276:
298:, was hit in the side of the head by a .58 caliber Minié ball, which shattered his skull and lodged in the right hemisphere of the brain. He went into convulsions and became paralyzed on one side of his body, but started recovering within eight days of being hospitalized. However, within three more days, his condition deteriorated and he eventually lost consciousness and died, having survived with his wound for 16 days. An autopsy of the soldier found that the right hemisphere of the brain was extensively damaged and large areas of it had necrosed. The brain was removed, preserved in formaldehyde and donated to the Army Museum in Washington. The primary cause of death had been infection caused by both the initial injury and subsequent necrosis of brain tissue.
272:, and easily penetrated the human body. Round balls tended to remain lodged in the flesh, and they were often observed to take a winding path through the body. Flexed muscles and tendons, as well as bone, could cause the round ball to deviate from a straight path. The Minié ball tended to cut a straight path and usually went all the way through the injured part; the ball seldom remained lodged in the body. If a Minié ball struck a bone, it usually shattered it. The damage to bones and resulting compound fractures were usually severe enough to necessitate amputation. A hit on a major blood vessel could also have serious and often lethal consequences.
232:, developed a major improvement on Minié's design when he added a deep conical cavity at the base of the ball, which more efficiently filled up with gas and expanded the bullet's skirt upon firing. A higher percentage of the explosive force went toward forward projectile motion and lesser percentage toward fitting into the rifling. Burton's modified Minie ball had decreased mass and increased speed, resulting in increased energy and better range, as well as a cheaper bullet, which was used in the Crimean War and then the American Civil War. Burton's version of the ball weighed 1.14 ounces.
799:
261:
813:
32:
806:
792:
714:
20:
252:, which packed the charge and filled the hollow base with powder. When the rifle was fired, the exploding gas in the base of the bullet expanded the skirt to engage the rifling, providing spin for accuracy, a better seal for consistent velocity and longer range, and easier cleaning of barrel detritus.
220:
musket as a mass battlefield weapon. Delvigne had invented a ball that could expand upon ramming to fit the grooves of a rifle in 1826. The cylindro-conoidal ball design had been proposed in 1832 by
Captain John Norton, but had not been adopted.
1269:
702:
268:
Wounds inflicted by the conical Minié ball were different from those caused by the round balls from smoothbore muskets, since the conical ball had a higher muzzle velocity and greater
1244:
1229:
695:
275:
688:
1352:
1934:
1919:
1909:
1858:
1853:
1838:
1190:
1133:
279:
Private Milton E. Wallen of
Company C, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, wounded by a Minié ball, while in prison at Richmond, July 4, 1863, being treated for
146:. The development of the Minié ball was significant because it was the first projectile type that could be made with a loose enough fit to easily
1648:
1608:
1181:
415:
1128:
1108:
680:
2106:
1497:
1472:
1417:
1123:
588:
A manual of military surgery, for the use of surgeons in the
Confederate States army; with explanatory plates of all useful operations
642:
511:
478:
455:
798:
501:
1347:
1327:
1239:
352:
1732:
1287:
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1997:
1517:
1259:
1075:
938:
812:
2111:
1628:
992:
1939:
1796:
446:
185:. Minié designed the bullet with a small iron plug, and lead skirting that would expand under the pressure of gunpowder
1302:
286:
One of the more infamous documented cases involving Minié ball injuries concerned a
Confederate soldier wounded during
847:
88:, where it was found to inflict significantly more serious wounds than earlier round musket balls. Both the American
1944:
1778:
1113:
974:
920:
468:
66:
805:
295:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1412:
1372:
1174:
965:
1929:
1924:
1542:
1234:
167:
791:
260:
378:
244:, with the gunpowder poured down the barrel and the unexpanded bullet pushed down after it passed the muzzle
1876:
1727:
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205:
89:
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910:
905:
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2015:
1512:
1397:
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1167:
947:
229:
93:
47:
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895:
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880:
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327:
143:
111:
1801:
1791:
1522:
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1430:
1206:
1029:
441:
182:
171:
96:
rifled muskets, the most common weapons used during the
American Civil War, used the Minié ball.
85:
62:
756:
737:
1959:
1638:
1633:
1623:
638:
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885:
241:
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115:
35:
875:
2075:
2035:
1843:
1598:
1593:
1445:
1440:
1425:
1387:
1264:
865:
751:
635:
The Bloody
Crucible of Courage, Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the Civil War
562:
537:
536:
Manring, M. M.; Hawk, Alan; Calhoun, Jason H.; Andersen, Romney C. (14 February 2009).
147:
70:
1604:
Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
2095:
2045:
2040:
1896:
1678:
1613:
1477:
1312:
1254:
1198:
837:
77:
1159:
652:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1811:
1603:
1564:
1559:
1362:
870:
832:
586:
337:
332:
216:, an innovation that brought about the widespread use of the rifle rather than the
209:
186:
74:
43:
1786:
1765:
1317:
1216:
1118:
1060:
1014:
842:
824:
403:
287:
201:
81:
2011:
1992:
1750:
1584:
1307:
1006:
915:
724:
553:
342:
317:
217:
190:
155:
123:
107:
103:
425:
2055:
2030:
2025:
1977:
1967:
1821:
1717:
1357:
1044:
761:
322:
175:
135:
1910:
James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
571:
142:
a rifled bore after a relatively small number of shots, requiring frequent
1935:
Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
1085:
1034:
280:
151:
119:
24:
19:
1464:
1211:
930:
347:
307:
245:
179:
139:
99:
39:
23:
Various types of Minié balls. The four on the right are provided with
2080:
1905:(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
1460:
857:
249:
131:
127:
197:
by creating a good bullet-to-bore seal with minimal pressure loss.
274:
259:
213:
269:
1163:
684:
248:
and any detritus from prior shots. It was then rammed with the
608:"Tenacity of human life as seen in cases of gunshot injuries"
80:. It was invented in 1846 and came to prominence during the
470:
The
Complete Black Powder Handbook: The Latest Guns and Gear
1560:
Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
503:
Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and
Aggression
200:
A precursor to the Minié ball was created in the 1830s by
122:
of the gun. Before the introduction of the Minié ball,
264:
Gunshot
Fracture of the Left Femur by Minié ball, 1863
16:
Type of conical projectile for mid 19th century rifles
1839:
8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
2010:
1953:
1852:
1829:
1820:
1764:
1707:
1459:
1278:
1197:
1094:
1053:
1005:
929:
856:
823:
723:
294:, on July 12, 1864. The soldier, a private in the
154:, yet maintain good accuracy during firing due to
1045:8 mm Lebel smokeless powder cartridge (1886)
240:The Minié ball could be quickly removed from the
1619:Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
473:(5th ed.). Gun Digest Books. p. 144.
193:, and grip the rifling grooves. This maximized
1076:Du Temple high-circulation steam engine (1876)
538:"Treatment of War Wounds: A Historical Review"
158:by expansion of the bullet's base when fired.
1175:
696:
671:Weaponry: The Rifle-Musket and the Minié Ball
8:
1293:Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
1245:M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
843:Mitrailleuse Gatling modèle APX 1895 (1895)
506:. Oxford University Press US. p. 191.
437:
435:
1826:
1358:Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
1230:M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
1182:
1168:
1160:
703:
689:
681:
542:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
408:The American Civil War: a military history
102:, the addition of spiral grooves inside a
1446:Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
1403:Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
561:
531:
529:
1134:French weapons in the American Civil War
1020:Pauly-Prélat integrated cartridge (1808)
591:. Columbia: Evans and Cogswell. p.
447:Battle Cry of Freedon: The Civil War Era
398:
396:
394:
392:
30:
18:
1308:Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
1081:Krebs naval electric gyrocompass (1880)
369:
208:. Their design was made to allow rapid
27:ball grooves for aerodynamic stability.
1930:Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1925:Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1882:12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
1779:Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
1498:Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
848:Mle 1897 Hotchkiss Machine gun (1897)
7:
1902:James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1368:Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol
1270:USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
1915:Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
1418:Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
1298:Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
606:Leavitt, T. L. (2 September 1865).
1998:Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
1945:Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
1877:12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
1609:Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
1493:Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
1363:Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
1124:Second Italian War of Independence
718:French weapons of the 19th century
379:"Small but Deadly: The Minié Ball"
130:down the barrel, sometimes with a
106:, imparts a stabilizing spin to a
14:
1422:Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
1191:Weapons of the American Civil War
1066:Marié-Davy naval periscope (1854)
838:Hotchkiss "Canon-Revolver" (1872)
1408:Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
1086:Smokeless powder Poudre B (1886)
1071:De Bange breech obturator (1872)
811:
804:
797:
790:
712:
353:Tubes and primers for ammunition
1920:Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
1674:Springfield M1863 rifled musket
1669:Springfield M1861 rifled musket
1664:Springfield M1855 rifled musket
1483:Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
1436:Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
1061:Lepage percussion system (1807)
637:. Carroll and Graf Publishers.
450:Oxford University Press. p.474
38:'s 1855 Minié ball design (.58
1844:Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
1694:Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
1689:Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
1426:Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
500:O'Connelll, Robert L. (1990).
1:
1303:Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
1129:French Intervention in Mexico
966:Mechanical powered submarine
612:Medical and Surgical Reporter
410:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1867:6-pounder M1841 field cannon
1787:Gatling I and II machine gun
1599:Richmond M1861 rifled musket
1313:Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
1109:French Intervention in Spain
1025:Prélat percussion cap (1818)
296:53rd North Carolina Infantry
150:down the barrel of a rifled
1659:Springfield M1847 musketoon
1548:Henry M1860 repeating rifle
1513:Enfield P1853 rifled musket
1508:Deringer M1817 Common rifle
1503:Deringer M1814 Common rifle
1323:Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
1250:M1852 naval officer's sword
1240:M1840 light artillery saber
1030:Lefaucheux cartridge (1836)
901:Lahitolle 95 mm (1873)
377:Shoop, Isaac (2019-04-30).
2130:
2107:American Civil War weapons
1565:Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
1413:Smith & Wesson Model 1
1348:Colt M1862 Police revolver
1328:Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
1318:Colt M1847 Walker revolver
1222:M1832 foot artillery sword
1114:French conquest of Algeria
1015:Lepage fulminate (1807–10)
948:Ironclad floating battery
881:Canon obusier de 12 (1853)
833:Reffye mitrailleuse (1866)
673:- Allan W. Howey, for the
1892:32-pounder M1844 howitzer
1887:24-pounder M1841 howitzer
1872:12-pounder M1841 howitzer
1383:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
1378:Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
1260:M1860 light cavalry saber
783:
747:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
554:10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5
114:, greatly increasing the
69:, inventor of the French
1968:Bomford Columbiad cannon
1654:Springfield M1842 musket
1649:Springfield M1840 musket
1644:Springfield M1835 musket
1639:Springfield M1822 musket
1634:Springfield M1816 musket
1629:Springfield M1812 musket
1624:Springfield M1795 musket
1543:Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
1538:Hall-North M1843 carbine
1523:Fayetteville M1862 rifle
1398:Remington M1858 revolver
1353:Colt Root M1855 revolver
1343:Colt M1861 Navy revolver
1338:Colt M1860 Army revolver
1333:Colt M1851 Navy revolver
916:Canet 320 mm (1880)
633:Brent Nosworthy (2003).
585:Chisolm, Julian (1864).
204:captains Montgomery and
168:cylindro-conoidal bullet
1993:Rodman Columbiad cannon
1728:Double-barreled shotgun
1580:Mississippi M1841 rifle
1518:Enfield P1861 musketoon
383:The Gettysburg Compiler
1528:Gallager M1861 carbine
1488:Burnside M1855 carbine
1451:Whitney M1857 revolver
1431:Tranter M1856 revolver
886:La Hitte system (1858)
762:Chassepot rifle (1866)
757:Tabatière rifle (1864)
283:
265:
206:Henri-Gustave Delvigne
189:causing the bullet to
178:on its exterior and a
90:Springfield Model 1861
50:
28:
1897:Blakely rifled cannon
1807:Vandenberg volley gun
1699:Whitworth P1857 rifle
1684:Tarpley M1863 carbine
1575:Merrill M1858 carbine
1570:Maynard M1851 carbine
1473:Augustin M1842 musket
993:Electrical submarine
911:de Bange 90 mm (1877)
906:de Bange 80 mm (1877)
866:Year XI system (1803)
733:Delvigne rifle (1826)
653:"The lead minie ball"
278:
263:
183:concavity in its base
34:
22:
2112:Causes of amputation
1973:Brooke rifled cannon
1940:Pate revolver cannon
1812:Williams machine gun
1797:Pate revolver cannon
1733:Hale rocket launcher
1594:Potzdam M1831 musket
1441:Walch M1859 revolver
1393:Moore M1864 revolver
1388:LeMat M1856 revolver
1288:Adams M1851 revolver
1035:Tamisier ball (1841)
777:Modèle 1892 revolver
657:CivilWar@Smithsonian
467:Fadala, Sam (2006).
230:Harpers Ferry Armory
228:, an armorer at the
166:The Minié ball is a
94:Pattern 1853 Enfield
67:Claude-Étienne Minié
48:Harpers Ferry Armory
2061:Maynard tape primer
1783:Claxton machine gun
1679:Starr M1858 carbine
1614:Smith M1857 carbine
1478:Ballard M1861 rifle
1373:Kerr M1855 revolver
1235:M1840 cavalry saber
1226:M1833 dragoon saber
1139:Franco-Prussian War
896:Reffye 75 mm (1873)
891:Reffye 85 mm (1870)
876:Valée system (1828)
871:Paixhans gun (1823)
442:McPherson, James M.
328:Internal ballistics
144:cleaning of the gun
112:external ballistics
63:hollow-based bullet
1802:Ripley machine gun
1792:Gorgas machine gun
1766:Rapid fire weapons
1207:Arkansas toothpick
921:Canon de 75 (1897)
772:Lebel rifle (1886)
752:Minié rifle (1849)
284:
266:
86:American Civil War
51:
29:
2089:
2088:
2006:
2005:
1960:Coastal artillery
1906:
1157:
1156:
1040:Minié ball (1847)
984:Armoured cruiser
975:Steel battleship
939:Steam battleship
767:Gras rifle (1874)
417:978-0-307-26343-8
313:Caplock mechanism
2119:
1978:Carronade cannon
1904:
1827:
1774:Ager machine gun
1756:Winans Steam Gun
1585:P1839 and P1842
1533:Hall M1819 rifle
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
815:
808:
801:
794:
717:
716:
715:
705:
698:
691:
682:
660:
648:
620:
619:
603:
597:
596:
582:
576:
575:
565:
548:(8): 2168–2191.
533:
524:
523:
521:
520:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
464:
458:
439:
430:
429:
400:
387:
386:
374:
292:Washington, D.C.
92:and the British
2129:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2071:Paper cartridge
2051:Friction primer
2018:
2002:
1988:Paixhans cannon
1983:Dahlgren cannon
1958:
1949:
1859:Siege artillery
1857:
1848:
1816:
1760:
1738:Ketchum Grenade
1723:Congreve rocket
1703:
1455:
1274:
1193:
1188:
1158:
1153:
1149:Sino-French War
1144:Tonkin Campaign
1104:Napoleonic Wars
1096:
1090:
1049:
1001:
925:
852:
819:
818:
781:
740:Carabine à tige
719:
713:
711:
709:
675:Civil War Times
667:
651:
645:
632:
629:
624:
623:
605:
604:
600:
584:
583:
579:
535:
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466:
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461:
440:
433:
418:
402:
401:
390:
376:
375:
371:
366:
361:
304:
258:
242:paper cartridge
238:
226:James H. Burton
195:muzzle velocity
164:
116:effective range
61:, is a type of
36:James H. Burton
17:
12:
11:
5:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:Percussion cap
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:.56-56 Spencer
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1899:
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1889:
1884:
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1841:
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1824:
1818:
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1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
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1768:
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1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Rains landmine
1743:
1740:
1735:
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1720:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
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1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1265:Mameluke sword
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
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1201:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
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484:. Retrieved
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404:Keegan, John
382:
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338:Nessler ball
333:Muzzleloader
285:
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187:deflagration
165:
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65:designed by
58:
54:
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1217:Bowie knife
1119:Crimean War
1095:Operational
290:'s raid on
288:Jubal Early
202:French Army
110:for better
82:Crimean War
71:Minié rifle
46:) from the
2096:Categories
2066:Minié ball
2016:cartridges
2012:Ammunition
1587:Brown Bess
1007:Ammunition
977:Redoutable
738:Thouvenin
725:Small arms
519:2010-05-14
486:2010-05-14
359:References
343:Projectile
318:Gun barrel
218:smoothbore
176:cannelures
156:obturation
134:, because
126:had to be
108:projectile
104:gun barrel
59:Minie ball
55:Minié ball
2056:Gunpowder
2031:.44 Henry
2026:.22 Short
1822:Artillery
1718:Coach gun
957:Ironclad
426:303042537
323:Gunpowder
136:gunpowder
1751:Sea mine
1554:Mule ear
1280:Sidearms
968:Plongeur
941:Napoléon
931:Warships
677:magazine
572:19219516
406:(2009).
302:See also
281:gangrene
224:Captain
191:obturate
174:-filled
152:long gun
120:accuracy
84:and the
25:Tamisier
2102:Bullets
1831:Mortars
1556:carbine
1465:muskets
1212:Bayonet
1054:Systems
995:Gymnote
858:Cannons
563:2706344
444:(1988)
348:Rifling
308:Cap gun
256:Effects
246:rifling
180:conical
162:Designs
100:Rifling
40:caliber
2081:Ramrod
1589:musket
1461:Rifles
997:(1888)
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214:rifles
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73:, for
44:grains
42:, 500
1955:Naval
1854:Field
1097:usage
364:Notes
170:with
148:slide
124:balls
57:, or
1463:and
950:Lave
639:ISBN
568:PMID
508:ISBN
475:ISBN
452:ISBN
422:OCLC
412:ISBN
270:mass
140:foul
118:and
53:The
1957:and
1856:and
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558:PMC
550:doi
546:467
236:Use
212:of
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