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disjunct sections. A direct consequence of this is an uninterrupted texture made up of interlocking rhythmic patterns and pulses. It is in addition marked by the use of bright timbres and an energetic manner. Its harmonic sonorities are distinctively simple, usually diatonic, often consist of familiar triads and seventh chords, and are presented in a slow harmonic rhythm. Johnson disagrees with Rodda, however, in finding that minimal music's most distinctive feature is the complete absence of extended melodic lines. Instead, there are only brief melodic segments, thrusting the organization, combination, and individual characteristics of short, repetitive rhythmic patterns into the foreground.
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bicycle wheels, or whiskey glasses. It includes pieces that sustain one basic electronic rumble for a long time. It includes pieces made exclusively from recordings of rivers and streams. It includes pieces that move in endless circles. It includes pieces that set up an unmoving wall of saxophone sound. It includes pieces that take a very long time to move gradually from one kind of music to another kind. It includes pieces that permit all possible pitches, as long as they fall between C and D. It includes pieces that slow the tempo down to two or three notes per minute.
1298:): "Certainly many of the most famous minimalist pieces relied on a motorick 8th-note beat, although there were also several composers like Young and Niblock interested in drones with no beat at all. ... Perhaps “steady-beat-minimalism” is a criterion that could divide the minimalist repertoire into two mutually exclusive bodies of music, pulse-based music versus drone-based music.Steve Reich is thought of as the godfather of minimalism"
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1310:"Minimalism in music has been defined as an aesthetic, a style, and a technique, each of which has been a suitable description of the term at certain points in the development of minimal music. However, two of these definitions of minimalism—aesthetic and style—no longer accurately represent the music that is often given that label." Johnson 1994, 742.
669:. These are works for small instrumental ensembles, of which the composers were often members. In Glass's case, these ensembles comprise organs, winds—particularly saxophones—and vocalists, while Reich's works have more emphasis on mallet and percussion instruments. Most of Adams's works are written for more traditional
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in steady rhythms, often overlaid with a lyrical melody in long, arching phrases... utilizes repetitive melodic patterns, consonant harmonies, motoric rhythms, and a deliberate striving for aural beauty." Timothy
Johnson holds that, as a style, minimal music is primarily continuous in form, without
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in stating that "one also hears constant repetition in the speeches of Hitler and in advertising. It has its dangerous aspects." When asked in 2001 how he felt about minimal music he replied that "we are surrounded by a world of minimalism. All that junk mail I get every single day repeats; when I
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by Dennis
Johnson, written in 1959. A work for solo piano that lasted around six hours, it demonstrated many features that would come to be associated with minimalism, such as diatonic tonality, phrase repetition, additive process, and duration. La Monte Young credits this piece as the inspiration
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The idea of minimalism is much larger than many people realize. It includes, by definition, any music that works with limited or minimal materials: pieces that use only a few notes, pieces that use only a few words of text, or pieces written for very limited instruments, such as antique cymbals,
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made persuasively engaging textures from the layered performance of repeated melodic phrases. The work is scored for any group of instruments and/or voices. Keith Potter writes "its fifty-three modules notated on a single page, this work has frequently been viewed as the beginning of musical
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developing statically over steady pulses in often unusual time signatures influenced both Philip Glass and Steve Reich. Glass has written that he and Reich took
Moondog's work "very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard".
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Because there is little sense of goal-directed motion, music does not seem to move from one place to another. Within any musical segment, there may be some sense of direction, but frequently the segments fail to lead to or imply one another. They simply follow one
1061:, himself a minimalist composer, has argued that minimalism represented a predictable return to simplicity after the development of an earlier style had run its course to extreme and unsurpassable complexity. Parallels include the advent of the simple Baroque
1386:"The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late 1960s and 1970s; and that was initially connected with the composers La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass" (Sitsky 2002, 361).
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every five minutes. That is minimalism." Fink notes that Carter's general loathing of the music is representative of a form of musical snobbery that dismisses repetition more generally. Carter has even criticised the use of repetition in the music of
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and
American minimal music could easily be accidental. Much of the music technology used in dance music has traditionally been designed to suit loop-based compositional methods, which may explain why certain stylistic features of styles such as
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for live performers—that introduced the idea of phase shifting, or allowing two identical phrases or sound samples played at slightly different speeds to repeat and slowly go out of phase with each other. Starting in 1968 with
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Catalog of an exhibition held at the Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain, Nice, April 28 – September 4, 2000, and the Museo Pecci, Prato, September 23, 2000 – January 10, 2001. New York: Delano
Greenidge Editions, 2000,
805:, and others. Glass was influenced by Ravi Shankar and Indian music from the time he was assigned a film score transcription of music by Ravi Shankar into western notation. He realized that in the West time is divided like a
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are credited with being among the first to develop compositional techniques that exploit a minimal approach. The movement originally involved dozens of composers, although only five (Young, Riley, Reich, Glass, and later
1088:'s early music had to do with perceptual phenomena that were not actually played, but resulted from subtleties in the phase-shifting process. In other words, the music often does not sound as simple as it looks.
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Steve Reich has argued that such criticism is misplaced. In 1987 he stated that his compositional output reflected the popular culture of postwar
American consumer society because the "elite European-style
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793:, Philip Glass wrote a series of works that incorporated additive process (form based on sequences such as 1, 1 2, 1 2 3, 1 2 3 4) into the repertoire of minimalist techniques; these works included
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1417:), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org—Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale.
1042:, and Boulez were portraying in very honest terms what it was like to pick up the pieces after World War II. But for some American in 1948 or 1958 or 1968—in the real context of tailfins,
1005:, stating that "I cannot understand the popularity of that kind of music, which is based on repetition. In a civilized society, things don't need to be said more than three times."
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originates. Steve Reich has suggested that it is attributable to
Michael Nyman, an assertion that two scholars, Jonathan Bernard, and Dan Warburton, have also made in writing.
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35 Strickland, Edward, American
Composers: Dialogues on Contemporary Music (Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 46, quoted in Fink (2005), 118.
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564:. Tom Johnson, one of the few composers to self-identify as minimalist, also claims to have been first to use the word as new music critic for
1084:. In addition, critics have often overstated the simplicity of even early minimalism. Michael Nyman has pointed out that much of the charm of
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The music of Reich and Glass drew early sponsorship from art galleries and museums, presented in conjunction with visual-art minimalists like
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or other compositional practice that employs limited or minimal musical materials. Prominent features of minimalist music include
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sound similar to minimal art music. One group who clearly did have an awareness of the
American minimal tradition is the British
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and other nontraditional techniques into that classical tradition." The development of specific experimental rock genres such as
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had a connection with the New York down-town scene from which minimal music emerged, rooted in the close working relationship of
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look at television I see the same advertisement, and I try to follow the movie that's being shown, but I'm being told about
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and a number of unidentified performance-art pieces. Nyman later expanded his definition of minimal music in his 1974 book
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Elliott Carter maintained a consistent critical stance against minimalism and in 1982 he went so far as to compare it to
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and Robert
Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books.
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Bernard, Jonathan W. 2003. "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music".
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2645:(pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–256, reprinted as Strickland 1997.
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wrote a string quartet in pure, uninflected C major. In 1963, Riley made two electronic works using tape delay,
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In Gann's further analysis, during the 1980s minimalism evolved into less strict, more complex styles such as
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The early compositions of Glass and Reich are somewhat austere, with little embellishment on the principal
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Sweeney-Turner, Steve. 1995. "Weariness and Slackening in the Miserably Proliferating Field of Posts."
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1162:(1967) an experimental work of "protominimal rock", elaborating: " can almost be considered a work of
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The Voice of New Music: New York City 1972–1982 – A Collection of Articles Originally Published by
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and millions of burgers sold—to pretend that instead we're really going to have the darkbrown
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2489:. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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claimed that minimalism is the "passionless, sexless and emotionally blank soundtrack of the
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Bernard, Jonathan W. 1993. "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music".
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puts it, the tonality used in minimal music lacks "goal-oriented European association".
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Anderson, Virginia (2013). "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In Keith Potter;
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in the New York Times); that traditional Western cultural values have eroded in the
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Robert Fink offers a summary of some notable critical reactions to minimal music:
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Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture
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A Forest from the Seeds of Minimalism: An Essay on Postminimal and Totalist Music
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Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass
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Philip Sherburne has suggested that noted similarities between minimal forms of
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We Have Always Been Minimalist: The Construction and Triumph of a Musical Style
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American Minimal Music: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass
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Répétitions: L'esthétique musicale de Terry Riley, Steve Reich et Philip Glass
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22 Strickland, Edward, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001)
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1031:" was simply not representative of his cultural experience. Reich stated that
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1107:"Minimal pop" redirects here. For other avant-garde pop music subgenres, see
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2712:. Translated by Rose Vekony. Oakland (Ca.): University of California Press.
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Rethinking Minimalism: At the Intersection of Music Theory and Art Criticism
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Minimal Music, Maximal Impact: Minimalism's Immediate Legacy: Postminimalism
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lists the following qualities as possible characteristics of minimal music:
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Minimal music has had some influence on developments in popular music. The
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of modern capitalism has fatally trapped the autonomous self in minimalist
959:); that minimalist repetition is dangerously seductive propaganda, akin to
618:. Others who have been associated with this compositional approach include
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1911:
New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB
1564:"Minimalist Composer Julius Eastman, Dead for 26 Years, Crashes the Canon"
759:, which injected the idea of repetition into minimalism. In 1964, Riley's
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Already in 1965 the art historian Barbara Rose had named La Monte Young's
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The word "minimal" was perhaps first used in relation to music in 1968 by
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MacDonald, Ian. 2003. "The People's Music". London: Pimlico Publishing.
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Johnson, Timothy A. 1994. "Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style, or Technique?"
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The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music
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Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook
2256:. TaschenbĂĽcher zur Musikwissenschaft, 138. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel.
207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2405:, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
696:, and the filmmaker Michael Snow (as performers, in Reich's case).
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tribute album which featured reinterpretations by artists such as
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Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music."
733:. It has been described as an origin point for minimalist music.
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minimalist works by American composers, including audio samples.
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Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice
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Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen".
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2552:. London: Macmillan; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
2514:. London: Macmillan; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
2388:. London: Kahn & Averill; New York: Alexander Broude.
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Moondog, the Viking of 6th Avenue: The Authorized Biography
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1294:(in "Thankless Attempts at a Definition of Minimalism" by
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Gann, Kyle. 1987. "Let X = X: Minimalism vs. Serialism."
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Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music
196:
2763:, with a more comprehensive list of early minimalists.
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Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In
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Potter, Keith (2011). "Terry Riley's In C (Review)".
2588:"Digital Discipline: Minimalism in House and Techno"
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by focusing on the internal processes of the music.
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2273:"After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music"
412:of the 1960s and was initially viewed as a form of
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2559:. 20th Century Composers Series. London: Phaidon.
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381:or smaller units. It may include features such as
2519:Violin Concertos of John Adams & Philip Glass
2351:. Folkwang-Texte vol. 13. Essen: Die blaue Eule.
401:approach, and calls attention to the activity of
393:. The approach is marked by a non-narrative, non-
2650:Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism
2366:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
2342:Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism
1738:
1736:
2541:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2503:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2204:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2165:Music Downtown: Writings from the Village Voice
1033:
933:
2469:Perlein, Gilbert, and Bruno CorĂ (eds). 2000.
2364:Minimal-music: Entwicklung, Komponisten, Werke
2280:Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis
1607:he New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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891:Famous pieces that use this technique are the
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2178:Gann, Kyle. 2010. "Reconstructing November".
2015:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 80–106.
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736:One of the first minimalist compositions was
8:
2664:. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.
2590:. In Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (eds.).
2278:. In Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M. (eds.).
2167:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2095:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1814:"Classical Connections Minimalism meets Pop"
1214:" features a sample from Steve Reich's work
594:The most prominent minimalist composers are
2282:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–57.
2254:Minimal Music: Geschichte, Asthetik, Umfeld
1964:
1962:
1866:Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture
1400:"Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2615:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1507:"Gavin Bryars proves less is the new more"
708:of the 1940s and '50s, which was based on
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2629:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2594:. New York: Continuum. pp. 319–326.
2384:. Translated by J. Hautekiet; preface by
2349:Minimal Music: Dimensionen eines Begriffs
1953:
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223:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2235:. 2007. "Preface". In Scotto, Robert M.
2159:(November 1) (Accessed 4 February 2012).
1850:
1492:
408:The approach originated in the New York
27:Music using limited or minimal materials
2592:Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music
2517:Rodda, Richard E. (1999). Liner notes,
2119:American Music in the Twentieth Century
2066:Techniques of the Contemporary Composer
1283:
939:); that kids nowadays just want to get
2068:. New York, New York: Schirmer Books.
1987:album track listing at www.discogs.com
1356:Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114–16.
1140:(1969) was released during the era of
2471:Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial!
1667:from the original on 13 December 2015
1574:from the original on 23 February 2018
1541:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1402:The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys
821:'Minimalist' music is based upon the
7:
2535:53, no. 5 (October–November): 57–69.
2453:. 1974. "Systems in Art and Music".
2424:221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–519.
2222:. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle.
2084:Music, Electronic Media, and Culture
1796:
1505:Walters, John L. (24 January 2003).
99:adding citations to reliable sources
4455:
2673:136, no. 1833 (November): 599–601.
2500:Potter, Keith. 2001. "Minimalism".
2429:Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond
1824:from the original on March 3, 2016.
1562:Woolfe, Zachary (28 October 2016).
1426:Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114.
562:Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond
552:", which included a performance of
2459:117, no. 1604 (October): 815–818.
1537:Visions of Jazz: The First Century
1080:'s monumental advances in Baroque
424:tradition, the American composers
25:
1190:was influenced by minimal music.
836:described minimal music in 1994:
725:consists almost entirely of long
45:This article has multiple issues.
4454:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4424:
2086:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers.
1869:. Routledge Press. p. 353.
1812:Cagney, Liam (August 23, 2012).
673:instrumentation, including full
177:
75:
34:
4425:
2746:'s Department of Art Education.
2190:10.5406/americanmusic.28.4.0481
1321:"A minimal guide to minimalism"
1072:and the simple early classical
817:According to Richard E. Rodda,
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1483:Potter 2001; Schönberger 2001.
766:minimalism." In 1965 and 1966
385:, resulting in what is termed
1:
2750:Minimal Music, Maximal Impact
2734:Art of the States: minimalist
2571:Shelley, Peter James (2013).
2184:28, no. 4 (Winter): 481–491.
2051:21, no. 1 (Spring): 112–133.
873:Continuities: requiring slow
658:and multidisciplinary artist
570:. He describes "minimalism":
516:It is unclear where the term
377:, and reiteration of musical
2544:, second edition, edited by
2506:, second edition, edited by
2302:78, no. 4 (Winter): 742–73.
2035:31, no. 1 (Winter): 86–132.
1252:List of minimalist composers
887:music, including repetition
513:exhibits minimalist traits.
2708:Levaux, Christophe (2020).
2525:(violin). Telarc, CD-80494.
2201:. 2001. "Jennings, Terry".
1168:Western classical tradition
203:the claims made and adding
4502:
3935:Situationist International
2625:Strickland, Edward. 1993.
2586:Sherburne, Philip (2006).
2555:Schwarz, K. Robert. 1996.
2322:. Eindhoven, Netherlands:
1290:Cox & Warner 2004, p.
1249:
1106:
1065:style following elaborate
473:. In Europe, the music of
298:Early 1960s, United States
4398:
3121:
2418:. 1968. "Minimal Music".
2340:, and R. Flemming. 1997.
2032:Perspectives of New Music
1834:Unterberger, Richie.
1605:Strickland, Eric (2001).
1438:Bernard 1993, 87 and 126.
1210:. Their 1990 production "
953:liberal wake of the 1960s
741:for his own magnum opus,
418:New York Hypnotic School.
341:
4300:Unruly audience response
2579:University of Washington
2362:Lovisa, Fabian R. 1996.
2241:. Los Angeles: Process.
2011:; Pwyll ap SiĂ´n (eds.).
1582:– via NYTimes.com.
1054:is a lie, a musical lie.
803:Music in Contrary Motion
671:European classical music
4004:Western classical music
3445:Experimental literature
3022:A Rainbow in Curved Air
2431:. London: Studio Vista
1137:A Rainbow in Curved Air
688:(in Glass's case), and
4102:Transition to Romantic
4032:Major periods and eras
3711:Second Viennese School
3342:Neue Slowenische Kunst
3213:Abstract expressionism
2427:Nyman, Michael. 1974.
1863:Sandford, Jon (2013).
1533:Giddins, Gary (1998).
1474:Rose 1965, 58, 65, 69.
1195:electronic dance music
1124:The Velvet Underground
1056:
985:
843:
577:
4058:Transition to Baroque
3818:Theatre of the Absurd
3741:Twelve-tone technique
3620:Electroacoustic music
2973:Einstein on the Beach
2744:Ohio State University
2485:Potter, Keith. 2000.
2347:Linke, Ulrich. 1997.
2299:The Musical Quarterly
2218:Girard, Johan. 2010.
1217:Electric Counterpoint
898:Einstein on the Beach
838:
770:produced three works—
743:The Well-Tuned Piano.
572:
4390:Worldwide traditions
4343:Classical music blog
3803:Postdramatic theatre
3788:Experimental theatre
3325:Multidimensional art
3036:The Well-Tuned Piano
2380:Mertens, Wim. 1983.
2338:Kostelanetz, Richard
2215:. London: Macmillan.
2089:Fink, Robert. 2005.
1447:Warburton 1988, 141.
1246:Minimalist composers
1212:Little Fluffy Clouds
719:'s 1958 composition
558:Henning Christiansen
95:improve this article
4242:Students by teacher
3305:Lyrical Abstraction
2654:Richard Kostelanetz
2627:Minimalism: Origins
2531:. 1965. "ABC Art".
2252:Gotte, Ulli. 2000.
2149:Gann, Kyle. 2001. "
2141:Gann, Kyle. 1998. "
1787:Nyman 1974, 133–34.
973:commodity-fetishism
825:of slowly changing
528:coined the phrase.
3918:Postmodernist film
3823:Theatre of Cruelty
3706:Rock in Opposition
3647:Free improvisation
3290:Post-Impressionism
3223:Art & Language
2755:2011-08-04 at the
2163:Gann, Kyle. 2006.
2138:(24 February): 76.
1983:2012-11-11 at the
1968:Emmerson 2007, 68.
1916:St. Martin's Press
1778:Gann 1997, 184–85.
1694:Johnson 1994, 748.
1568:The New York Times
1413:2014-03-31 at the
1347:Johnson 1994, 744.
1182:(from the 1980s),
927:Critical reception
895:section of Glass'
681:, and solo piano.
414:experimental music
188:possibly contains
18:Minimalistic music
4486:Modernism (music)
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4363:Progressive music
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3783:Experimental film
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3455:Hungry generation
3430:Conceptual poetry
3285:Neo-Impressionism
3164:
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3076:
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2892:Sofia Gubaidulina
2719:978-0-520-29526-1
2670:The Musical Times
2601:978-0-8264-1615-5
2480:978-0-929445-08-3
2456:The Musical Times
2399:Meyer, Leonard B.
2319:The Village Voice
2247:978-0-9760822-8-6
2228:978-2-87854-494-7
2135:The Village Voice
2022:978-1-4094-3549-5
1925:978-1-250-08361-6
1760:MacDonald 2003, .
1685:Rodda, 2 & 4.
1643:10.1093/ml/gcq097
1631:Music and Letters
1365:Mertens 1983, 11.
1120:experimental rock
981:Christopher Lasch
971:); even that the
700:Early development
567:The Village Voice
542:Charlotte Moorman
422:Western art music
375:consonant harmony
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3726:Stochastic music
3681:Musique concrète
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1109:Experimental pop
1103:In popular music
963:'s speeches and
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820:
722:Trio for Strings
600:Louis Andriessen
479:Karel Goeyvaerts
475:Louis Andriessen
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1388:
1379:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1312:
1300:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1273:Postminimalism
1270:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1200:minimal techno
1154:the Beach Boys
1132:La Monte Young
1104:
1101:
1093:postminimalism
969:Elliott Carter
928:
925:
889:
888:
881:
871:
868:
862:
814:
811:
807:slice of bread
782:for tape, and
717:La Monte Young
701:
698:
679:string quartet
660:Julius Eastman
624:Terry Jennings
616:La Monte Young
585:Morton Feldman
533:
530:
503:Henryk GĂłrecki
499:Steve Martland
491:Éliane Radigue
455:Terry Jennings
451:Dennis Johnson
430:La Monte Young
410:Downtown scene
383:phase shifting
346:
345:
339:
338:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
324:postminimalism
321:
316:
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231:
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185:
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176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Minimal music
4479:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:New-age music
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4233:United States
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
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4180:
4177:
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4160:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
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4076:
4075:
4073:
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4067:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4023:Dates of eras
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:Postmodernism
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3869:Cubo-Futurism
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Expressionism
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
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3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
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3764:
3761:
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3758:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Music theatre
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:Minimal music
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Ars subtilior
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Visual poetry
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Nouveau roman
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Temporary art
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Nonconformism
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:Neoplasticism
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Mir iskusstva
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Impressionism
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:Functionalism
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3110:Minimal music
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:Koyaanisqatsi
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:Doctor Atomic
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Process music
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Giya Kancheli
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Michael Nyman
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:Minimal music
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:0-520-21491-9
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:0-253-21388-6
2640:
2636:
2635:0-253-35499-4
2632:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:Sitsky, Larry
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2565:0-7148-3381-9
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:Stanley Sadie
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:Rose, Barbara
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:Stanley Sadie
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2495:0-521-48250-X
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:0-521-65383-5
2442:
2438:
2437:0-289-70182-1
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:The Spectator
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:0-226-52143-5
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:0-900707-76-3
2391:
2387:
2386:Michael Nyman
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:1-84413-093-2
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:3-89206-811-9
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:90-71638-09-X
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2289:9780199880126
2285:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:3-7959-0777-2
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:Glass, Philip
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:Stanley Sadie
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:0-520-22982-7
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:New Music Box
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2127:0-02-864655-X
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:0-520-24550-4
2106:
2102:
2101:0-520-24036-7
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:0-02-864737-8
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:Blush, Steven
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1876:9781136816031
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:Harrison 1997
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:Sinfini Music
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:Fink 2005, 19
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
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1679:
1666:
1662:
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1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:Anderson 2013
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:Michael Nyman
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:Reich Remixed
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Ian MacDonald
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:Edgard Varèse
995:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Samuel Lipman
954:
950:
946:
945:Donal Henahan
942:
938:
937:Pierre Boulez
932:
926:
924:
922:
921:
917:, and Adams'
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
900:
899:
894:
886:
882:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
854:
850:
848:
842:
837:
835:
831:
828:
827:common chords
824:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:
769:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
745:
744:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:The music of
699:
697:
695:
691:
690:Richard Serra
687:
686:Robert Morris
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Michael Nyman
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
576:
571:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Nam June Paik
543:
539:
538:Michael Nyman
532:Brief history
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:minimal music
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Michael Nyman
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Phill Niblock
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:process music
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:(also called
352:
351:Minimal music
344:
340:
335:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
259:
256:Minimal music
254:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
198:
192:
191:
186:This article
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4385:Third stream
4348:Experimental
4179:Porto Alegre
4149:21st-century
4144:20th-century
4139:Contemporary
4087:
3778:Epic theatre
3663:
3615:Atonal music
3450:Flarf poetry
3440:Ego-Futurism
3238:Proto-Cubism
3109:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2937:Compositions
2897:John Tavener
2829:Philip Glass
2824:Gavin Bryars
2797:
2709:
2684:
2668:
2652:, edited by
2649:
2626:
2612:
2591:
2573:
2556:
2550:John Tyrrell
2539:
2532:
2518:
2512:John Tyrrell
2501:
2486:
2470:
2454:
2428:
2419:
2402:
2381:
2363:
2348:
2341:
2316:
2313:Johnson, Tom
2297:
2279:
2253:
2236:
2219:
2213:John Tyrrell
2207:, edited by
2202:
2179:
2164:
2154:
2133:
2121:. Schirmer.
2118:
2090:
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1669:. Retrieved
1660:
1657:"Minimalism"
1651:
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1512:The Guardian
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1331:. Retrieved
1324:
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1286:
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1192:
1159:Smiley Smile
1157:
1146:flower power
1135:
1117:
1090:
1082:counterpoint
1057:
1034:
1029:serial music
1025:
1007:
1003:Charles Ives
986:
934:
930:
920:Shaker Loops
918:
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752:
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683:
664:
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620:Gavin Bryars
604:Philip Glass
593:
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573:
565:
561:
553:
535:
522:Philip Glass
517:
515:
511:John Tavener
495:Gavin Bryars
471:James Tenney
442:Philip Glass
417:
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395:teleological
365:patterns or
354:
350:
349:
267:Experimental
237:
219:
213:January 2020
210:
187:
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151:January 2020
148:
138:
131:
124:
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
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44:
4460:WikiProject
4353:Light music
4338:Baroque pop
4333:Avant-garde
4288:Performance
4053:Renaissance
4040:Early music
3930:Primitivism
3756:and theatre
3696:Noise music
3669:Drone music
3500:Slam poetry
3387:Suprematism
3372:Process art
3300:Incoherents
3295:Color Field
3270:Divisionism
3218:Art Nouveau
3198:Avant-garde
3114:Electronica
3015:Piano Phase
2980:Four Organs
2966:Eight Lines
2854:Terry Riley
2849:Steve Reich
2839:Tom Johnson
2689:2:135–159.
2557:Minimalists
2062:Cope, David
1142:psychedelia
1086:Steve Reich
1067:Renaissance
1044:Chuck Berry
1036:Stockhausen
1013:Machine Age
965:advertising
785:Piano Phase
768:Steve Reich
749:Terry Riley
628:Tom Johnson
612:Terry Riley
608:Steve Reich
581:Dream Music
526:Tom Johnson
438:Steve Reich
434:Terry Riley
416:called the
387:phase music
319:stoner rock
282:avant-garde
4475:Categories
4373:Film score
4368:Soundtrack
4307:Conducting
4226:Birmingham
4162:By country
4011:Definition
3950:Surrealism
3888:Minimalism
3763:Cinéma pur
3408:and poetry
3406:Literature
3315:Minimalism
3206:Visual art
3156:Tech house
3146:Microhouse
3053:Maximalism
2928:Repetition
2906:Techniques
2814:John Adams
2621:0313017239
2115:Gann, Kyle
1890:Space rock
1721:Cope 1997.
1712:Gann 1998.
1637:(1): 171.
1548:0195132416
1518:27 October
1406:(original
1333:30 January
1279:References
1184:noise rock
1180:space rock
1076:following
977:narcissism
901:, Reich's
883:Phase and
879:parameters
875:modulation
853:David Cope
823:repetition
656:John Lewis
652:John White
644:Dave Smith
596:John Adams
447:John Adams
397:, and non-
363:repetitive
355:minimalism
314:noise rock
197:improve it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
4418:Festivals
4317:Orchestra
4169:Australia
4134:Modernism
4126:New music
4097:Classical
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3955:Symbolism
3883:Modernism
3716:Serialism
3701:Post-rock
3642:Free jazz
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3505:UltraĂsmo
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3435:Cyberpunk
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3141:Lowercase
2887:Arvo Pärt
2806:Composers
2761:Kyle Gann
2637:(cloth);
2103:(cloth).
2009:Kyle Gann
1939:Post-Rock
1836:John Cale
1797:Gann 2001
1326:BBC Music
1296:Kyle Gann
1236:Ken Ishii
1232:Mantronik
1228:DJ Spooky
1188:post-rock
1176:krautrock
1164:art music
1128:John Cale
1113:Avant-pop
1070:polyphony
1059:Kyle Gann
903:tape-loop
847:Kyle Gann
795:Two Pages
747:In 1960,
675:orchestra
589:John Cage
524:believes
507:Arvo Pärt
403:listening
369:, steady
359:art music
337:Subgenres
309:Krautrock
272:serialism
201:verifying
56:talk page
4440:Category
4109:Romantic
4048:Medieval
3903:Neo-Dada
3878:Lettrism
3859:Futurism
3773:Drop Art
3768:Dogme 95
3736:Totalism
3654:Futurism
3605:Ars nova
3533:By style
3480:Neoteric
3382:Rayonism
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3310:Mail art
3265:Devětsil
3068:Totalism
2753:Archived
2695:40213909
2686:Intégral
2611:. 2002.
2315:. 1989.
2271:(1997).
2117:. 1997.
2082:. 2007.
2064:. 1997.
1981:Archived
1943:AllMusic
1908:(2016).
1894:AllMusic
1840:AllMusic
1822:Archived
1671:28 April
1665:Archived
1578:28 April
1572:Archived
1411:Archived
1408:PDF file
1268:Ostinato
1257:See also
1097:totalism
1074:symphony
1063:continuo
1021:The Bomb
994:cat food
908:Come Out
841:another.
779:Come Out
757:The Gift
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554:Springen
329:totalism
4430:Outline
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4295:Concert
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4078:Baroque
3832:General
3691:No wave
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3367:Pop art
3357:Orphism
3275:Fauvism
3253:Bauhaus
2918:Phasing
2742:, from
2679:1003498
2057:3250558
2000:Sources
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1208:The Orb
1204:ambient
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989:fascism
905:pieces
885:pattern
870:Brevity
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860:Silence
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420:In the
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277:process
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4274:R to S
4269:N to G
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650:, and
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3582:Metal
3525:Music
3126:Drone
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2759:, by
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2675:JSTOR
2461:JSTOR
2304:JSTOR
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1853:, 47.
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867:music
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