them as harmless.
65:
The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', '
1204:
188:
134:
1771. Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine the makeup of an oil was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "
1940:
814:
710:
Horticultural oil is often made with mineral oil as the active ingredient. It is sprayed on plants to control scale, aphid, and other pest populations by suffocation.
1897:
1571:
568:
Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden
180:
676:
in stonework and lubricating and cleaning pocket knives or food handling tools that use an open bearing, thus needing periodic lubrication. Light mineral oil (
977:
966:
264:
970:
1708:
1745:
484:
of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at 50 °C (122 °F) to 2.1 at 200 °C (392 °F). Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as a
1893:
1933:
1387:
Shkol'nikov, V. M.; L. A. Bronshtein; Yu. N. Shekhter; O. L. Drozdova (1977). "Electrical and viscosity properties of mineral oil components".
1704:
1363:
1273:
1014:
469:, where mineral oil is used as an insulator and coolant to disperse switching arcs. Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a
430:
substances. These lists of comedogenic substances were developed many years ago and are frequently quoted in the dermatological literature.
1229:
Voeller, B; Coulson, A. H.; Bernstein, G. S.; Nakamura, R. M. (1989). "Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms".
923:
850:
457:
or thermal fluid in electric components, as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in
244:. Although generally considered safe, as noted above, there is a concern of mist inhalation leading to serious health conditions such as
2170:
905:
179:
People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace through inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States, the
433:
The type of highly refined and purified mineral oil found in cosmetic and skincare products is noncomedogenic (does not clog pores).
1926:
1908:
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349:
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331:
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106:
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327:
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Before the widespread adoption of thermocyclers with heated lids, it was common practice to use mineral oil to overlay
2160:
745:
187:
for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, the
66:
1289:
1635:
1591:
Gel candles use liquids such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, or modified hydrocarbons as their primary fuel.
366:-use mineral oil is intended as a mild laxative for pets and livestock. Certain mineral oils are used in livestock
192:
184:
688:) on abrasive oil stones. Mineral oil USP or light mineral oil can be used as an anti-rust agent for their blades.
320:
716:
162:
386:, food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other
641:, and as an electrical insulator and / or coolant for extra-high voltage circuitry, such as antenna-simulating
255:
preparations as most of the ingested material is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body.
1117:
1054:
1146:
981:
1731:"Study material for the examination for Certificate of Fitness for fire producer E-28 / fire performer E-29"
1693:
744:
As a relatively low heat combustible with no flavor or odor, mineral oil can be used in entertainments for
537:
1730:
906:"Annex E - API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils"
223:
391:
2040:
724:
522:
500:
173:
599:
414:, and cosmetics. It is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on
2115:
2067:
1006:
736:
371:
1672:
758:
536:
An often-cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications,
481:
474:
268:
426:. One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of
251:
Mineral oil can be administered either orally or rectally. It is sometimes used as a lubricant in
2155:
1404:
1369:
1328:
723:
to prevent loss of water during heating cycles. It is often used to suspend crystals for use in
379:
1668:
1423:
858:
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1999:
1976:
1836:
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1359:
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1246:
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931:
485:
98:
16:
Liquid mixture of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum
1912:
1350:. International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008). pp. 514–517.
1177:
2052:
2003:
1982:
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1816:
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1396:
1351:
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It is used as a transparent collision material for reactions in particle physics, as in the
626:
493:
423:
375:
1903:
880:
35:
2109:
1184:
802:
776:
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118:
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It is an inexpensive alternative for storing reactive metals, such as the alkali metals,
453:
Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive
1564:
556:
2079:
1831:
1804:
1485:
1094:
1069:
637:
operators frequently use veterinary-grade mineral oil as an inexpensive coolant for RF
541:
427:
284:
153:, mineral oils make up Group I, II, and III base oils that are refined from petroleum.
146:
47:
20:
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1986:
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646:
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584:
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561:
514:
70:
59:
1480:
1408:
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Mineral oil is used as the principal fuel in some types of gel-type scented candles.
2127:
2097:
2085:
1966:
1029:"Oil mist (mineral). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)"
771:
588:
489:
363:
272:
233:
87:
283:
Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering micro drops of
1514:
200:. Levels of 2,500 mg/m (1.1 gr/cu ft) and higher are indicated as
1972:
954:
655:
526:
503:
458:
378:, plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with
309:
150:
135:
114:
1355:
1990:
1854:
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1028:
681:
659:
642:
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612:
607:
Mineral oil's ubiquity has led to its use in some niche applications as well:
496:
466:
419:
407:
383:
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on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites. In
374:
to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent. In the
288:
241:
166:
2009:
1821:
1780:
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510:
415:
411:
245:
142:
102:
90:
55:
27:
1840:
1789:
1764:"Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by paraffin in an amateur fire breather"
1324:
1103:
1250:
1085:
1949:
1698:
545:
446:
403:
229:
94:
1646:
583:
Mineral oil is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for
2091:
2073:
1400:
1348:
Dielectric properties of mixtures between mineral oil and natural ester
694:
530:
454:
441:
367:
334: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
122:
51:
1466:
1453:
Oommen, T.V. (2002). "Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers".
702:
685:
110:
1563:"Candles and incense as potential sources of indoor air pollution".
390:. It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin (
1125:
598:
573:
555:
440:
252:
237:
197:
80:
34:
518:
387:
201:
1922:
125:
of around 0.8–0.87 g/cm (0.029–0.031 lb/cu in).
2027:
303:
292:
101:. Mineral oils used for lubrication are known specifically as
1671:. Stanford Environmental Health & Safety. Palo Alto, CA:
662:
models with hydrodynamic suspension, and bicycle disc brakes.
1918:
1996:
971:"Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–102"
46:
is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of
1565:
Economic data on candle and incense production and sales
611:
It is commonly used to create a wear effect on new clay
1894:"Safety and Health Guideline for Oil Mist, Mineral Oil"
855:
Kaye and Laby Tables of
Physical and Chemical Constants
1303:
DiNardo, J. C. (2005). "Is mineral oil comedogenic?".
189:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
603:
Applying mineral oil to a butcher block counter top
1570:. Market analysis and literature review (Report).
86:Most often, mineral oil is a liquid obtained from
1864:(Report). Galileo Thermometer. 13 November 2002.
1151:Health Library / Drugs, Devices & Supplements
499:are based on mineral oil, especially those using
26:For crude oil found in geological deposits, see
291:, during the culture of oocytes and embryos in
1634:Norton, Patrick; Chang, Roger (9 March 2009).
1070:"First do no harm: The dangers of mineral oil"
857:. National Physical Laboratory. Archived from
449:that uses mineral oil as a heat transfer fluid
149:commonly use the term "white mineral oil". In
1934:
1898:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1572:United States Environmental Protection Agency
955:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304428/
629:of components in some custom-built computers.
529:are light mineral oils used as lubricants in
181:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
165:classifies minimally treated mineral oils as
8:
418:to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in
978:International Agency for Research on Cancer
967:International Agency for Research on Cancer
422:, is also used to remove creme make-up and
74:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1636:"How to build an oil-cooled 'aquarium' PC"
1481:"Mineral Oil Liquid Facts and Comparisons"
1389:Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils
1007:"Survey of printing inks and mineral oils"
394:) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes.
265:American Society for Reproductive Medicine
1902:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory –
1830:
1820:
1779:
1609:Puget Custom Computers (pugetsystems.com)
1538:Poker Chip Reviews (pokerchipreviews.com)
1346:Suwarno Darma, I.S.; Darma, I.S. (2008).
1093:
350:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:. However, it is known that oils degrade
202:immediately dangerous to life and health
39:Bottle of mineral oil as sold in Canada.
1762:Weinberg, I.; Fridlender, Z.G. (2010).
1751:from the original on 27 September 2016.
1173:
1171:
788:
625:It is used for cooling, such as in the
757:Paraffin oil is commonly used to fill
525:, a process known as 'jute batching'.
437:Mechanical, electrical, and industrial
402:Mineral oil is a common ingredient in
1711:from the original on 10 December 2015
1705:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
1696:. Experiment details for physicists.
1521:from the original on 19 October 2012.
1292:. whole-dog-journal.com. 12 May 2004.
911:. American Petroleum Institute. 2015.
54:source, particularly a distillate of
7:
1913:Report on food safety of mineral oil
851:"Mechanical properties of materials"
684:when sharpening edge tools (such as
332:adding citations to reliable sources
109:, colorless oil, composed mainly of
1544:from the original on 13 August 2009
1455:IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
1290:"Chronic Ear Infections in Canines"
752:act, but there is a risk of injury.
105:. More generally, mineral oil is a
1266:Guide to Equine Clinics (Volume 1)
267:for use as a fertility-preserving
58:, as distinct from usually edible
14:
2020:Additional chemicals (E1000–1599)
1871:from the original on 16 June 2015
1809:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
1178:WHO Food Additive Monograph 70.39
1017:from the original on 15 May 2012.
924:"Is my oil mineral or synthetic?"
1615:from the original on 7 July 2009
1605:"Mineral oil submerged computer"
1581:from the original on 2 June 2011
1494:from the original on 1 June 2009
1434:from the original on 20 May 2021
1422:Sayed, Abu (30 September 2013).
1317:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00150.x
980:. pp. 3, 19. Archived from
517:, and as a conditioning oil for
308:
1513:Cadbury Adams USA, LLC (2010).
1305:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
1268:. Sudz Publishing. p. 84.
319:needs additional citations for
1904:Safe handling of Alkali Metals
1669:"Information on alkali metals"
1515:"Swedish Fish Nutrition Facts"
1198:"Optimizing Natural Fertility"
1074:Paediatrics & Child Health
922:Cutler, Adam (8 August 2017).
1:
1738:New York City Fire Department
1395:(7). Springer New York: 479.
1424:"Batch and batching of jute"
1243:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90018-8
1013:. London. 15 December 2011.
796:Mineral oil (Dictionary.com)
488:. Lubricants used for older
881:"Definition of MINERAL OIL"
83:), and 'liquid petroleum'.
2202:
2171:Petroleum based lubricants
1855:Material safety data sheet
1490:. Drugs.com. 3 June 2009.
1356:10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664471
1147:"Mineral Oil rectal enema"
717:polymerase chain reactions
221:
193:recommended exposure limit
25:
18:
1956:
1603:Bach, John (5 May 2007).
1055:"Drugs & Medications"
801:30 September 2015 at the
672:It is used for polishing
654:Mineral oil is used as a
627:liquid submersion cooling
509:Mineral oil is used as a
263:It is recommended by the
228:Mineral oil is used as a
163:World Health Organization
2016:Miscellaneous (E900–999)
1532:Tucker, John (c. 2008).
1428:textileapex.blogspot.com
1264:Pasquini, Chris (1998).
19:Not to be confused with
1822:10.4103/2229-5178.93491
1703:. MiniBooN Experiment.
1187:, retrieved 20 Sep 2009
1122:Drugs & Medications
461:, where it is known as
1803:Saraf, Sanjay (2012).
1068:Weinstein, M. (2001).
824:. 2004. Archived from
678:paraffinum perliquidum
658:in some cars, such as
604:
565:
465:, and in high-voltage
450:
236:by retaining water in
224:Liquid paraffin (drug)
75:
40:
2068:Dimethyl polysiloxane
1805:"Fire-breathing burn"
1781:10.1093/occmed/kqq020
1768:Occupational Medicine
1486:Wolters Kluwer Health
1183:6 August 2007 at the
1011:Food Standards Agency
725:X-ray crystallography
602:
559:
548:may be used instead.
444:
174:Food Standards Agency
38:
2116:Microcrystalline wax
1694:"MiniBooNE detector"
1488:– A to Z Drugs Facts
759:Galileo thermometers
737:neutrino oscillation
521:fibres selected for
328:improve this article
69:' (a highly refined
2186:Household chemicals
2166:Cosmetics chemicals
1673:Stanford University
1611:(commercial site).
1210:on 12 November 2013
1086:10.1093/pch/6.3.129
885:merriam-webster.com
482:dielectric constant
475:hydraulic machinery
269:vaginal lubrication
167:carcinogens group 1
76:paraffinum liquidum
2161:Petroleum products
1977:Acidity regulators
1534:"Oiling chips FAQ"
1401:10.1007/BF00730107
987:on 25 October 2011
928:Learn Oil Analysis
605:
566:
523:textile production
451:
259:Personal lubricant
99:petroleum products
41:
2143:
2142:
2010:Flavour enhancers
2004:anticaking agents
1744:. December 2015.
1467:10.1109/57.981322
1365:978-4-88686-005-7
1275:978-0-9623114-6-8
1035:. 4 December 2014
934:on 15 August 2017
486:heat transfer oil
424:temporary tattoos
362:Over-the-counter
360:
359:
352:
2193:
2041:Improving agents
2035:Synthetic glazes
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1881:
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1742:City of New York
1740:. New York, NY:
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1645:. Archived from
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1600:
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1574:. January 2001.
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1203:. Archived from
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1155:Cleveland Clinic
1143:
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976:. Lyon, France:
975:
969:(17 June 2011).
963:
957:
953:Available from:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
930:. Archived from
919:
913:
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902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
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868:
866:
861:on 11 March 2008
847:
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840:
838:
836:
830:
822:The EFSA Journal
819:
811:
805:
793:
560:A freshly oiled
552:Food preparation
494:air conditioning
376:poultry industry
355:
348:
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78:
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2200:
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2128:Crystalline wax
2064:
2047:Packaging gases
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1649:on 15 July 2009
1643:(revision3.com)
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1185:Wayback Machine
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71:medical grade
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2103:
2086:Carnauba wax
2026:
2015:
1973:Antioxidants
1873:. Retrieved
1861:
1849:
1815:(1): 73–74.
1812:
1808:
1798:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1725:
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1697:
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1663:
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1639:
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1205:the original
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1121:
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1032:
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982:the original
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932:the original
927:
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890:10 September
888:. Retrieved
884:
875:
863:. Retrieved
859:the original
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
826:the original
821:
809:
791:
772:Oil analysis
677:
643:“can-tennas”
606:
589:Swedish Fish
582:
567:
546:rapeseed oil
535:
533:industries.
527:Spindle oils
508:
490:refrigerator
479:
459:transformers
452:
432:
404:baby lotions
401:
364:veterinarian
361:
346:
337:
326:Please help
321:verification
318:
289:petri dishes
282:
279:Cell culture
262:
250:
234:constipation
227:
208:Applications
183:has set the
178:
171:
160:
140:
132:
129:Nomenclature
115:cycloalkanes
85:
64:
43:
42:
32:
2122:Gum benzoic
2104:Mineral oil
1991:emulsifiers
1987:stabilisers
1875:20 February
1862:menards.com
1461:(1): 6–11.
1214:11 November
991:11 November
739:experiment.
656:brake fluid
639:dummy loads
613:poker chips
574:salad bowls
504:refrigerant
497:compressors
428:comedogenic
408:cold creams
380:scaly mites
213:Biomedicine
185:legal limit
151:lubrication
136:white metal
121:. It has a
107:transparent
44:Mineral oil
2150:Categories
2061:(E990–999)
2055:(E950–969)
2053:Sweeteners
2049:(E930–949)
2043:(E920–929)
2037:(E910–919)
2030:(E900–909)
2012:(E600–699)
2006:(E500–599)
2000:regulators
1993:(E400–499)
1983:Thickeners
1979:(E300–399)
1969:(E200–299)
1963:(E100–199)
1715:7 December
1701:(fnal.gov)
1585:11 October
1311:(1): 2–3.
835:27 January
783:References
682:honing oil
595:Other uses
467:switchgear
420:cold cream
384:beekeeping
300:Veterinary
242:intestines
191:has set a
157:Toxicology
145:. British
97:and other
2156:Laxatives
2098:Paraffins
1950:E numbers
1641:Revision3
938:14 August
734:MiniBooNE
699:potassium
674:alabaster
511:lubricant
416:eyelashes
412:ointments
398:Cosmetics
246:pneumonia
143:cosmetics
103:base oils
91:crude oil
56:petroleum
28:Petroleum
2181:Coolants
2110:Vaseline
1866:Archived
1841:23130274
1790:20308260
1746:Archived
1709:Archived
1699:Fermilab
1613:Archived
1576:Archived
1542:Archived
1519:Archived
1492:Archived
1432:Archived
1409:95831496
1374:24096191
1333:27106527
1325:17134413
1181:Archived
1160:20 April
1131:20 April
1104:20084222
1015:Archived
799:Archived
766:See also
578:utensils
540:such as
447:radiator
372:adjuvant
370:, as an
368:vaccines
240:and the
230:laxative
218:Laxative
95:gasoline
93:to make
88:refining
2118:(E905c)
2112:(E905b)
2106:(E905a)
2092:Shellac
2074:Beeswax
1961:Colours
1832:3481926
1653:13 July
1619:13 July
1548:13 July
1498:13 July
1251:2535978
1095:2804525
1039:12 June
1033:cdc.gov
865:6 March
695:lithium
686:chisels
660:Citroën
647:Amateur
531:textile
455:coolant
172:The UK
123:density
111:alkanes
52:mineral
50:from a
2136:(E908)
2130:(E907)
2124:(E906)
2100:(E905)
2094:(E904)
2088:(E903)
2082:(E902)
2076:(E901)
2070:(E900)
2002:&
1989:&
1975:&
1915:, 1970
1839:
1829:
1788:
1678:10 May
1438:20 May
1407:
1372:
1362:
1331:
1323:
1272:
1249:
1102:
1092:
703:sodium
576:, and
2028:Waxes
1869:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1405:S2CID
1370:S2CID
1329:S2CID
1208:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1126:WebMD
985:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
392:ashes
388:mites
253:enema
238:stool
198:ACGIH
81:Latin
2176:Oils
1877:2017
1837:PMID
1786:PMID
1717:2015
1680:2022
1655:2009
1621:2009
1587:2010
1550:2009
1500:2009
1440:2021
1360:ISBN
1321:PMID
1270:ISBN
1247:PMID
1216:2013
1162:2019
1133:2019
1100:PMID
1041:2018
993:2011
940:2017
892:2018
867:2008
837:2007
748:and
701:and
519:jute
513:, a
501:R-22
492:and
480:The
161:The
113:and
1909:FAO
1827:PMC
1817:doi
1776:doi
1463:doi
1397:doi
1352:doi
1313:doi
1239:doi
1090:PMC
1082:doi
719:in
544:or
473:in
330:by
293:IVF
287:in
138:".
73:),
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1997:pH
1985:,
1911:–
1896:,
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