967:, present-day Ghana was one source of the gold that reached Europe via trans-Saharan trade routes. In the fifteenth century, Portuguese sailors tried to locate and to control gold mining from the coast but soon turned to more easily obtained slaves for the Atlantic slave trade. Most gold mining before the mid-nineteenth century was alluvial, wherein miners recovered gold from streams. Modern gold mining that plumbs the rich ore deposits below the Earth's surface began about 1860, when a Fante man of mixed-race by name Thomas Hughes, imported heavy machinery to begin mining in the western areas of present-day Ghana. His machinery was however sabotaged and could not start. Actual mining began in the late 1870s to early 1880s. The richest deposit, the Obuasi mine, was discovered by two Fante men by name Joseph Ellis and Joseph Biney who were later joined by another Fante man Joseph Brown. They sold the rights to the deposit cheaply to E A Cade because of British government's duplicitous behaviour. E.A. Cade, the founder of Ashanti Goldfields Corporation (AGC). Since the beginning of the twentieth century, modern mining in the Gold Coast has been pursued as a large-scale venture, necessitating significant capital investment from European investors.
951:
arsenic trioxide was sold to Europe for commercial applications. As the market for arsenic declined, the treatment plant was shut down in 2000 and about 10,000 metric tons (t) of arsenic was stockpiled in bags at Obuasi. After the introduction of the Biox treatment process, the arsenic trioxide was converted to arsenic pentoxide and deposited in tailings dams. AngloGold
Ashanti Ltd. (the company that was formed through the merger of Ashanti Goldfields Ltd. and AngloGold Ltd.) reported that inadequate storage of the stockpiled bags allegedly caused arsenic contamination to the Pompora stream. The problem was identified during the company's due diligence study prior to the merger. AngloGold Ashanti constructed a lined storage dam at the old heap leach site. The company planned to move the arsenic to a new facility where it will be stored and gradually disposed of by blending it into the Biox process circuit where it will be chemically stabilized and deposited as a component of the tailings residue in the new Sansu Tailings Storage Facility. The company estimates that it will take about 6 years to dispose of the arsenic.
666:. of Canada commissioned a new mine in Ghana. The mine, known as the Chirano gold mine, was an open pit operation located about 21 kilometers (km) to the south of AngloGold Ashanti's Bibiani gold mine in western Ghana. The Chirano gold mine produced 941 kilograms (kg) (reported as 30,247 troy ounces) in 2005 and was 100% owned by Red Back; the government had the option to exercise its right to back into a 10% ownership in CGML. Chirano was scheduled to produce an average of about 3,800 kg (reported as 123,000 troy ounces) per year during a period of 8½ years. The designed capacity of the processing plant was 2.1 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr). A revised resource and reserve estimate for the Chirano Mine was underway in 2005. The economic potential of the Akwaaba deposit, a high-grade deposit within the Chirano mining concession, was being evaluated in 2005, and a resource estimate of the deposit was scheduled for completion in October 2006.
991:
Marketing
Company. In 1990 the company bought 490,000 carats (98 kg) of diamonds and 20,000 ounces of gold and earned a total of US$ 20.4 million through sales, 70% of it from diamond sales and 30% from gold bought from smallscale operators. Diamond output totaled 688,000 carats (137.6 kg) in 1991 and 694,000 carats (138.8 kg) in 1992, while gold production amounted to 843,000 fine ounces in 1991 and 1,004,000 fine ounces in 1992. Furthermore, the government succeeded in attracting significant foreign investment into the sector and, by early 1991, had signed over sixty mining licenses granting prospecting rights to international companies. To forestall domestic criticism of large-scale foreign control of the sector, the government announced in mid-1991 the establishment of a state-controlled holding company to buy shares in mines on behalf of private, that is, foreign, investors.
726:
of gold. Owing to the depletion of the high-grade ore in the main Damang pit, an exploration program to seek for alternative ore sources was launched during the year. The exploration program resulted in the establishment of the
Amoanda, the Rex, and the Tomento pits, and the extension of an old pit at Kwesie-Lima. Gold Fields and its partners reported that production from the new pits was to be processed along with stockpiles of lower grade ore. Mining of the Tomento pit began in July 2005 and mining of the Amoanda pit began during the fourth quarter of 2005; production from the Rex pit was scheduled to begin in 2007. As of June 30, 2005, proven and probable reserves at Damang were estimated to be about 40,000 kg of gold (reported as 1.3 million troy ounces) and were projected to last until 2010 at current production rates.
935:
947:
environment after the cessation of Bonte's gold mining operations along the Jeni River. Bonte closed its operations at
Bonteso in the Ashanti region in March 2004, citing problems concerning low-grade ore, equipment unavailability, and a default of its financial obligations during 2003. The company allegedly did not follow the due process for mine decommissioning, such as by failing to post bonds to the EPA for the reclamation of lands, failing to notify workers of its intention to liquidate, not paying up-to-date wages to workers, and leaving a debt of about $ 18 million owed to various state institutions and private companies. The EPA and the Minerals Commission were accused of failing to ensure Bonte's compliance to operate in a sustainable manner.
943:
agencies, as necessary; conducting investigations into environmental issues; coordinating the activities of bodies concerned with the technical aspects of the environment for the purpose of controlling the generation, treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of industrial waste; ensuring compliance with environmental impact assessment procedures; issuing environmental permits and pollution abatement notices; making recommendations to the
Government for the protection of the environment; prescribing standards and guidelines related to the pollution of air, water, and land; protecting and improving the quality of the environment; and securing the control and prevention of discharge waste into the environment among several other functions.
813:
for sale; currently, an open market has been established in Ghana in which registered buyers can operate from offices within the country and in which licensed diamond traders are allowed to operate. All buyers (exclusively
Ghanaian nationals) must transfer U.S. dollars through the Central Bank in advance for the purchase of diamond. Only about 200 of the 1,000 registered buyers were thought to be active during 2004. Purchased diamond was kept under lock in the custody of the PMMC and subject to inspection before being exported. According to the report, Ghana was fully implementing the Kimberley Process but the country lacked the resources to monitor and control illicit diamond mining and buying, especially from the
674:(CIL) plant. The mine included old tailings dumps, which were reclaimed in December 2004. These tailings were expected to yield about 3.9 million metric tons (Mt) of ore at an estimated recovery grade of 0.60 gram per metric ton (g/t) gold during a period of 18 months. The company was studying the viability of restarting production from its main pit to a depth of about 60 meters below the current pit floor. Underground exploration was suspended in July 2005 and the underground mine continued to be on care-and-maintenance status. Gold production was expected to decrease to 1 1,700 kg in 2006 from 3,580 kg (reported as 11 115,000 troy ounces) in 2005.
971:
of the sector was tempered by increasing government involvement under the
Nkrumah regime; however, production began to decline in the late 1960s and did not recover for almost twenty years. In the mid-1960s, many mines began to hit poorer gold reefs. Despite the floating of the international gold price in the late 1960s, few investors were willing to invest, and the government failed to provide the capital necessary to expand production into new reefs. Of the two major gold mining enterprises, neither the State Gold Mining Corporation nor AGC (40% controlled by the government) expanded or even maintained production.
698:
acquired the mine in 2002 after determining that conventional CIL processing was economically feasible. Plant feed in 2005 was a mixture of newly mined ore from the Wassa pit blended with material from the heap-leach pads left by the previous operation. Golden Star's planned to increase production at Wassa to about 3,700 kg (reported as 120,000 troy ounces) in 2006 and to produce about 4,000 kg (reported as 130,000 troy ounces) in 2007 as higher-grade ores are reached at deeper levels. As of
December 31, 2005, total probable mineral reserves at Wassa were reported to be 21.9 Mt at a grade of 1.34 g/t gold.
999:
sixteen months of operation, the PMMC bought 382,423 carats (76.4846 kg) of diamonds and 20,365 ounces of gold and sold 230,000 carats (46 kg) of diamonds worth US$ 8 million. The corporation also earned ¢130 million in 1991 on its jewelry operations, up 48% from the previous year, and it planned to establish joint marketing ventures with foreign firms to boost sales abroad. Nevertheless, because of new complaints over raw gem sales, the government in March 1992 ordered an investigation into the operations of the state agency and suspended its managing director.
714:
Production of gold was expected to be about 17,100 kilograms per year (kg/yr) (reported as 550,000 troy ounces), with a mine life estimated to be more than 20 years. The company was awaiting the issuance of a mining license for the development of the Akyem property, which is located in Ghana's eastern region, about 130 km northwest of Accra between the towns of New Abirem and
Ntronang. Newmont expected to begin production at Akyem in 2008 and to produce about 15,500 kg/yr of gold (reported as 500,000 troy ounces).
767:
Manganese
Corporation's mine and the surrounding infrastructure were repaired, helping to raise production from a low of 159,000 tons in 1983 to 284,000 tons in 1989 and 247,000 tons in 1990. The corporation earned US$ 20 million from its exports in 1991, up from US$ 11.6 million in 1989 and US$ 14.2 million in 1990. Approximately US$ 85 million was also invested by private investors at the newly explored Kwesikrom deposit. contact Golden Eagle limited the main manganese mining company in 2010,
983:
bauxite, manganese, and diamonds, fell steadily. Foreign exchange shortages inhibited mine maintenance, new exploration, and development investment. The overvalued cedi and spiraling inflation exacerbated mining companies' problems, as did smuggling and the deteriorating infrastructure. Energy supplies failed to meet the industry's growing needs; foreign exchange shortages constrained oil imports, and domestically generated hydroelectricity was unable to make up the shortfall.
805:
producer is the state-owned Ghana Consolidated Diamonds (GCD), which operates in the Birim River Basin. In the 1960s, the company mined 2,000,000 carats (400 kg) of diamonds a year, but annual production in 1991 amounted to only 146,000 carats (29.2 kg). This downturn resulted from technical problems and GCD's weak financial position. Production from all mines came to 688,000 carats (137.6 kg) in 1991 and to 694,000 carats (138.8 kg) in 1992.
129:
Ghana's numerous rules and laws intended to stop small-scale mining operations, the industry thrives. In order to control small-scale mining operations and advance sustainable development, laws such as the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, the Community Mining Program, and the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006 (Act 703) have been put in place. Miners continue to operate with impunity, producing extensive
24:
694:, which were expected to extend the project's mine life to 2040. The development of Obuasi Deeps will require an initial investment of $ 44 million during the next 4 years to conduct further exploration and feasibility studies. The total capital expenditure for the development of the Obuasi Deeps was estimated to be about $ 570 million. AngloGold Ashanti held a 100% interest in the Obuasi Mine.
801:
the concession. At least 72 diamonds and 325 small gold grains from 20 small test pits were recovered from the property in 2006. The pits were situated in a number of different river systems throughout the Ochinso project area. Most of the diamonds recovered were reportedly of commercial size ranging between 1 and 2 millimeters (mm), with an average stone size of 0.036 carats (7.2 mg).
718:
about 300 km west of Accra, consists of several open pit operations, one CIL plant, and two heap-leach facilities. Some underground mining had been conducted in the past, but underground operations ended in 1999. As of June 30, 2005, proven and probable reserves at Tarkwa were estimated to be about 417,000 kg of gold (reported as 13.4 million
1446:
613:, alumina refining, aluminum production, and rail transportation infrastructure upgrades. Alcan, on the other hand, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the government for the creation of a joint venture to explore the feasibility of developing a bauxite mine and a 1.5–2.0 million metric tonnes per year (Mt/yr) alumina refinery in Ghana.
357:(PMMC) is the government entity responsible for promoting the development of small-scale gold and diamond mining in Ghana and for purchasing the output of such mining, either directly or through licensed buyers. The Mines Department has authority in mine safety matters. All mine accidents and other safety problems also must be reported to the
57:
632:
also plan to use some of the capital from the stock sale to promote local business and to boost national reserves. The minister of mines and energy dispelled fears that the stock sale would result in foreign ownership of the country's gold mines by saying that the government would have final say in all major stock acquisitions.
994:
In the early 1990s, the government announced plans to privatize its diamond-mining operations and to expand production. At Accra's invitation, De Beers of South Africa agreed to undertake an eighteen-month feasibility study to determine the extent of the Birim River Basin diamond reserves. The survey
970:
Under British colonial rule, the government controlled gold mining to protect the profits of European companies. The colonial government also restricted possession of gold as well as of mercury, essential in recovering gold from the ore in which it is embedded. Following independence, foreign control
859:
Petroleum exploration activities have been conducted in Ghana since the late nineteenth century; and commercially sustainable deposits of petroleum or natural gas was discovered in 2008 by Kosmos. The total crude oil found is estimated to be about 6.5 million barrels. Production started in early 2010
812:
According to a 2004 report by Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness Publishing Inc., prior to the creation of the PMMC in 1989, as much as 70% of Ghana's diamond was smuggled out of the country. Following the creation of PMMC, diamond was initially shipped to a PMMC office in Antwerp, Belgium,
766:
Ghana is one of the world's leading exporters of manganese; however, only 279,000 tons were produced in 1992, compared with the all-time high of 638,000 tons in 1974–75. Ghana has reserves exceeding 60 million tons, and considerable rehabilitation of the sector took place in the 1980s. Ghana National
709:
The Prestea Underground gold mine, which is also 90% owned by Golden Star, remained idle during the year. Prestea Underground was closed in early 2002 owing to low gold prices. During 2005, a total of 8,096 meters of underground exploration drilling was completed at the mine; drilling was to continue
701:
In addition to the Wassa Mine, Golden Star operated the Bogoso/Prestea open pit mine, which is located about 300 km west of Accra. Bogoso/Prestea produced 4,103 kg of gold in 2005. Golden Star held a 90% interest in the property, and the government of Ghana held the remaining 10%. About 75%
669:
In 2005 gold production at the Bibiani Mine came from the processing of ore from the mine's remaining pits, stockpiled ore, and tailings. Satellite pits were depleted in December 2005, and AngloGold Ashanti expected stockpiled ore to be depleted by January 2006. Beginning in February, the mill was to
128:
Artisanal and small-scale mining accounted for 43% of Ghana's total gold production in 2018, ensuing in high revenue rates and foreign exchange for government. Despite the fact that this natural resource is a gift to the nation, the way it is being used renders it offensive. Despite the government of
830:
The Building and Road Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Ghana was conducting laboratory tests to evaluate the possibility of producing pozzolana cement from bauxite mining waste (known as red mud or clay). The two companies that produced cement in Ghana, Ghana Cement
817:
areas. In Akwatia, for example, an informal diamond market existed where no paperwork was required to buy or sell diamond; this market was known locally as the "Belgian market". The report also indicated the possibility of diamond being smuggled from Côte d'Ivoire, especially following the sanctions
710:
in 2006. Golden Star planned to complete a prefeasibility study by the end of 2006 to evaluate the economic potential of restarting production at Prestea Underground. As of December 31, 2005, inferred mineral resources at the mine were estimated to be 6.1 Mt at an average grade of 8.1 g/t.
804:
The government also is trying to expand Ghana's diamond-mining industry, which has produced primarily industrial grade gems from alluvial gravels since the 1920s. More than 11,000,000 carats (2,200 kg) of proven and probable reserves are located about seventy miles northwest of Accra. The main
725:
The Damang Mine, which is located in the Wassa West District in southwestern Ghana about 360 km west of Accra and 30 km northeast of Tarkwa Mine, consists of an open pit operation, a SAG mill, and a CIL plant. The mine processed about 5.2 Mt of ore in 2005 and produced about 7,700 kg
631:
In 1992 Ghana's gold production surpassed 1 million fine ounces, up from 327,000 fine ounces in 1987. In March 1994, the Ghanaian government announced that it would sell half of its 55% stake in AGC for an estimated US$ 250 million, which would then be spent on development projects. The authorities
444:
Minerals and Mining Policy 2016 (Government of Ghana, 2016) the Minerals and Mining Policy 2016 emphasizes the need for effective enforcement of laws and regulations governing small-scale mining operations while promoting responsible mining practices. It seeks to formalize informal artisanal miners
428:
The Minerals and Mining Act, 2006 (Act 703) (Government of Ghana, 2006): This is a comprehensive policy directive aimed at the regulation of minerals in Ghana, including small-scale mining operations. It outlines the procedures for granting mineral rights, requirements for environmental protection,
974:
Under the ERP, the mining sector was targeted as a potential source of foreign exchange, and since 1984, the government has successfully encouraged the rejuvenation of gold mining. To offer incentives to the mining industry, the Minerals and Mining Law was passed in 1986. Among its provisions were
942:
The Ghanaian Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was the Government entity responsible for the formulation of policies on all aspects of the environment. The agency's functions included acting in liaison and cooperating with other Government agencies; collaborating with foreign and international
800:
minerals in the alluvial material. The other property, which was known as Ochinso, covers an area of 37 km within the Birim Diamond Field of southern Ghana. Paramount, through a farm-in arrangement with Aurion Resources Ltd. of Ghana, would be entitled to acquire 85% of the equity interest in
440:
Reclamation Bonds: Under Section 47 of the Minerals and Mining Act (Act 703), Small-Scale Miners are required to provide reclamation bonds as a guarantee against possible damage resulting from their activities. This bond ensures that post-closure site rehabilitation can be carried out effectively.
436:
The Environmental Assessment Regulations, (LI 1652) (Government of Ghana, 1999) which is a policy shaped to prohibit a person from commencing activities (such as mineral extraction) which have possible adverse environmental and public health impacts without first registering with the Environmental
432:
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Government of Ghana, 1994): In accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994 (Act 490), Ghana has implemented regulations requiring all small-scale miners to undertake environmental impact assessments before beginning any mining activity.
998:
In 1989 the government established the Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC) to purchase minerals from small producers in an effort to stem diamond smuggling. Estimates suggested that as much as 70% of Ghana's diamonds were being smuggled out of the country in the mid-1980s. In its first
791:
project, which covers an area of 330 square kilometers (km) located about 25 kilometers (km) south of the Akwatia Diamond Project. Field work began in March 2006. A number of pits were dug in both alluvial and hard rock deposits. A total of 83 diamonds, which together weighed more than 3.3 carats
982:
Ghana's mineral sector had started to recover by the early 1990s after its severe decline throughout the 1970s. One indicator of the scale of decline was that by 1987, only four gold mines were operating in Ghana, compared with eighty in 1938. Throughout the 1970s, the output of gold, as well as
946:
In 2005, the Center for Public Interest Law and the Center for Environmental Law, two Accra-based nongovernmental organizations, sued Bonte Gold Mines Ltd. (an 85% owned subsidiary of Akrokeri-Ashanti Gold Mines Inc. of Canada), Ghana's Minerals Commission, and the EPA for the reclamation of the
821:
It was reported that while annual diamond production from GCD continued to decline, diamond production from artisanal miners was increasing and that there was a possibility for the privatization of GCD. Foreign companies (not identified) were said to be interested in the Akwatia alluvial diamond
717:
About 19.6 Mt of ore was processed at Tarkwa in 2005 from which 21,051 kg of gold was produced (Gold Fields Limited, 2006§). In November 2005, a new semiautogenous grinding (SAG) mill and CIL plant were commissioned at the Tarkwa Mine. The Tarkwa Mine, which is located in southwestern Ghana
697:
The Wassa open pit gold mine produced 2,149 kg of gold in 2005. The mine, which is located about 150 km west of Accra, was owned by Golden Star (90%) and the government (10%). The mine had been in operation as an open pit heap-leach mine in the 1990s but was closed in 2001. Golden Star
689:
In 2005, gold production at the Obuasi underground mine was hindered by a breakdown at the main processing plant during the first quarter of 2005 and the failure of a primary crusher during the third quarter; production, however, increased to 12,200 kg (reported as 391,000 troy ounces) from
986:
After 1983, however, the government implemented a series of measures to enhance the sector's appeal. In 1986 new mining legislation for the gold and diamond sectors replaced the previous complex and obsolete regulations, and a generous incentives system was established that allowed for external
950:
Ghana's Obuasi region is known to host arsenopyritic goldbearing ore bodies. According to company reports, during the 1990s, an arsenic precipitation plant was installed at the Pompora Treatment Plant for the commercial recovery of arsenic from the roaster flue gases. At the time, the recovered
925:
Vanco Energy Company explored for petroleum at the Cape Three Points Deepwater Block (CTPD), which is located in the Tano-Ivorian Basin. The company had signed an exploration agreement with the Government in 2002 at which time it conducted a two-dimensional (2-D) seismic program to evaluate the
990:
Under legislation passed after 1983, the government liberalized and regularized the mining industry. For the first time, the government made small claim-holding feasible, with the result that individual miners sold increasing amounts of gold and diamonds to the state-operated Precious Minerals
706:. Because this type of ore cannot be processed using the company's existing CIL plant, the company decided in June 2005 to build a new 3.5-Mt/yr processing plant which will use biooxidation to treat the remaining sulfide ore. The new processing plant was scheduled to be completed in late 2006.
713:
In 2005, N Newmont announced the company was advancing the Ahafo and the Akyem gold properties to production. The Ahafo property, which is located about 300 km northwest of Accra between the towns of Kenyase and Ntotoroso, was expected to begin production during the second half of 2006.
592:
production, and rail transportation infrastructure upgrades. The MOU called for the restart of three of the five existing potlines at the idled Valco smelter, which would produce about 120,000 metric tonnes per year (t/yr) of aluminum; the designed capacity of the plant is 200,000 t/yr. The
987:
foreign exchange retention accounts, capital allowances, and a flexible royalties payment system. Since then the sector has benefited from a wave of fresh investment totaling US$ 540 million since 1986, and by the early 1990s mining was the country's second highest foreign exchange earner.
808:
Diamond production was recovered by artisanal miners from alluvial and in situ diamond deposits near Akwatia in the Birim Valley. The only formal commercial production came from a diamond placer mine in Akwatia, which was operated by Government-owned Ghana Consolidated Diamonds Ltd. (GCD).
894:
Basin. In 2005, the company conducted a 1,075-km three-dimensional (3-D) survey to evaluate the potential of the block. The WCTP Block is located about 8 km from the Ghanaian coastline and 95 km southwest of the city of Takoradi. The remaining interest in WCTP was held by
975:
generous capital allowances and reduced income taxes. The corporate tax rate was set at 45%, and mining companies could write off 75% of capital investment against taxes in the first year and 50% of the remainder thereafter. The government permitted companies to use
681:
open pit mine increased to 6,380 kg in 2005 (reported as 205,000 troy ounces) from 4,570 kg in 2004 owing to an increase in throughput at the processing plant. AngloGold Ashanti held an 80% interest in the Iduapriem Mine; the remaining 20% was held by the
754:. Less than 100,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of this ore material was used to produce electrolytic manganese metal in China, but China's demand for manganese metal was projected to increase to 300,000 t in 2007. China's other supplier of manganese ore was
762:
of Ukraine, which also used manganese ore from Ghana, imported about 832,000 t in 2006. Privat Group acquired the right to manage Ghana Manganese Co. and, as its first order of business, indicated that it intended to amend all existing manganese contracts.
1015:
in Ghana's central region. The ground reportedly caved in on the miners as they searched for gold deposits, and authorities were unclear as to how many miners originally went in. Sixteen bodies were excavated, with one man dying in hospital from his injuries.
918:, the WAGP project manager, announced that WAGPCo had begun the installation of the 569 km main offshore segment of the pipeline. The WAGP was expected to be operational by December 2006 and to deliver gas to powerplants and industries in Benin, Ghana,
96:
contributes over 90% of the total mineral exports. Thus, the main focus of Ghana's mining and minerals development industry remains focused on gold. Ghana is Africa's largest gold producer, producing 80.5 t in 2008. Ghana is also a major producer of
786:
At least one company, Paramount Mining Corporation Ltd., explored for diamond at two properties in Ghana in 2006. In February 2006, the company entered into a joint-venture agreement with Leo Shield Exploration Ghana Ltd. to earn interest in the
420:, 1989 (PNDC Law 219), set up the Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC) to promote the development of small-scale gold and diamond mining in Ghana and to purchase the output of such mining, either directly or through licensed buyers.
608:
Canada-based Alcan Inc. and the United States' Alcoa Inc. were the two companies that mined bauxite and alumina. During 2006, Alcoa continued to study the possibility of developing an integrated aluminum industry in Ghana that would include
914:(WAGP) between March and April 2005. The West Gas Pipeline Company Limited (WAGPCo) was granted a license to construct the pipeline in April, and the first shipload of about 8,000 pipes was delivered to the Tema Port in May. In September,
364:
The overall legislative framework for the mining sector in Ghana is provided by the Minerals and Mining Act of 2006 (Act 703). Under the Law, mining companies must pay royalties; companies may also pay corporate taxes at standard rates.
109:. Ghana has 20 large-scale mining companies producing gold, diamonds, bauxite and manganese; over 300 registered small scale mining groups; and 90 mine support service companies. Other mineral commodities produced in the country are
883:, which was conducting exploration offshore at West Cape Three Points Block, and Vanco Energy Co. of the United States, which explored for petroleum at the Cape Three Points Deepwater Block (CTPD) in the Tano-Ivorian Basin.
605:.’s 90% interest in Valco in 2004. Kaiser closed the Valco plant in 2003 after struggling with fluctuating operating levels for several years and dealing with restricted power allocations from the Volta River Authority.
995:
was to cost US$ 1 million. A De Beers subsidiary will be the operator and manager of GCD, while Lazare Kaplan International, a New York-based diamond polishing and trading company, will produce and market the diamonds.
361:, which is the private association of operating mining companies. The Chamber also provides information on Ghana's mining laws to the public negotiates with the mine labor unions on behalf of its member companies.
690:
7,930 kg in 2004 mostly owing to the start of mining from the Kubi surface oxide deposit. In terms of growth prospects, the company planned to develop the deep-level ore deposits at Obuasi known as the
954:
Illegal mining has had an extensive impact on Ghana's environment. 60% of Ghana's water bodies are polluted by illegal artisanal gold mining, as well as industrial waste, household disposals and farming.
404:, which regulates the industry. The Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC), which is empowered to undertake petroleum exploration and production on behalf of the government, is authorized to enter
926:
block. In 2005, the company carried out a 1,500-km 3-D seismic program to further define the structural and stratigraphic prospects in the block. The first well in the CTPD Block was planned for 2007.
453:
While the bulk of Ghana's mining industry is in legally sanctioned mining by large enterprises, small-scale miners - many operating illegally - extract a large percentage of Ghana's resources.
2301:
783:
in the Birim Valley. The only formal commercial production came from a diamond placer mine in Akwatia, which was operated by Government-owned Ghana Consolidated Diamonds Ltd. (GCD).
628:. During the early 1990s, AGC (Ghana's largest gold producer) saw its overall share of the domestic gold market decline from 80% to 60% as other operators entered the industry.
624:
More than 21% of gold production in the early 1990s came from underground mines in western and Ashanti Region, with the remainder coming from river beds in Ashanti Region and
1528:
621:
While the bulk of Ghana's gold mining is in legally sanctioned mining by large enterprises, 35% of Ghana's gold is extracted by small-scale miners, most operating illegally.
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864:
oilfield, which produced a total of 294,430 barrels when it reopened in 2002 to its closing in 2004. Gas flared at Saltpond averaged 2 million cubic feet per day. The
2286:
655:. of Canada operated the Bogoso/Prestea, the Prestea Underground, and the Wassa gold mines; Gold Fields Ltd. of South Africa operated the Damang gold mine; and
934:
670:
process only old tailings. The Bibiani Mine, which had operated between 1903 and 1968 as an underground mine, was reopened in 1998 as an open pit mine with a
1341:.Usa Ibp Usa (8 June 2015). Ghana Mining Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. pp. 38–.
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Usa Ibp Usa (8 June 2015). Ghana Mining Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. pp. 38–.
792:(660 mg) and the largest of which was 0.56 carats (112 mg), were recovered from the gravel of alluvial deposits. The project area also contained
133:, disputes amongst communities, and problems with security officials, among other negative effects, despite the years-long efforts of several governments.
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686:. The company also held a 90% interest in the Teberebie Mine, which is adjacent to the Iduapriem Mine; the government held the remaining 10% interest.
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141:
Export earnings from minerals averaged 35%, and the sector is one of the largest contributors to Government revenues through the payment of mineral
473:
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and production-sharing agreements with commercial organizations; GNPC was established under the GNPC Law of 1983 (PNDC Law 64). The regulation of
2223:
1555:
345:, promoting mineral development, advising the government on mineral matters, and serving as a liaison between industry and the government. The
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2098:
1363:
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1338:
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1962:
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350:
1258:
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1852:
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on diamond exports imposed on this country in 2004 (Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness Publishing Inc., 2004, p. 3–5).
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This is aimed at mitigating negative impacts on ecosystems and human health caused by unregulated or poorly managed mining practices.
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1755:
683:
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277:
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The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources(Ghana) oversees all aspects of Ghana's mineral sector and is responsible for granting
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397:
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2461:
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2174:
2025:
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into legal registered groups whilst simultaneously providing them with technical assistance, equipment supports among others.
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2366:
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354:
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mine was 80% owned by AngloGold Ashanti and 20% by the International Finance Corporation (AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., 2006a-c).
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2587:
2456:
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2281:
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401:
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2600:
593:
government and Alcoa planned to restart the Valco smelter as soon as an interim power rate agreement is reached with the
389:
2411:
2123:
2040:
1585:
868:
Oil Refinery refined all the crude petroleum imported into the country, with the exception of consignments going to the
832:
346:
2511:
2486:
2336:
2331:
2276:
2261:
1947:
1912:
1745:
1618:
1608:
896:
860:
in the Jubilee Field and as at 21 April 2011, Kosmos alone has lifted 1.9 million barrels from the Jubilee Field. The
573:
385:
2596:
533:
2635:
2536:
2496:
2466:
2451:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2381:
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2271:
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2216:
2035:
2015:
1815:
1689:
1548:
513:
497:
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2501:
2441:
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1740:
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1684:
1440:
911:
652:
552:
413:
373:
130:
2583:
2574:
2565:
886:
Dallas-based Kosmos Energy LLC held an 86.5% working interest in the West Cape Three Points (WCTP) Block in the
381:
2630:
2481:
2431:
2386:
2371:
2316:
2256:
2133:
2128:
2070:
1842:
1628:
306:
Geological Survey Department – geological studies including map production and maintenance of geological record
2561:
2341:
559:
of Canada held an 80% interest in Ghana Bauxite Company Ltd.; the Government held the remaining 20% interest.
377:
529:
437:
Protection Agency (EPA) and obtaining an environmental permit from the Agency in respect to the undertaking.
369:
2491:
2401:
2291:
2143:
2010:
1867:
1760:
1734:
1725:
601:
was to supply alumina and serve as the distributor of export sales of aluminum. The government had acquired
597:. The government (90%) was to be the managing owner of the smelter and Alcoa (10%), through its subsidiary,
541:
521:
1927:
1593:
964:
602:
477:
358:
69:
537:
334:
2209:
2060:
2005:
1937:
1922:
1825:
1800:
1541:
1501:
1195:"Artisanal and small-scale mining formalization challenges in Ghana: Explaining grassroots perspectives"
1169:
625:
594:
847:
for the manufacturing of cement. About 2 Mt of clinker was imported in 2003 for the production of
1232:
1194:
525:
2050:
1942:
1897:
1830:
751:
671:
639:
Inc. of Canada, operated the Chirano gold mine; AngloGold Ashanti Ltd. of South Africa operated the
492:
underground gold mine. The Bibiani and the Obuasi mines were 100% owned by AngloGold Ashanti and the
161:
1289:
2148:
1998:
1857:
1820:
1437:
915:
797:
556:
457:
318:
Environmental Protection Agency – overall responsibility for environmental issues related to mining
281:
1383:
691:
2108:
2075:
2045:
2020:
1957:
1862:
1847:
1837:
1810:
1708:
1613:
197:
165:
516:
of the United States held a 100% interest in the Ahafo gold property and an 85% interest in the
338:
1266:
2065:
2055:
1988:
1779:
1623:
1359:
1342:
1334:
1308:
1214:
1175:
2167:
2103:
2090:
1952:
1917:
1885:
1805:
1730:
1576:
1206:
1030:
1025:
836:
814:
776:
465:
409:
303:
Minerals Commission – recommends mineral policy; the first contact for prospective investors
875:
At least two companies were exploring for petroleum in the country in 2006. These included
2138:
2030:
1668:
1658:
1320:
1236:
848:
663:
636:
353:(GNPC) is the government entity responsible for petroleum exploration and production. The
285:
300:
Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources – overall responsibility for the mining industry
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2190:
2118:
2113:
2080:
1993:
1765:
1648:
1603:
1008:
887:
610:
253:
181:
742:; 37%, or 584,000 t, was shipped to China; and the remaining 184,000 t was shipped to
659:-based Newmont Mining Corp. held interest in the Ahafo and the Akyem gold properties.
312:
Lands Commission – legal records of licences and legal examination of new applications
2624:
1907:
1902:
1450:
979:
accounts for service of loans, dividend payments, and expatriate staff remuneration.
976:
880:
405:
193:
156:
The extractive mining industry of Ghana is expected to generate an annual revenue of
150:
1210:
1080:
1056:
368:
Other legislation that affects mining and mineral exploration in Ghana includes the
153:. In 2005, gold production accounted for about 95% of total mining export proceeds.
1638:
759:
469:
400:, 1984 (PNDC Law 84), sets out the policy framework and describes the role of the
309:
Mines Department – health and safety inspections and maintenance of mining records
64:(Super macle twinned Diamond)from Akwatia Diamond Mine and Birim Diamond Field at
1663:
1653:
327:
110:
1598:
891:
719:
548:
249:
157:
146:
1218:
746:. Manganese carbonate ore exported from Ghana has traditionally been used in
60:
A large, sharp, equant, translucent, yellow, spinel-twinned or macle twinned
2201:
1012:
844:
735:
678:
644:
493:
485:
265:
245:
233:
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177:
142:
114:
102:
56:
1454:
1432:
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861:
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512:
open pit mines and a 90% interest in the idled Prestea underground mine.
225:
217:
201:
1511:
919:
788:
780:
739:
703:
640:
585:
581:
505:
481:
330:
205:
173:
169:
106:
98:
89:
73:
65:
61:
1507:
1430:
Clark, Nancy L. "Mining and Petroleum Industries" (and subchapters).
1294:
International Comparative Legal Guides International Business Reports
876:
840:
755:
743:
656:
648:
501:
489:
461:
342:
323:
315:
Chamber of Mines – association of representatives of mining companies
237:
221:
213:
209:
189:
185:
122:
1476:"60% of Ghana's water bodies polluted – Water Resources Commission"
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
72:; and a couple of inclusions add character to this thick, lustrous
2181:
1564:
933:
903:
517:
509:
269:
55:
1533:
1449:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1057:"The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana,"
907:
865:
793:
273:
261:
257:
241:
118:
93:
2205:
1537:
1358:
eBizguides (Firm) (2004). Ghana. MTH Multimedia S.L. pp. 108–.
902:
Final environmental impact assessment permits were granted in
738:
ore produced in 2006, about 52%, or 832,000 t, was shipped to
520:
gold property. Companies exploring for gold in Ghana included
85:
17:
555:(Valco); the remaining equity was owned by the Government.
963:
Ghana has produced and exported gold for centuries. In
1529:
Mining Journal special publication – Ghana, March 2010
722:) and to last until 2025 at current production rates.
1503:
Seventeen illegal miners killed in Ghana pit collapse
1007:
In April 2013, at least 17 people were killed while
2545:
2520:
2239:
2089:
1975:
1884:
1778:
1707:
1677:
1584:
1575:
779:from alluvial and in situ diamond deposits near A
702:of the remaining ore reserve at Bogoso/Prestea is
468:gold mines in a joint venture with Toronto-based
822:field in the upper Birim River catchment area.
472:. (18.9%), and the Government of Ghana (10%) (
2217:
1549:
576:with the government to develop an integrated
460:of South Africa held a 71.1% interest in the
8:
551:of the United States held a 10% interest in
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
418:Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation Law
2224:
2210:
2202:
1981:
1890:
1788:
1784:
1713:
1581:
1556:
1542:
1534:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
398:Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Law
337:has responsibility for administering the
1290:"International Comparative Legal Guides"
1071:
1069:
1042:
938:Illegal mining site at Talensi District
734:Of the 1.6 million metric tons (Mt) of
474:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
355:Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation
1426:
1424:
1316:
1306:
899:(10%) and E.O. Group of Ghana (3.5%).
429:and guidelines for health and safety.
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
750:as raw material in the production of
580:industry in Ghana that would include
168:and exports from South Ghana such as
7:
1644:Provisional National Defence Council
394:Environmental Assessment Regulations
351:Ghana National Petroleum Corporation
547:In the bauxite and alumina sector,
390:Environmental Protection Agency Act
164:35 billion) in 2014 and other than
1634:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
1193:Kumah, Richard (1 December 2022).
396:, 1999, and as amended, 2002. The
347:Ghana Geological Survey Department
84:accounts for 5% of the country's
14:
684:International Finance Corporation
599:Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals
2532:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2302:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1444:
572:In January 2005, Alcoa signed a
424:Updated Mining Policies in Ghana
412:gold mining is set forth in the
386:Minerals (Royalties) Regulations
292:Government policies and programs
288:Ghana's entire mining industry.
22:
1259:"Ghana Minerals and Mining Act"
1211:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102978
1181:United States Geological Survey
1170:"The Mineral Industry of Ghana"
534:Moydow Mines International Inc.
349:conducts geologic studies. The
296:Relevant institutions include:
568:Aluminum, bauxite, and alumina
92:make up 37% of total exports.
1:
480:of South Africa operated the
1474:Mubarik, Abu (13 May 2017).
1077:"Mining in Ghana – Overview"
833:Diamond Cement Ghana Limited
488:open pit gold mines and the
402:Ministry of Mines and Energy
372:of 1986 (PNDC Law 154); the
1619:National Liberation Council
1233:"Ghana Market Introduction"
1063:, retrieved August 11, 2021
574:memorandum of understanding
553:Volta Aluminum Company Ltd.
500:held a 90% interest in the
416:, 1989 (PNDC Law 218). The
414:Small-Scale Gold Mining Law
384:, 1985 (PNDC Law 122); the
374:Small-Scale Gold Mining Law
333:. Within the Ministry, the
2657:
2641:Mining industry by country
2233:Mining industry of Africa
1614:First Republic (1960–1966)
1436:(La Verle Berry, editor).
544:, and Xtra Gold Resources
514:Newmont Mining Corporation
498:Golden Star Resources Ltd.
392:, 1994 (Act 490); and the
382:Additional Profits Tax Law
2161:
1984:
1893:
1791:
1787:
1716:
1441:Federal Research Division
912:West African Gas Pipeline
775:Diamond was recovered by
653:Golden Star Resources Ltd
276:that are yet to be fully
131:environmental degradation
31:This article needs to be
2287:Central African Republic
1796:Administrative divisions
1629:Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
378:Investment Promotion Act
82:Mining industry of Ghana
1168:Bermúdez-Lugo, Omayra.
677:Gold production at the
530:Asante Gold Corporation
370:Minerals Commission Law
341:, recommending mineral
1433:A Country Study: Ghana
939:
542:Perseus Mining Limited
478:AngloGold Ashanti Ltd.
388:, 1987 (LI 1349); the
380:, 1994 (Act 478); the
359:Ghana Chamber of Mines
77:
2447:São Tomé and Príncipe
2307:Republic of the Congo
1288:Group, Global Legal.
937:
595:Volta River Authority
522:Adamus Resources Ltd.
476:, 2005, p. 41).
184:also has deposits of
59:
1963:Water and sanitation
1269:on 27 September 2013
930:Environmental impact
872:thermal powerplant.
635:In the gold sector,
603:Kaiser Aluminum Corp
456:In the gold sector,
2522:States with limited
2041:Illegal immigration
1586:Historical timeline
1438:Library of Congress
916:Chevron Corporation
798:columbite-tantalite
557:Alcan Aluminum Ltd.
538:Pelangio Mines Inc.
458:Gold Fields Limited
335:Minerals Commission
282:Parliament of Ghana
166:industrial minerals
1948:Telecommunications
1319:has generic name (
940:
449:Industry structure
78:
2636:Industry in Ghana
2618:
2617:
2549:other territories
2322:Equatorial Guinea
2199:
2198:
2157:
2156:
2099:Cultural heritage
2036:Human trafficking
2016:Domestic violence
1971:
1970:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1853:Political parties
1816:Foreign relations
1774:
1773:
1703:
1702:
1464:2004, p. 3–4
1443:(November 1994).
1364:978-84-609-0601-8
1347:978-1-4330-7746-3
1339:978-1-4330-7746-3
1176:Minerals Yearbook
1059:August 11, 2021,
965:precolonial times
881:Kosmos Energy LLC
662:In October 2005,
52:
51:
2648:
2610:
2609:(United Kingdom)
2605:Tristan da Cunha
2601:Ascension Island
2593:
2580:
2571:
2547:Dependencies and
2240:Sovereign states
2226:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2184:
2177:
2170:
1982:
1891:
1789:
1785:
1714:
1582:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1384:"FAO.org :"
1380:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1265:. Archived from
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1199:Resources Policy
1190:
1184:
1166:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:. Archived from
1073:
1064:
1054:
1031:Economy of Ghana
1026:Geology of Ghana
1009:mining illegally
815:artisanal mining
777:artisanal miners
526:African Gold plc
284:has no plans to
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2631:Mining in Ghana
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2591:
2578:
2569:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2235:
2230:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2153:
2134:Public holidays
2129:National pledge
2124:National anthem
2085:
2071:Street children
1967:
1903:Cedi (currency)
1872:
1843:Law enforcement
1770:
1756:Protected areas
1699:
1673:
1669:Nana Akufo-Addo
1571:
1562:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1473:
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1357:
1353:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1237:British Council
1231:
1230:
1226:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1055:
1044:
1039:
1022:
1005:
961:
932:
857:
849:Portland cement
831:Works Ltd. and
828:
773:
752:silicomanganese
732:
672:carbon-in-leach
664:Red Back Mining
637:Red Back Mining
619:
570:
565:
451:
294:
151:corporate taxes
139:
137:Economic impact
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
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2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
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2594:
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2572:
2558:Canary Islands
2554:
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2279:
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2254:
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2241:
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2231:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2197:
2196:
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2193:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:Social conduct
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
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2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Discrimination
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Stock Exchange
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1868:Prime Minister
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
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1776:
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1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:National parks
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:Climate change
1728:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
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1692:
1687:
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1674:
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1656:
1651:
1649:Jerry Rawlings
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Ashanti Empire
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
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1524:
1523:External links
1521:
1518:
1517:
1493:
1466:
1457:
1400:
1368:
1351:
1326:
1280:
1263:ghanalegal.com
1250:
1224:
1185:
1094:
1083:on 11 May 2017
1065:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1004:
1001:
960:
957:
931:
928:
888:Gulf of Guinea
856:
853:
835:used imported
827:
824:
772:
769:
731:
728:
626:Central Region
618:
615:
611:bauxite mining
569:
566:
564:
561:
450:
447:
406:joint ventures
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
293:
290:
182:Ashanti Region
160:75.7 billion (
138:
135:
70:Eastern Region
50:
49:
30:
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21:
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10:
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4:
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2362:Guinea-Bissau
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2026:Ethnic groups
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1928:Manufacturing
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1594:Early history
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1451:public domain
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977:offshore bank
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16:
2597:Saint Helena
2568:
2472:South Africa
2462:Sierra Leone
2351:
2267:Burkina Faso
2182:Bibliography
2061:Prostitution
2006:Demographics
1932:
1908:Central Bank
1826:Human rights
1801:Constitution
1639:Hilla Limann
1502:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1479:
1469:
1460:
1431:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1354:
1329:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1262:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1227:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1173:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1006:
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993:
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985:
981:
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922:, and Togo.
901:
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858:
829:
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811:
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803:
785:
774:
765:
760:Privat Group
733:
724:
716:
712:
708:
700:
696:
692:Obuasi Deeps
688:
676:
668:
661:
651:gold mines;
634:
630:
623:
620:
607:
571:
546:
470:IAMGOLD Corp
455:
452:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
367:
363:
321:
295:
155:
147:income taxes
140:
127:
81:
79:
53:
40:
32:
15:
2524:recognition
2477:South Sudan
2367:Ivory Coast
2051:Mob justice
1898:Agriculture
1664:John Mahama
1654:John Kufuor
1480:Pulse Ghana
1388:www.fao.org
1317:|last=
1183:(May 2008).
720:troy ounces
563:Commodities
328:exploration
286:nationalize
145:, employee
111:natural gas
2625:Categories
2579:(Portugal)
2537:Somaliland
2457:Seychelles
2422:Mozambique
2407:Mauritania
2392:Madagascar
2347:The Gambia
2282:Cape Verde
2149:Witchcraft
1999:Cybercrime
1858:Parliament
1821:Government
1659:John Mills
1624:Kofi Busia
1609:Gold Coast
1599:Bono state
1486:1 February
1205:: 102978.
1087:23 January
1037:References
647:, and the
588:refining,
549:Alcoa Inc.
339:Mining Act
266:sandstones
250:phosphorus
246:phosphates
234:magnesites
230:limestones
2412:Mauritius
2109:Festivals
2076:Squatting
2046:Languages
2021:Education
1958:Transport
1863:President
1838:Judiciary
1811:Elections
1746:Mountains
1709:Geography
1690:Political
1219:0301-4207
1013:gold mine
1003:Accidents
855:Petroleum
845:limestone
736:manganese
730:Manganese
679:Iduapriem
645:Iduapriem
494:Iduapriem
486:Iduapriem
410:artisanal
278:exploited
226:laterites
218:iron ores
202:feldspars
198:dolomites
178:manganese
143:royalties
115:petroleum
103:manganese
43:June 2016
2603: /
2599: /
2592:(France)
2586: /
2564: /
2560: /
2512:Zimbabwe
2487:Tanzania
2337:Ethiopia
2332:Eswatini
2312:Djibouti
2277:Cameroon
2262:Botswana
2191:Category
2066:Religion
2056:Polygamy
1989:Abortion
1848:Military
1780:Politics
1766:Wildlife
1685:Economic
1678:By topic
1569:articles
1309:cite web
1061:BBC News
1020:See also
910:for the
870:Takoradi
862:Saltpond
590:aluminum
584:mining,
578:aluminum
508:and the
484:and the
464:and the
331:licenses
280:and the
206:granites
170:diamonds
107:diamonds
90:minerals
2588:Réunion
2584:Mayotte
2575:Madeira
2570:(Spain)
2566:Melilla
2497:Tunisia
2467:Somalia
2452:Senegal
2437:Nigeria
2427:Namibia
2417:Morocco
2382:Liberia
2377:Lesotho
2327:Eritrea
2297:Comoros
2272:Burundi
2247:Algeria
2168:Outline
2104:Cuisine
2091:Culture
1977:Society
1953:Tourism
1918:Fishing
1886:Economy
1806:Cabinet
1741:Forests
1731:Climate
1721:Borders
1577:History
1512:Reuters
1482:. Accra
1273:24 June
1243:8 March
1172:(PDF).
959:History
920:Nigeria
879:-based
837:clinker
789:Osenase
781:Akwatia
771:Diamond
740:Ukraine
704:sulfide
641:Bibiani
586:alumina
582:bauxite
506:Prestea
482:Bibiani
238:marbles
222:kaolins
214:gypsums
210:gravels
190:basalts
186:barites
174:bauxite
99:bauxite
74:crystal
68:in the
66:Akwatia
62:Diamond
33:updated
2607:
2590:
2577:
2507:Zambia
2502:Uganda
2442:Rwanda
2397:Malawi
2357:Guinea
2252:Angola
2139:Sports
2031:Health
1933:Mining
1913:Energy
1761:Rivers
1726:Cities
1695:Postal
1567:
1514:, 2013
1508:Africa
1393:8 June
1362:
1345:
1337:
1217:
877:Dallas
843:, and
841:gypsum
826:Cement
756:Mexico
744:Norway
657:Denver
649:Obuasi
643:, the
502:Bogoso
490:Obuasi
466:Damang
462:Tarkwa
343:policy
324:mining
272:; and
270:slates
176:, and
149:, and
123:silver
121:, and
2562:Ceuta
2482:Sudan
2432:Niger
2387:Libya
2372:Kenya
2352:Ghana
2342:Gabon
2317:Egypt
2257:Benin
2175:Index
2119:Music
2114:Media
2081:Women
1994:Crime
1923:Labor
1565:Ghana
1299:4 May
1174:2006
904:Benin
748:China
518:Akyem
510:Wassa
274:talcs
262:sands
258:salts
254:rocks
242:micas
194:clays
2492:Togo
2402:Mali
2292:Chad
1831:LGBT
1488:2022
1395:2023
1360:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1321:help
1301:2022
1275:2013
1245:2012
1215:ISSN
1089:2011
908:Togo
897:GNPC
892:Tano
866:Tema
796:and
794:gold
617:Gold
326:and
162:US$
119:salt
105:and
94:Gold
88:and
80:The
1938:Oil
1207:doi
890:’s
158:GH₵
86:GDP
2627::
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41:(
35:.
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