869:. He will inform them of the campaign, and they will assemble the following men and equipment...: one wagon with six cows and six men; one packhorse with saddle and equipment and two men, the leader and the driver...If the king moves the army to Italy, all the peasant farms shall contribute for that purpose their usual taxes (that is, probably an entire annual rent as an extraordinary tax). But if the army moves against Saxony, Flanders or elsewhere on this side of the Alps, only half that amount will be given. From these additional taxes the wagons and pack animals will be loaded with rations and other items necessary for the journey.
42:
494:
968:(1206–1215) asked King Frederick II at the imperial court held at Eger (today Cheb in the Czech Republic) to confirm the marriage contract that Gerhoch II of Bergheim-Radeck, an archiepiscopal ministerial, had made with Bertha of Lonsdorf, a Passau ministerial. The couple had agreed, presumably with their lords' consent, that their first two children were to belong to Salzburg and the third to Passau, and that any remaining children would be divided equally between the two churches. Gerhoch and Bertha could confer their
754:
692:
784:. Imperial courts increasingly rendered justice for ministerials, as when Count Frederick of Isenberg murdered Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne in 1225. The archiepiscopal ministerials brought an appeal (and the blood-stained clothing) to the Royal Court to demand justice. The count's brothers, the bishops of MĂĽnster and OsnabrĂĽck, were brought before the court for complicity, and bloodshed at the court was narrowly averted. Count Frederick was convicted
576:) disliked entering into servile relationships with other nobles, so lords of a necessity recruited bailiffs, administrators and officials from among their unfree servants who could also fulfill a household warrior role. From the 11th century the term came to denote functionaries living as members of the knightly class with either a lordship of their own or one delegated from a higher lord as well as some political influence (
540:) who were the first ministerials authoritatively recorded. His letters specify that not only were they considered exceptional by their superiors, but the ministerials also mentored their successors in a form of administrative apprenticeship program. This may be the origin of ministerials as individuals in a set position.
630:: ownership of real property (land, buildings and fixtures) that is independent of any superior landlord, but it should not be confused with anarchy as the owner of allodial land is not independent of his sovereign. Ministerials were found holding the four great offices necessary to run a great household:
878:
Cologne differentiated between his poorer and wealthier vassals. Ministerials with an annual income of 5 marks or more were required to go on campaign in person, but those with smaller incomes were offered the choice to go on the march or to give half the income of their fief that year as a military tax.
469:
were not legally free people, but held social rank. Legally, their liege lord determined whom they could or could not marry, and they were not able to transfer their lords' properties to heirs or spouses. They were, however, considered members of the nobility since that was a social designation, not
934:
Greater ministerials considered themselves above trading in money, as did many nobles of the era, but Freed notes a number of ministerials who couldn't afford to turn up their noses to income. Circa 1125, Timo served not only as the burgrave of
Salzburg but also as a merchant of the city. Ortolf of
951:
Ministerials were serfs, and as such could not move without expressed permission of their lord or lady, though in certain clergy lands they could take holy orders without permission. Ministerials were in many places forbidden to marry without permission, but in other places, their freedom to marry
877:
were grouped into threes; one went on campaign while the other two were responsible for equipping and victualing him. This ensured that those who were sent to war were prepared for war. this also shows that a military obligation didn't necessarily mean riding off with the army. The archbishops of
508:
defeated the Gauls and rewarded his
Germanic allies with Roman rank. Princes were awarded senatorial status and their lesser knights ('minores...milites') received Roman citizenship. He assigned these 'knights' to princes but urged the princes "to treat the knights not as slaves and servants but
729:
During the 12th century the old free nobility of
Salzburg even found it a wise strategy to surrender their freedom in return for the safety of Salzburg's patronage. Around 1145, Ulrich I of the lesser-noble Sims family chose to subjugate his household to the archbishop by marrying the Salzburg
730:
ministerial
Liutkarda von Berg. Their son, Ulrich II, was born into his mother's status as was the practice, but now the Simses enjoyed the protection of one of the most powerful houses in the region. This was a wise strategy, considering the weak Simses were surrounded by greedy neighbors.
976:
The usual rule was that children of a mixed-status marriage would have the legal standing of the lesser of the parents. The child of a free knight and an unfree ministerial, therefore, was a ministerial. The liege of the mother would be the child's liege, for the child "followed the womb"
832:) or lesser ministerials like the wealthy widow Diemut von Högl, who held four castles with ministerial chaplain, chamberlain and seneschal. The lesser ministerials were ones who held no subordinates at all, but rather held an office and may or may not have maintained arms and armor.
509:
rather to receive their services as the knights' lords and defenders. "Hence it is," the chronicler explained, "that German knights, unlike their counterparts in other nations, are called servants of the royal fisc and princely ministerials." In
741:. The remaining traces of the taint of servility gradually faded, and the "fiefs for service" turned into proper hereditable fiefs, partly also because impoverished free nobles, while reserving their personal free status, voluntarily became
569:
who were already tilling the land on a tenure.) These servants were entrusted with special responsibilities by their overlords, such as the management of a farm, administration of finances (chancery) or of various possessions. Free nobles
587:. The free nobles under a prince may have a bond of vassalage that let them get out of serving, so kings, princes, bishops and archbishops were able to recruit unfree persons into military service. Such a body made up the group called
947:
duties that other types of serfs performed, though some lieges would reserve the right to commandeer plow-teams and draft horses. Some ministerial women did perform household duties but were well-compensated for the chores.
840:
As with all medieval terms of vassalage, the duties, obligations and benefits varied by region and even individual negotiation or tradition. These are often recorded in the Holy Roman Empire in a document named a
404:
943:
Nobility was a social distinction, so even the unfree ministerials were considered higher in precedence than a free commoner. Being of a noble estate, ministerials were exempt from the more odious of
803:). Other regions were not as open, for as late as the fifteenth century the documents of the Dutch province of Gelderland continued to distinguish between knights of noble and of ministerial birth.
956:. If a liege disliked any marriage, though, the liege could easily withdraw any lands or income held by his subject. Any marriage was subject to review or approval of the liege, as in Salzburg:
602:, who held administrative and military positions but were paid in either a fixed amount of coin or by a portion of the proceeds of mills, road or bridge tolls, or ferry fees or port taxes.
688:
In the
Archbishopric of Salzburg the ministerials and clergy together elected Archbishop Gebhard in 1060, as well as every archbishop from 1147 to 1256 save for Conrad III (r. 1177–83).
737:—theretofore reserved for free warriors—was also being applied to ministerials. Over the course of the 13th century their status was slowly assimilated to that of the free nobility, or
397:
462:
during that time. What began as an irregular arrangement of workers with a wide variety of duties and restrictions rose in status and wealth to become the power brokers of an empire.
390:
547:(990-1039) who first referred to ministerials as a distinct class. He had them organized into a staff of officials and administrators. In documents they are referred to as
477:
Both women and men held the ministerial status, and the laws on ministeriales made no distinction between the sexes in how they were treated. The term is a post-classical
517:
for the tight grip that
English lords held upon their knights gave them less freedom than their German counterparts who had codified (and well-defended) rights.
1745:
983:
Not everyone agrees with this interpretation, as some examples allow for free lords to challenge this ruling and maintain their status as free knights.
853:
One constant is that all arrangements included a duty owed to the lord for military service. This could take the form of actual personal service by the
626:, which to begin with were not heritable, in return for which they provided knightly services. They were also allowed to possess, and often did hold,
474:
were trained knights, held military responsibilities and surrounded themselves with the trappings of knighthood, and so were accepted as noblemen.
886:
Ministerials fulfilled a range of offices that ran their lieges' fiefs for them. They were found in the four traditional offices of a household:
816:
Legally, a ministerial was a ministerial, bound by the rights and duties enumerated in their area. Socially, there was a distinction between the
557:(or "ministerials", as Anglicized by Benjamin Arnold) of the post-Classical period who were not in the royal household were at first bondsmen or
935:
Kai - also a
Salzburger - brokered the produce of his own vineyards. Gerhoh Itzling even appeared as a 'zechmeister' (guildmaster) in Salzburg.
865:) of the king is announced to the bishop (of Metz, in this case) the bishop will send an official to the abbot, and the abbot will assemble his
1750:
1676:
de
Battaglia, Otto Forst. “The Nobility in the European Middle Ages.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 5, no. 1 (Oct., 1962): 60-75.
1565:
902:. Conrad II von Kuchl served his succession of archbishop lieges as a financial adviser for forty years, Werner von Lengfelden was master of
1673:
Bachrach, Bernard S. “Charlemagne and the
Carolingian General Staff.” The Journal of Military History 66, no. 2 (April, 2002): 313-357.
1705:
Leyser, Karl. “Henry I and the
Beginnings of the Saxon Empire.” The English Historical Review 83, No. 326 (Jan., 1968): pp. 1–32.
828:, or armigerous soldiery. These could be either free knights (such as Werner of Bolland, who maintained 1,100 subordinate knights for
1689:
Freed, John B. “Medieval German Social History: Generalizations and Particularism.” Central European History 25, No. 1 (1992): 1-26.
31:
544:
1679:
Bosl, Karl. “Ruler and Ruled in the German Empire from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century.” In Cheyette, Fredric L. (ed.).
1617:(December 1968). "The German Aristocracy from the Ninth to the Early Twelfth Century: A Historical and Cultural Sketch".
673:) and judges in the administration of the imperial territories, and in the lay principalities. As Imperial ministerials (
1722:
Thompson, James Westfall. “German Feudalism.” The American Historical Review 28, No. 3 (Apr., 1923): pp. 440–474.
799:
formed an intrinsic part of the lower nobility, and in the 15th century formed the core of the German knightly class (
481:
word, meaning originally "servant" or "agent", in a broad range of senses, rather than the modern connotation of a
1735:
1692:
Freed, John B. "The Origins of the European Nobility: The Problem of the Ministerials.” Viator 7 (1976): 228-33.
1740:
758:
654:, or runners of estates) or castellans, having both military and administrative responsibilities. Conrad II of
1686:
Cormier, David J. "Unique Ministerials: Unfree Nobility." Compleat Anachronist, no. 159 (First Quarter, 2013)
1642:
753:
611:
41:
493:
482:
1695:
918:
in 1282. Ministerials could also be assigned to claim unused or poorly defended border areas, as with
903:
887:
829:
643:
331:
583:
Kings placed military requirements upon their princes, who in turn, placed requirements upon their
1630:
1602:
1571:
1544:
1515:
1476:
923:
857:
or a payment to fund others who went to war. The monastery of Maurmunster records the following:
715:(knight) of the archiepiscopal ministerialage who functioned as burgrave and also as a merchant.
598:, who administered lands and estates for a liege and were paid from the proceeds of the land and
695:
The fortress of Hohensalzburg, overlooking Salzburg, Austria, was run by a ministerial castellan
1527:
Freed, John B. (July 1987). "Nobles, Ministerials and Knights in the Archdiocese of Salzburg".
972:
on each other, and their children would share their paternal and maternal inheritances equally.
1702:
Translated by Helga Braun and Richard Mortimer, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
1561:
521:
438:
378:
23:
1654:
1622:
1594:
1536:
1507:
1487:
1468:
1456:
434:
290:
154:
691:
347:
56:
1058:, ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH SS 23 (Hanover, 1874), pp. 432–33, as quoted in Freed, RMGN 30
614:), and their duties and privileges, at first nebulous, became more clearly defined, the
504:
The origin of the ministerial pedigree is obscure. A mediaeval chronicler reported that
992:
953:
919:
824:
ones in the order of precedence. Greater ministerials maintained their own subordinate
789:
627:
207:
181:
142:
910:
of Salzburg in 1261, then, at various times, as marshal between 1270 and 1295, and as
788:, all his ministerials were released from his service, and Frederick was captured and
610:
As the need for such service functions became more acute (as, for example, during the
1729:
762:
505:
109:
104:
99:
1585:
Ganshof, François-Louis (1939). "Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne".
1576:
682:
661:
From the reign of Archbishop Conrad II (1024–1039) they were employed as stewards (
202:
166:
114:
89:
84:
873:
In Bamberg the Carolingian method of providing for a campaign remained in effect.
1614:
1558:
Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100– 1343
997:
532:. There he praises the great merits of his imperial staff, made up of household
525:
497:
1598:
915:
459:
450:
121:
899:
631:
572:
368:
264:
259:
249:
233:
68:
1658:
1626:
1498:
Freed, John B. (June 1986). "Reflections on the Medieval German Nobility".
944:
658:
was the financial adviser to four archbishops over the course of 40 years.
622:
period (1024–1125) into a new and much differentiated class. They received
1012:
961:
911:
718:
By the 12th century a distinction was made between greater ministerials (
700:
669:
663:
352:
295:
274:
254:
244:
197:
192:
149:
126:
1606:
1548:
1519:
1480:
891:
704:
639:
584:
528:
chief adviser, and described the running of the government in his work
510:
363:
326:
321:
212:
51:
1634:
500:, Pippin, and a ministerial clerk; a 10th-century copy of the original
458:
who made up a large majority of what could be described as the German
1007:
1002:
965:
907:
895:
738:
678:
647:
635:
619:
455:
342:
316:
300:
269:
171:
137:
1540:
1511:
1472:
1402:
Freed, NB 67. Pope Hadrian IV (c. 1100-1159) reinforced this ruling.
699:
Ministerials could be drawn from different occupational groups. In
969:
752:
690:
655:
537:
492:
478:
305:
285:
223:
623:
558:
430:
228:
176:
161:
79:
63:
1459:(April 2002). "Charlemagne and the Carolingian General Staff".
780:, and only the monarchy and princes were permitted to maintain
433:
and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the
1492:
History of the Art of War, Volume III: Medieval Warfare
952:
was recognized based on papal authority, deriving from
722:) who had their own vassals and lesser ministerials (
1366:
Freed, NB, 123. The type of guild is not specified.
1683:New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1968.
1494:(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1982)
768:By the 13th century Bavarian law held that the
513:there was no group of knights referred to as
398:
8:
1710:Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1056.
1535:(3). University of Chicago Press: 575–611.
776:) held a position higher than the ordinary
565:, or household servants (as opposed to the
1681:Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe.
1593:(2). Cambridge University Press: 147–175.
405:
391:
18:
1575:
906:'s huge kitchen, and Ulrich II served as
1560:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1100:
1088:
1076:
733:By the end of the 12th century the term
483:high-ranking politician or administrator
429:) were a class of people raised up from
1506:(3). Oxford University Press: 553–575.
1133:
1024:
960:In July 1213 Archbishop Eberhard II of
30:
1719:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
1621:(41). Oxford University Press: 25–53.
1414:3:171, no. 666 as cited in Freed, NB 1
1214:
1043:
1031:
594:There were two sorts of ministerials:
444:The word and its German translations,
1238:
1226:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1112:
7:
34:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
1034:, pp. 12–29 and especially 69.
964:(1200–1246) and Bishop Manegold of
795:By the 13th and 14th centuries the
757:Portrait of the famous ministerial
726:) who had no vassals of their own.
580:the exercise of offices at court).
14:
1746:Nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
707:a Timo appears in 1125/47 in the
454:, came to describe those unfree
182:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
40:
1647:The American Historical Review
1393:Arnold, 54. Freed, NB 49 n 81.
1292:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte
16:European medieval social class
1:
1751:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
1712:New York: Longman Inc., 1991.
1124:Delbrück 101–103, 111 note 10
1645:(1923). "German Feudalism".
1587:Cambridge Historical Journal
1490:, trans. Walter Renfroe Jr.
807:Certain vassal relationships
167:Crown prince, Crown princess
1700:Medieval Germany 1056-1273.
1461:Journal of Military History
1449:German Knighthood 1050–1300
1294:as quoted in Delbrück 101–2
1767:
1500:American Historical Review
1451:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
711:(book of traditions) as a
1599:10.1017/S1474691300003358
1447:Arnold, Benjamin (1985).
122:Grand duke, Grand duchess
1643:Thompson, James Westfall
759:Ulrich von Liechtenstein
1556:Freed, John B. (1995).
1412:Salzburger Urkundenbuch
1056:Chronicon Ebersheimense
979:partus sequitor ventrem
939:Rights and restrictions
681:, and particularly the
612:Investiture Controversy
489:Origins to 11th century
32:Imperial, royal, noble,
1432:Arnold 1985, pp. 68-69
1205:Delbrűck, 254, note 17
974:
871:
812:Social differentiation
765:
696:
551:, or ministerial men.
501:
369:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
958:
859:
820:ministerials and the
761:(1200–1275) from the
756:
724:ministeriales minores
720:ministeriales maiores
694:
524:(d. 826) was Emperor
496:
245:Viscount, Viscountess
193:Marquess, Marchioness
127:Archduke, Archduchess
69:High king, High queen
1659:10.1086/ahr/28.3.440
1627:10.1093/past/41.1.25
1457:Bachrach, Bernard S.
904:Hohensalzburg Castle
830:Frederick Barbarossa
749:13th century onwards
255:Burgrave, Burgravine
198:Margrave, Margravine
1577:10.7591/j.ctvn1tb2j
1288:Alsatia diplomatica
845:or "service code."
790:broken on the wheel
685:, imperial polity.
675:Reichsministerialen
606:11th–12th centuries
322:Baronet, Baronetess
1717:Fiefs and Vassals.
1619:Past & Present
930:Trade and commerce
924:Hohenwerfen Castle
766:
697:
677:) they upheld the
502:
1715:Reynolds, Susan.
1708:Reuter, Timothy.
1696:Haverkamp, Alfred
1567:978-1-5017-4256-9
1259:Freed, NMK. 600.
861:When a campaign (
618:developed in the
549:ministerialis vir
530:De ordine palatii
522:Adalard of Corbie
439:Holy Roman Empire
415:
414:
379:Lord of the Manor
343:Knight, Chevalier
1758:
1736:German feudalism
1662:
1638:
1610:
1581:
1579:
1552:
1523:
1484:
1452:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:Freed, NMK, 586.
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1290:, 1:226. Waitz,
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:, p. 133-4.
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1079:, p. 316-7.
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
435:High Middle Ages
407:
400:
393:
52:Emperor, Empress
44:
19:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1741:Medieval titles
1726:
1725:
1670:
1668:Further reading
1665:
1641:
1613:
1584:
1568:
1555:
1541:10.2307/2846383
1526:
1512:10.2307/1869131
1497:
1473:10.2307/3093063
1455:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:Freed, NMK 600.
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1021:
989:
982:
941:
932:
884:
851:
838:
836:Uses and duties
814:
809:
751:
667:), castellans (
608:
561:taken from the
543:It was Emperor
491:
446:Ministeriale(n)
411:
348:Imperial Knight
286:Baron, Baroness
224:Count, Countess
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1653:(3): 440–474.
1639:
1611:
1582:
1566:
1553:
1524:
1495:
1488:DelbrĂĽck, Hans
1485:
1467:(2): 313–357.
1453:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1375:Delbrűck, 230.
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1241:, p. 578.
1231:
1229:, p. 571.
1219:
1207:
1198:
1186:
1184:, p. 579.
1174:
1172:, p. 586.
1162:
1160:, p. 584.
1150:
1138:
1136:, p. 151.
1126:
1117:
1115:, p. 569.
1105:
1103:, p. 470.
1093:
1091:, p. 325.
1081:
1069:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Castle warrior
988:
985:
954:Galatians 3:28
940:
937:
931:
928:
920:Laudegg Castle
883:
882:Administration
880:
850:
847:
837:
834:
813:
810:
808:
805:
750:
747:
709:traditionsbuch
607:
604:
534:servii proprii
515:ministeriales,
490:
487:
413:
412:
410:
409:
402:
395:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
226:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
208:Count palatine
205:
200:
195:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
158:
157:
147:
146:
145:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
94:
93:
92:
87:
74:
73:
72:
71:
66:
61:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1426:
1423:Freed, NB 65.
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:Freed, NB, 53
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:Freed, NB 53.
1327:
1324:
1321:Freed, NB 62.
1318:
1315:
1312:DelbrĂĽck, 103
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1268:Freed, NB 52.
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1250:Freed, NB 51.
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:, p. 44.
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1148:, p. 62.
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:Thompson 1923
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:Bachrach 2002
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Bachrach 2002
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 33.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
980:
973:
971:
967:
963:
957:
955:
949:
946:
938:
936:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
879:
876:
875:Ministeriales
870:
868:
867:ministeriales
864:
858:
856:
855:ministeriales
848:
846:
844:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
806:
804:
802:
798:
797:ministeriales
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:ministeriales
779:
775:
771:
770:ministeriales
764:
763:Codex Manesse
760:
755:
748:
746:
744:
743:ministeriales
740:
736:
731:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
693:
689:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:ministeriales
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
589:ministeriales
586:
581:
579:
575:
574:
568:
564:
563:servi proprii
560:
556:
555:Ministeriales
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Charlemagne's
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
506:Julius Caesar
499:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:Ministeriales
470:a legal one.
468:
467:ministeriales
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
426:ministerialis
422:
421:
420:ministeriales
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
377:
375:
374:Ministerialis
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:Duke, Duchess
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
125:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
67:
65:
64:Tsar, Tsarina
62:
58:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1680:
1650:
1646:
1618:
1615:Leyser, Karl
1590:
1586:
1557:
1532:
1528:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1303:DelbrĂĽck 103
1299:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:Delbrűck 246
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1134:Ganshof 1939
1129:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1067:Delbrűck 230
1063:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1027:
978:
975:
959:
950:
942:
933:
885:
874:
872:
866:
862:
860:
854:
852:
843:Dienstrecht,
842:
839:
825:
821:
817:
815:
800:
796:
794:
785:
781:
777:
774:Dienstmänner
773:
769:
767:
742:
734:
732:
728:
723:
719:
717:
712:
708:
698:
687:
683:Hohenstaufen
674:
668:
662:
660:
652:vice dominus
651:
646:. They were
615:
609:
599:
595:
593:
588:
582:
577:
571:
567:servi casati
566:
562:
554:
553:
548:
542:
533:
529:
519:
514:
503:
476:
471:
466:
464:
449:
445:
443:
425:
424:
419:
418:
416:
373:
203:Marcher lord
1384:Arnold, 66.
1286:Schöpflin,
1215:Arnold 1985
1044:Leyser 1968
1032:Arnold 1985
888:chamberlain
801:Ritterstand
786:in absentia
644:chamberlain
498:Charlemagne
423:(singular:
1730:Categories
1239:Freed 1987
1227:Freed 1986
1194:Freed 1995
1182:Freed 1987
1170:Freed 1987
1158:Freed 1987
1146:Freed 1995
1113:Freed 1986
1019:References
916:Tittmoning
670:Burggrafen
600:non-casati
578:inter alia
460:knighthood
451:Dienstmann
353:Druzhinnik
900:seneschal
863:profectio
632:seneschal
573:Edelfreie
545:Conrad II
265:Advocatus
260:Landgrave
250:Castellan
234:Ealdorman
1529:Speculum
1013:Vavassor
998:DevĹźirme
987:See also
962:Salzburg
912:burgrave
849:Military
701:Salzburg
296:Lendmann
275:Starosta
150:Princess
24:a series
22:Part of
1607:3020714
1549:2846383
1520:1869131
1481:3093063
1440:Sources
892:marshal
826:milites
818:greater
778:milites
739:vassals
705:Austria
648:vidames
640:marshal
585:vassals
511:England
437:in the
431:serfdom
364:Esquire
327:Fidalgo
213:Voivode
155:consort
143:consort
110:dowager
105:consort
100:regnant
90:dowager
85:consort
57:dowager
1635:650002
1633:
1605:
1574:
1564:
1547:
1518:
1479:
1008:Mamluk
1003:Gentry
966:Passau
945:corvée
908:vidame
896:butler
822:lesser
679:Salian
636:butler
628:allods
620:Salian
596:casati
520:Abbot
456:nobles
332:Nobile
317:Ritter
301:Primor
270:Vidame
172:Herzog
138:Prince
115:mother
96:Queen
1631:JSTOR
1603:JSTOR
1572:JSTOR
1545:JSTOR
1516:JSTOR
1477:JSTOR
970:allod
735:miles
713:miles
664:Vögte
656:Kuchl
624:fiefs
559:serfs
538:serfs
479:Latin
306:Boyar
291:Thane
1562:ISBN
922:and
898:and
772:(or
642:and
465:The
448:and
417:The
229:Earl
177:Jarl
80:King
1655:doi
1623:doi
1595:doi
1537:doi
1508:doi
1469:doi
914:of
1732::
1698:.
1651:28
1649:.
1629:.
1601:.
1589:.
1570:.
1543:.
1533:62
1531:.
1514:.
1504:91
1502:.
1475:.
1465:66
1463:.
981:).
926:.
894:,
890:,
792:.
745:.
703:,
638:,
634:,
591:.
485:.
441:.
26:on
1661:.
1657::
1637:.
1625::
1609:.
1597::
1591:6
1580:.
1551:.
1539::
1522:.
1510::
1483:.
1471::
977:(
650:(
570:(
536:(
406:e
399:t
392:v
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