600:. President Lincoln endorsed the letter and made E.A.C Hatch a Major in the USV. Pope was able to get the entire plan changed. At Pembina 37 Metis, of Chippewa heritage, joined Hatch. When Little Crow talked to the Governor at Fort Garry he inquired if the rumors were true about the formation of a Battalion to hunt him. The Battalion was mustered-in during August–September 1863, for a period of three years or the end of the Indian War. It was mustered out in June 1866 just months short of the three years. It was created solely for the execution of the Indian War and promoted as sweeping the Sioux from the north.
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560:"The President took our hands and promised us faithfully and encouraged us and he said we could live on our reservation for 10 years and if faithful to whites and behave ourselves friendly to whites you shall increase the number to 100 and you may increase it to 1,000 years if you are good Indians, and through your good behavior at the time of war (we were good and never raised our hands against the whites) The Secretary of the Interior and the President said that we should be considered good Indians and remain at Mille Lacs so long as we want."
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505:, the Indian agent was at Fort Ribley, asked that they return to their reservation. He told them they would be informed if they were needed. However, war Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Iron-Walker) and 200 Mille Lacs warriors remained at the fort as did 100 from the Sandy Lake band. Both the Sandy Lake and Mille Lacs bands gained "non-removal" designations from the United States as a result. Commissioner Dole gave the Mille Lacs band a document stating they could remain on their reservation for 1000 years for their actions.
230:. In exchange, the United States promised three reservations for the Pillagers and six reservations for the Mississippi Chippewa. In addition, as in other treaties, the tribes retained the right for traditional harvest of off-reservation resources, such as fish and game. (This right faded from general knowledge as living conditions changed, until it was revived in the late 20th century as tribes worked to exercise traditional practices and rights; one example was the
203:, in an effort to move the tribes further west. Four thousand Ojibwe of various bands showed up in early October at the designated site, but no government agents or supplies were there. After waiting for two months in deteriorating weather, 170 Ojibwe died. The government finally brought the supplies and annuities but, because of harsh weather at that time of year, another 230 Ojibwe died on their returns to their lands. This became known as the
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the first article of this agreement, the United States hereby agree and stipulate to pay, expend, and make provision for, the said bands of
Indians, as follows, viz: For the Mississippi bands". Though the Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians no longer exists legally, the majority of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and White Earth Band of Chippewa still identify as Mississippi Chippewa. Successors apparent of the Mississippi Chippewa are:
274:, the Rice Lake Indian Reservation was never established. Confusion arose because several different lakes around Sandy Lake had names which, translated into English, all seemed to mean "Rice Lake." This led to confusion related to which map was consulted, and the issue of where the reservation was to be located was never resolved. It appeared the Rice Lake Indian Reservation was located in the following areas:
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help. Gov. Ramsey told the Chiefs that
Lincoln was busy with the civil war, but if they were needed they would be informed. This Chippewa effort made the news in many cities. The next day the Mdewakanton surrendered at Camp Release. St Paul's two photo studios made images of many of those Chippewa leaders in 1862 that are in the Minnesota Historical Society archives.
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Lacs Band could stay on their reservation for 1,000 years for their actions in support of the
Government. From that the Mille Lacs band created the "non-removable" label for those that participated at Fort Ripley. Both Chippewa treaties of 1863 and 1864 identify the Mille Lacs band as being "non-removable" in Article 12.
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398:, but they were not enough for him to join the Santee Sioux. Like the other leaders of the Chippewa he offered to fight the Sioux. The Chippewa were experiencing that same fraud as the Sioux and the timing of their annuity payments were coincidently close so the media linked their dis-satisfactions in an anti-
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Late
February 22 Chiefs waited in Chicago for Hole-in-the-Day and the Indian Commissioner to go with them to see Lincoln. In April 1863 President Lincoln summoned the Mille Lacs and other Mississippi bands to Washington. He repeated what the Indian agent had told them at Fort Ripley, that the Mille
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Burial mounds of
Indigenous people, including the Mississippi Band of Chippewa Indians have been a long tradition in their culture. Burial mounds are a sacred cemetery where their ancestors are buried. It is a place of respect, remembrance, and prayer. The article by Timothy Pauketat, “Dictionary of
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for resettlement. The
Pokegama Lake Band, together with the Removable Sandy Lake Band, negotiated to remain eventually forming the White Oak Point Band on the White Oak Point Reservation. In 1934 they merged with Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake Indian reservations to form the existing
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Indians from the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and White Earth Band of
Chippewa still receive proportions today. Article 3 of the treaty states; “In consideration of, and in full compensation for, the cessions made by the said Mississippi, Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish bands of Chippewa Indians, in
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consisting of the 1000 Chippewa "auxiliaries". Gen. Pope in particular objected to the
Chippewa Auxiliaries. Major Hatch meet with Chief Hole-in-the-Day in July when the Chief offered warriors to join Hatch. The battalion was to report directly to the War Department and had a "roving commission"
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Minnesota monument to Mille Lacs war Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee and his 300 Mille Lacs and Sandy Lake warriors who offered to fight the Sioux and defend Fort Ripley during the Sioux uprising. Dedicated 1914 at the Fort
Ridgely because Fort Ripley was abandoned by then. The monument is the same size as
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was the answer to the "Chippewa
Problem" and strongly pressured the Mille Lacs and the remaining Sandy Lake bands to relocate there. Many did, becoming the "Removable" peoples, while those who remained in their traditional territories in the central part of the state became the "Non-removable".In
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On 22 September 40-50 Chippewa leaders arrived at the Minnesota State Capitol at the invitation of Gov. Ramsey thinking that their offer to fight the Sioux had been accepted. General Pope would not accept their service as a matter of "public policy". Nearly all of Minnesota's Chippewa wanted to
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This site is one of 25 national Historic Landmarks in Minnesota. Kent Whitworth, MNHS director and CEO states, “The historical importance of this site cannot be understated, but we must protect it and provide education while also ensuring that Native people can care for the place where their
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On 15 September a council was held at the Crow Wing agency where 22 Chiefs of the Mississippi and Pillager Bands "offered their services, and if necessary their life's to punish the enemies of the white people, the Sioux..." Notable Chippewa there were Chiefs Hole-in-the-Day, Buffalo, and
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and many villages associated with these sub-bands. Together, they controlled the main north–south trade corridor of the Mississippi River headwaters. Their traditional use area included the stretch of the Mississippi River between its confluence with the
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to act on its own discretion. This freedom of tactical operation was a first. Both Gen. Pope and Gen. Sibley had objected to a Minnesota unit not reporting to them. Pope complained about the politics and the Senators. At the same time Ohio senator
1162:, Chapter 5, Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III),"A Social History of the Mille Lacs Ojibwe 1640-1993", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, POB 2172, La Cross, WS, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, 1973, p. 100-115
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With the signing of the 1867 Treaty of Washington, the remaining Mississippi Chippewa about Leech Lake agreed to resettlement to the west, creating the White Earth Reservation. In the 20th century, the bands combined to form the contemporary
170:, believing the two were still at war with each other. The Ojibwe and the Dakota had ended their war for nearly a generation by that time and had only infrequent skirmishes. In 1830 the Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson.
527:" was part of a war party from Wisconsin that came to Minnesota during the war. The war party was involved in an two-day engagement. The press had labeled her a "princess" when she first made the news for being the daughter of a
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On 3 September a Mille Lacs band Chief went to St Cloud with the same offer that also made the papers. The post Commander at Fort Ripley was informed and he extended State hospitality to the Chief until a response was received.
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ancestors lie.” Because of the significance of their importance to Native American people states have found it necessary to preserve them. The Effigy Mounds National Monument located in Iowa is an example of that
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In June, Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his expedition into Dakota Territory that Sibley turned down. Not dissuaded, in July he offered his warriors to Major Hatch.
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Ne-Bah-Quah-Om (Big Dog), The Dakota War of 1862, A Case Study on the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, William Clements Library, University of Michigan, 909 S. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI
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St. Cloud Democrat. , October 09, 1862, Image 2, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Bldg, 10 First Street SE, Washington, DC
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1867 a treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi tribe and the United States government was signed. This treaty regulates the farming and logging land that the Indians received.
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1863 & 1864: Land Cession Treaties with the Ojibwe (Mississippi, Pillager, Lake Winnibigoshish Bands), Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, 161 Saint Anthony Ave, St. Paul, MN
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The author of this article Charles J. Kappler played a prominent role in the passing of this treaty along with bringing Indian law cases before the United States supreme court.
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American History. . Encyclopedia.com. 28 Mar. 2022.” Encyclopedia.com explains how some Indian burial mounds have been discovered and accredited to being a burial mound
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The Rice Lake Band claimed these representations were all incorrect, and the proper location of the agreed Rice Lake Indian Reservation was much farther south.
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reservations. Due to strife between the removed Mississippi, Leech Lake Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish bands, the Mississippi Chippewa negotiated with the
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According to the oral history of the Mississippi Chippewa, they were primarily of the southern branch of Ojibwe who spread from the "Fifth Stopping Place" of
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exchanged letters over a Chippewa having killed a Sioux. Little Crow told Hole-in-the-Day that the Sioux wanted their due. Also in June, a Sioux-Chippewa
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St Paul Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 26, 1862, U.S. Newspaper Directory 1690-present, Library of Congress, 101 Independence Ave, SE, Washington, DC 1862
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A REAL AMAZON or Flying Cloud (Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua)The Southern Enterprise, Vol X No. 2, 14 May 1863, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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Chippewa Chief Big Dog offered to fight the Sioux for Lincoln. The St Paul paper felt his appearance was the epitome of an indigenous warrior.
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1503:, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol.8 No.1, 29 July 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN
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1109:(the St. Cloud Democrat), Hokah Chief Vol. 5 No. 47, September 16, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN
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W. VA, Cleveland Morning, Vermont Chronicle, The Weekly North Iowa Times, Mankato Semi Weekly and republished in St Paul on the 19th.
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957:
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1012:, Vol. XX No.2983, The Evening Star, Washington D.C., p.1, Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,
1557:"Ojibwe leaders represent their credentials to Washington in a picture" (birch bark picture, 1849, for renegotiation of 1842 treaty)
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975:, Chicago Daily Tribune Vol.XV No.60, 17 September 1862, Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,
587:. In July, 1863 the Senators, united in their dislike for Pope, requested that Secretary of War Stanton authorize an independent
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to send 700-750 warriors to Fort Ripley to volunteer to fight the Sioux and support the garrison along with the Sandy Lake band.
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Terrible Battle Between the Sioux and Chippewa at St. Joseph, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, July 5, 1862, p.4 Newspapers.com
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547:
422:
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1137:, Mark Diedrich, Minnesota History Magazine, Spring 1987, p.194-5 Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN
1095:, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Sept 19, 1862, p. 3, Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,
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All Minnesota bands of Mississippi Chippewa were ordered to move from their existing reservations to the area surrounding the
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The media reported that Hole-in-the-Day still was regretting that the Chippewa battalion had not been organized as intended.
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In 1875 Mille Lacs head Chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung described his 1863 meeting with Lincoln for the Chippewa Indian Agency record:
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narrative. At the same time the media published story after story of the Chippewa support of the Government vs. the Sioux.
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One Drop In A Sea Of Blue, John B. Lundstrom, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, 2012, p.10
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Photo Descriptions, Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, Access Genealogy, 2022, image 1001 and image 1073
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sent a letter to Secretary Stanton suggesting that he make Senator Rice a Major General and use him to replace Gen. Pope
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On 6 September the speculation of Chief Hole in the Day joining Little Crow prompted Shaw-Bosh-Kung, head chief of the
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Hatch's Battalion or the Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers was initially proposed to consist of 1000 Chippewa.
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published that letter front page on 11 September 1862. Over the next week it was reprinted or referenced by multiple
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1298:, The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol. 8 No. 1, July 29, 1863, Red Wing Minnesota, p.1, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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The War With the Sioux Indians, New York Times June 26, 1863, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: the New York Times p.5
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Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog), chief, Pillager band Chippewa, Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois,
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This act of Congress gave the president power to force Indian tribes to move to land west of the Mississippi River.
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took place near Pembina with losses on both sides. However, one of Chief Red Bear's sons was killed by the Sioux.
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Hatch's Battalion, The weekly Pioneer and Democrat, November 20, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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The Chippewa Emmbassy, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol 7, No.11, 1 October 1862, p.1, Redwing Minnesota, Newspapers.com
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that the Gull Lake warriors were dancing around Sioux scalps when he arrived. Hole-in-the-Day had his own major
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672:. Under pressure from the lumbermen and farm settlers who wanted native lands, the US government believed the
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The Chippewa offers to fight the Sioux had the interest and support of Gov. Ramsey as well as both US Senators
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1123:, Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept 12, 1863, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN
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742:. One example of preserving a sacred mound is Grand Mound Historic Site located near International Falls, MN.
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544:"owing to the heretofore good conduct of the Mille Lac Indians, they shall not be compelled to remove ...."
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to break the siege. G Company joined the garrison and immediately endured the Sioux siege that followed.
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The Mississippi Chippewa, along with the Red Lake, Pillager and the Lake Superior bands, entered into the
1201:, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Vol. XIV No.17, October 10, 1862, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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1340:, Daily Alta California, 18 July 1863, Daily Alta California, Volume 15, Number 4890, 18 July 1863
831:, Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV No. 17, 10 October 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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1376:, Charles City Republican intelligencer, July 2, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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Hanging Cloud, the woman warrior of a Wisconsin Ojibwe band fighting the Sioux in Minnesota.
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the one the State put up for the men of the 5th Minnesota lost at Ridgely and Redwood Ferry.
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895:, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 5, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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The Press and Daily Dakotan, Nov. 5, 1885, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023
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1465:, Rhoda Gilman, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN
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433:. When G Company arrived at Fort Abercrombie the Fort was under attack. They went into
1423:, The Kansas Chief, White Cloud KS, July 23, 1863, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
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579:. With Generals Pope and Sibley opposed, the Senators went higher to Secretary of War
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382:, during the first week of the war, he learned the Sioux had attacked the Chippewa at
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1451:, The weekly pioneer and Democrat , September 04, 1863, Image 3, Library of Congress
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Chippewa Chiefs State Capitol, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. , September 26, 1862
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fully within the boundaries of the Sandy Lake Indian Reservation on its north end, or
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Pembina Chippewa Chief Es-En-Ce (Little Shell II) fought the displaced Santee Sioux.
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saw the White-earth men of G Company 9th Minn gain recognition as the State's best
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at the southeastern corner on the eastern edge of Sandy Lake Indian Reservation, or
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White Earth Chippewa. One of whom was killed and buried with military honors at
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on the southeastern corner on the southern edge of Sandy Lake Indian Reservation.
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226:, agreed upon the Treaty of Washington for the land cession of most of northern
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Fond du lac letter, Daily Intelligencer, 15 Sept p. 3 Wheeling, West Virginia
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1409:, Pioneer and Democrat, July 24, 1863, Library of Congress, Washington /D.C.
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Nanawonggabe, Chippewa Indian Chiefs and Leaders, Access Genealogy, 2023
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Against the Tide of American History: The Story of Mille Lacs Anishinabe
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The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 4, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress
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a letter offering to fight the Sioux so Minnesotans could go fight the
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In 1850, the US government changed the annuity distribution point from
54:'s southern shores until arriving at the "Sixth Stopping Place" of the
1573:"The Sandy Lake memorial monument takes shape 150 years after tragedy"
1437:, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 24, 1863, Library of Congress
1215:, Goodhue County Republican, Red Wing, Minnesota, September 26, 1862
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Chief Hole-in-the-Day and the 1862 Chippewa Disturbance a Reapprasial
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Fond Du Lac letter The Portland Daily Press, 15 September, 1862, p.3
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and ex-Minnesota governor Ramsey escorted the son of Chippewa Chief
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adjacent to the Sandy Lake Indian Reservation on its south end; and
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73:, the Mississippi Chippewa consisted of the following sub-bands:
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1363:
Hole-in-the-Dat, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol.8 No. 1,29 July 1863
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Chippewa-Sioux relations were already strained. In June 1862
1262:, Stephanie Hemphill, Minnesota Public Radio, March 8, 2004
1238:
Arrival of Indian Chiefs, Chicago Tribune, Feb 21, 186, p.4
1187:, St Paul Daily Press, September 24, 1862, Number 149, p.1
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Abraham Lincoln and Minnesota, Abraham Lincoln's Classroom
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Fond Du Lac letter The Cleveland Morning 20 September 1862
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Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
598:"as the Chippewa had complete confidence in Senator Rice"
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would bring war and mounted patrols to Minnesota and the
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Fond du lac letter The Vermont Chronicle, 23 Sept, 1862
989:: The Chicago Times Vol VIIII No. 28, 16 Sept 1862, p.1
1068:
Fond du lac letter The Weekly North Iowa Times 17 Sept
1563:"Ojibwe honor 400 victims of 1850 Sandy Lake tragedy"
1395:: St. Vincent Memories, Trish Short Lewis, June 2010
1326:, St. Vincent Memories, Trish Short Lewis, June 2010
766:"Ojibwe honor 400 victims of 1850 Sandy Lake tragedy"
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crossing. Capture for those troops would have meant
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enabled some of the 59th to escape entrapment at one
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Reservations of the Mississippi Chippewa in Minnesota
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were attacked despite being on Chippewa land. When
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until June 1866. In the north, several unfortified
62:, and spread both northward and southward along the
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Chief Big Dog, Native American Warrior, Pininterest
1546:. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (Cass Lake, MN: 1985).
1081:, Mankato Semi-weekly Record Vol 4 - No. 22, p.2
709:Because of the “Treaty with the Chippewa, 1855”
589:mounted Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers
421:of Gull Lake. They would be augmented by G Co.
952:(2nd ed.). Minnesota Historical Society.
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295:1862 Chippewa offer Lincoln to fight the Sioux
39:and its tributaries in present-day Minnesota.
1352:St Cloud Democrat Vol.V No. 48, 25 June, 1863
1160:"Tell the Mille Lacs what Danger they are in"
8:
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69:Before entering the treaty process with the
987:Wisconsin Chippewas Wish to Fight the Sioux
222:, the Mississippi Chippewa, along with the
1393:Major Hatch: Pembina & the Indian Wars
1093:Wisconsin Chippewa Wish to Fight the Sioux
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863:
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270:Due to confusing records kept by the U.S.
17:Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians
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554:Article 12 makes the Milles Band unique.
237:The six reservations were the following:
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999:New York Herald, September 14, 1862, p.5
180:in 1837 with the US. They ceded to the
1539:. Borealis Books (St. Paul, MN: 1984).
1435:Hatch's Battalion, Why Doesn't it Move?
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779:2 December 2000, accessed 8 March 2012
347:(Hole-in-the-Day, Gull Lake Band) and
58:. They continued westward across the
35:Band inhabiting the headwaters of the
1199:They Offer to Fight the Sioux and Why
150:Prairie du Chien Line, 1825 Minnesota
7:
336:attacked the Indian Agency on their
1594:Native American tribes in Minnesota
1463:Henry Sibley and the US Dakota War
14:
1274:"Treaties with Minnesota Indians"
1107:Mille Lac Indians, The Indian War
224:Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians
1449:Major Hatch of Hatch's Battalion
252:Pokegama Lake Indian Reservation
160:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin Line
156:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
425:which had a large component of
407:5th Minnesota Infantry Regiment
113:White Oak Point, Minnesota Band
262:Rabbit Lake Indian Reservation
134:(Big River)—and including the
1:
1537:History of the Ojibway People
1324:Pembina & the Indian Wars
386:. He also informed Governor
378:arrived at Hole-in-the-Day's
257:Sandy Lake Indian Reservation
247:Mille Lac Indians Reservation
184:what is now part of northern
158:, the United States drew the
92:Pokegama Lake, Minnesota Band
1010:Indian Outrages in Minnesota
697:as Minnesota's candidate to
685:Late in the fall of 1885 ex-
670:White Earth Band of Chippewa
618:action for the North at the
488:Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
457:St Paul Pioneer and Democrat
266:Rice Lake Indian Reservation
242:Gull Lake Indian Reservation
122:and its confluence with the
89:Pelican Lake, Minnesota Band
620:Battle of Brices Crossroads
499:Mille Lacs band of Chippewa
364:Department of the Northwest
95:Rabbit Lake, Minnesota Band
66:and its major tributaries.
1615:
1599:White Earth Band of Ojibwe
1490:METIS 1863-1865, Roots Web
949:The Sioux Uprising of 1862
893:News from Chippewa Country
728:White Earth Band of Ojibwe
110:Trout Lake, Minnesota Band
101:Sandy Lake, Minnesota Band
86:Mille Lacs, Minnesota Band
77:Cedar Lake, Minnesota Band
1121:Chippewas on the War Path
723:Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
718:Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
656:Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
272:Bureau of Land Management
142:History and treaty making
98:Rice Lake, Minnesota Band
83:Gull Lake, Minnesota Band
80:Crow Wing, Minnesota Band
1213:Delegation of Chippewa's
1079:Lake Superior Chippeways
946:Carley, Kenneth (1976).
531:Chief affiliated to the
484:The Portland Daily Press
440:On 2 September 1862 two
218:In 1855, because of the
674:White Earth Reservation
610:. They along with the
973:Letter From Two Chiefs
447:Chiefs sent President
415:Red River of the North
332:On 18 August when the
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313:
304:
215:
151:
24:
1421:Chippewa in the Field
658:and its reservation.
327:
319:
310:
302:
232:Wisconsin Walleye War
220:tragedy at Sandy Lake
213:
149:
1535:Warren, William W.
1338:The War In Minnesota
529:Rice Lake, Wisconsin
463:across the country:
409:, was garrisoned at
234:of the late 1980s.)
197:La Pointe, Wisconsin
178:Treaty of St. Peters
29:Mississippi Chippewa
25:Gichi-ziibiwininiwag
1559:, Wisconsin History
705:Successors apparent
647:Lake Winnibigoshish
612:59th Colored Troops
431:St Cloud, Minnesota
370:stations along the
136:Brainerd Lakes Area
31:, are a historical
1589:Ojibwe governments
1567:Brainerd Dispatch,
1542:Wedll, Joycelyn.
1260:An editor reflects
777:Brainerd Dispatch,
771:2013-06-19 at the
632:summary executions
360:Lower Sioux Agency
358:The attack on the
330:
322:
314:
305:
216:
205:Sandy Lake tragedy
154:In 1825, with the
152:
1185:Chippewa visitors
585:Department of War
486:,Portland Maine
405:Company D of the
188:and east-central
64:Mississippi River
56:Saint Louis River
37:Mississippi River
1606:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
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1501:From Little Crow
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411:Fort Abercrombie
388:Alexander Ramsey
384:Otter tail lakes
372:Red River Trails
162:to separate the
120:Leech Lake River
104:Snake River Band
48:Sault Ste. Marie
27:) or simply the
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691:Hole in the Day
519:, the Chippewa
503:William P. Dole
478:Washington D.C
476:New York Herald
465:Chicago Tribune
449:Abraham Lincoln
400:Native American
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128:Ojibwe language
124:Crow Wing River
107:Swan River Band
60:Savanna Portage
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417:150 miles due
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634:for being "
614:fought the
608:skirmishers
445:Fond Du Lac
349:Little Crow
338:reservation
334:Mdewakanton
132:Gichi-ziibi
1583:Categories
753:References
699:West Point
643:Leech Lake
616:rear guard
461:newspapers
396:Government
392:grievances
368:stagecoach
201:Sandy Lake
622:. Their
577:Wilkinson
521:Bear Clan
442:Wisconsin
427:bi-racial
413:, on the
394:with the
228:Minnesota
190:Minnesota
186:Wisconsin
166:from the
44:Baawiting
769:Archived
546:12
525:princess
353:skirmish
583:of the
581:Stanton
455:. The
380:village
956:
628:bridge
550:
435:action
342:Chief
168:Dakota
164:Ojibwe
33:Ojibwa
21:Ojibwe
636:black
548:Stat.
453:south
954:ISBN
662:1865
645:and
604:1864
575:and
573:Rice
552:1249
539:1863
419:west
693:to
638:".
199:to
130:as
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46:(
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