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Columbia spread over many centuries has been found. They also pointed out that the discharge point from Lake
Columbia varied with time, originally flowing across the Waterville Plateau into Moses Coulee, but later, when the Okanagan lobe blocked that route, eroding the Grand Coulee to discharge there as a substantially lower outlet. The Komatsu analysis does not evaluate the impact of the considerable erosion observed in this basin during the flood or floods. However, the assumption that flood hydraulics can be modeled using modern-day topography is an area that warrants further consideration. Earlier narrower constrictions at places such as
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627:
was based on modern-day topography. Their major findings were that the calculated water depth in each flooded location except for the
Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie was shallower than the field evidence showed. For example, their calculated water depth at the Pasco Basin–Wallula Gap transition zone is about 190 m, significantly less than the 280–300 m flood depth indicated by high-water marks. They concluded that a flood of ~10m/s could not have made the observed high-water marks.
38:
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time, the friction from water flowing through these cracks generated enough heat to melt the ice walls and enlarge the cracks. This allowed more water to flow through the cracks, generating more heat, allowing even more water to flow through the cracks. This feedback cycle eventually weakened the ice dam so much that it could no longer support the pressure of the water behind it. It failed catastrophically. This process is known as a
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607:, which may have discharged by several paths, including one through Lake Missoula. This discharge, if occurring concurrently with the breach of the Lake Missoula ice dam, would have provided significantly larger volumes of water. Further, Shaw and the team proposed that the rhythmic Touchet beds result from multiple pulses or surges within a larger flood.
462:, he estimated that flood waters above 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) would be required to roll the largest of the boulders moved by the flood. He estimated the water flow was 9 cubic miles per hour (38 km/h), more than the combined flow of every river in the world. More recent estimates place the flow rate at
630:
In a comment on the
Komatsu analysis, Brian Atwater and colleagues observed substantial evidence for multiple large floods, including mud cracks and animal burrows in lower layers, which were filled by sediment from later floods. Further, evidence for multiple flood flows up sidearms of Glacial Lake
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immediately downstream of
Glacial Lake Missoula, for which several previous estimates had placed the maximum discharge of 17 × 10m/s and the total amount of water discharged equal to the maximum estimated volume of Lake Missoula (2184 km). Neglecting erosion effects, their simulated water flow
542:
After analysis and controversy, geologists now believe that there were 40 or more separate floods, although the exact source of the water is still being debated. The peak flow of the floods is estimated to be 27 cubic kilometers per hour (6.5 cubic miles per hour). The maximum flow speed approached
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The multiple flood hypothesis was first proposed by R.B. Waitt Jr. in 1980. Waitt argued for a sequence of 40 or more floods. Waitt's proposal was based mainly on analysis from glacial lake bottom deposits in
Ninemile Creek and the flood deposits in Burlingame Canyon. His most compelling argument
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studies, which support a 30–40 year interval between depositions of Mount St. Helens' ash, and hence flood events, but do not preclude an up to 60-year interval. Offshore deposits on the bed of the
Pacific at the mouth of the Columbia River include 120 meters of material deposited over a several
597:
The controversy about whether the
Channeled Scabland landforms were formed mainly by multiple periodic floods or by a single grand-scale cataclysmic flood from late Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula or an unidentified Canadian source continued through 1999. Shaw's team of geologists reviewed the
506:
As the depth of the water in Lake
Missoula increased, the pressure at the bottom of the ice dam increased enough to lower the freezing point of water below the temperature of the ice forming the dam. This allowed liquid water to seep into minuscule cracks present in the ice dam. Over a period of
450:
that lent credence to Bretz's theories. Bretz defended his theories, which kicked off an acrimonious 40-year debate over the origin of the
Scablands. Both Pardee and Bretz continued their research over the next 30 years, collecting and analyzing evidence that led them to identify
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Missoula floods happened before 1.5 million years ago. Because of the fragmentary nature of older glaciofluvial deposits, which have been largely removed by subsequent
Missoula floods, within the Hanford formation, the exact number of older Missoula floods, which are known as
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draining into Lake Missoula from British Columbia to the north. Further, Shaw's team proposed the scabland flooding might have partially originated from an enormous subglacial reservoir that extended over much of central British Columbia, particularly including the
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sedimentary sequences of the Touchet beds and concluded that the sequences do not automatically imply multiple floods separated by decades or centuries. Rather, they proposed that sedimentation in the Glacial Lake Missoula basin resulted from
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ash that fell in Eastern Washington. By analogy, since there were 40 layers with comparable characteristics at Burlingame Canyon, Waitt argued they all could be considered to have similar separation in deposition time.
551:". The cumulative effect of the floods was to excavate 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of loess, sediment, and basalt from the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington and to transport it downstream.
278:, geologists estimate that a cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred several times over the 2,000 years between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago.
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thousand-year period corresponding to multiple scabland floods seen in the Touchet Beds. Based on Waitt's identification of 40 floods, this would give an average separation between floods of 50 years.
442:, invited the young Bretz to present his previously published research at a January 12, 1927, meeting where several other geologists presented competing theories. Another geologist at the meeting,
294:). Alternate estimates for the peak flow rate of the largest flood range up to 17 cubic kilometers per hour. The maximum flow speed approached 36 meters/second (130 km/h or 80 mph).
1401:
Norman B. Smyers and Roy M. Breckenridge (2003). "Glacial Lake Missoula, Clark Fork ice dam, and the floods outburst area: Northern Idaho and western Montana". In T. W. Swanson (ed.).
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In 2000, a team led by Komatsu simulated the floods numerically with a 3-dimensional hydraulic model. They based the Glacial Lake Missoula discharge rate on the rate predicted for the
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scientist Gerardo Benito have found evidence of at least twenty-five massive floods, the largest discharging about 10 cubic kilometers per hour (2.7 million m³/s, 13 times that of the
1326:
Brunner, Charlotte A.; Normark, William R.; Zuffa, Gian G.; Serra, Francesca (1999). "Deep-sea sedimentary record of the late Wisconsin cataclysmic floods from the Columbia River".
1508:, June 5–8, 1978 / sponsored by Planetary Geology Program, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; edited by Victor R. Baker and Dag Nummedal.
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Clague, John J.; Barendregt, Rene; Enkin, Randolph J.; Foit, Franklin F. Jr. (March 2003). "Paleomagnetic and tephra evidence for tens of Missoula floods in southern Washington".
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deposited by the floods have contributed to the agricultural richness of the Willamette and Columbia Valleys. Glacial deposits overlaid with centuries of windblown sediments (
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below the top of the Touchet beds. The two layers of volcanic ash are separated by 1–10 centimetres (0.4–3.9 in) of airborne nonvolcanic silt. The tephra is
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539:) have scattered steep, southerly sloping dunes throughout the Columbia Valley, ideal conditions for orchard and vineyard development at higher latitudes.
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deposits. Bretz published a paper in 1923 arguing that the Channeled Scablands in Eastern Washington were caused by massive flooding in the distant past.
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Shaw, J; Munro-Stasiuk, M; Sawyer, B; Beaney, C; Lesemann, J.-E.; Musacchio, A.; Rains, B.; Young, R.R. (1999). "The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?".
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Waitt, R.B. Jr (1984). "Periodic jökulhlaups from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula—New evidence from varved sediment in northern Idaho and Washington".
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1504:: a guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington : prepared for the Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference held in the
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Bretz's ideas for such large-scale flooding were viewed as a challenge to the uniformitarian principles then ruling the science of geology (p. 2)
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36 meters/second (130 km/h or 80 mph). Up to 1.9×10 joules of potential energy were released by each flood (the equivalent of 4,500
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Atwater, Brian F.; Smith, Gary A.; Waitt, Richard B. (June 2000). "The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?: Comment and Reply: COMMENT".
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Komatsu, G; Miyamoto, H; Ito, K; Tosaka, H; Tokunaga, T (June 2000). "The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?: Comment and Reply".
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547:). For comparison, this is 90 times more powerful than the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated, the 50-megaton "
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and through the Columbia Gorge would be expected to produce higher flow resistance and correspondingly higher floods.
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523:. Some temporary lakes rose to an elevation of more than 400 ft (120 m), flooding the Willamette Valley to
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As the water emerged from the Columbia River gorge, it backed up again at the 1 mile (1.6 km) wide narrows near
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The dating for Waitt's proposed separation of layers into sequential floods has been supported by subsequent
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Waitt, R.B. Jr (1985). "Case for periodic, colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula".
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On the trail of the Ice Age floods: a geological field guide to the mid-Columbia basin / Bruce Bjornstad
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Carson, Robert J.; Michael E. Denny; Catherine E. Dickson; Lawrence L. Dodd; G. Thomas Edwards (2008).
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Waitt, R.B. Jr (1980). "About 40 last-glacial Lake Missoula jökulhlaups through southern Washington".
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was under 300 feet (91 m) of water approaching at a speed of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h).
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deposits from two successive floods were found to be separated by two layers of volcanic ash (
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Pre-Late Wisconsinan Glacial Outburst Floods in Southeastern Washington—The Indirect Record.
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255:. After each ice dam rupture, the waters of the lake would rush down the Clark Fork and the
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705: – fluvial landform formed on the downstream side of a weathering-resistant protrusion
495: maximum extent of Glacial Lake Missoula (eastern) and Glacial Lake Columbia (western)
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738:"Science writer Richard Hill gives a brief geologic history of the Columbia River Gorge"
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Bretz's Flood: The Remarkable Story of a Rebel Geologist and the World's Greatest Flood
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Ancient Cataclysmic Floods in the Pacific Northwest: Ancestors to the Missoula Floods.
267:. After the lake drained, the ice would reform, creating Glacial Lake Missoula again.
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Glacial Lake Missoula high-water mark, 4,200 feet (1,280 m), near Missoula, MT
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Where the Great River Bends:A natural and human history of the Columbia at Wallula
419:. Bretz coined the term Channeled Scablands in 1923 to refer to the area near the
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247:. These floods were the result of periodic sudden ruptures of the ice dam on the
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Unpublished Masters thesis, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. 174 pp.
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Bretz, J Harlen (1925). "The Spokane flood beyond the Channeled Scablands".
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511:, and there is evidence that many such events occurred in the distant past.
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as the source of the Spokane flood and creator of the channeled scablands.
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Missoula flood deposits within the Othello Channels, Columbia River Gorge,
53:. The areas inundated in the Columbia and Missoula floods are shown in red.
876:
Bretz, J Harlen (1923). "The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia Plateau".
771:"Pleistocene megaflood discharge in Grand Coulee, Channeled Scabland, USA"
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first recognized evidence of the catastrophic floods, which he called the
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The World's Largest Floods, Past and Present: Their Causes and Magnitudes
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403:. Beginning In the summer of 1922, Bretz conducted field research on the
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Sculpted by Floods: The Northwest's Ice Age Legacy (KSPS Documentaries)
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These floods have been researched since the 1920s. During the last
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1063:"30 October 1961 - the Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"
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and erosion features are evidence of these events. Lake-bottom
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explanation of the geology, ran against the prevailing view of
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features in the area since 1910 after seeing a newly published
387:, in the 1920s. He was researching the Channeled Scablands in
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1491:"Geologists find a way to simulate the great Missoula floods"
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for the next seven years. He had been interested in unusual
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10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0463:DSSROT>2.3.CO;2
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10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0605:TCSBTB>2.3.CO;2
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10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0247:PATEFT>2.0.CO;2
1405:. Geological Society of America Field Guide. Vol. 4.
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10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1271:CFPCJF>2.0.CO;2
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10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<576:TCSBTB>2.0.CO;2
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10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<573:TCSBTB>2.0.CO;2
967:
Northwest Exposures: A Geologic History of the Northwest
692:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
672: – Catastrophic flooding event in the last ice age
446:, had worked with Bretz and had evidence of an ancient
690: – Prehistoric proglacial lake in Western Montana
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The Missoula floods have also been referred to as the
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Cataclysms on the Columbia: The Great Missoula Floods
438:, and Bretz's views were initially disregarded. The
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Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
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720: – Annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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1003:(Rev. 2nd ed.). Portland, Or.: Ooligan Press.
143:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
91:
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81:
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66:
58:
678: – Network of routes connecting natural sites
1077:"Ice Age Floods Study of Alternatives Background"
1035:(3). The Geological Society of America: 247–250.
660: – Depositional forms in channeled scablands
501: areas swept by Missoula and Columbia floods
301:, detailed investigation of the Missoula floods'
1665:Ice Age Floods Erosion & Deposition Features
593:Controversy over the number and source of floods
1894:Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge
866:Washington Geology. vol. 30, no. 1/2, pp. 9–16.
348:, it has been estimated that the oldest of the
1387:Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods
775:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
430:Bretz's view, which was seen as arguing for a
259:, flooding much of eastern Washington and the
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829:. Sandpoint, Idaho: Keokee Books. p. 2.
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1482:Central Washington University, Washington
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466:the flow of all current rivers combined.
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
862:Spencer, P. K., and M. A. Jaffee (2002)
423:, where massive erosion had cut through
990:
988:
986:
729:
458:After Pardee studied the canyon of the
369:Giant ripple marks at Markle Pass near
235:that swept periodically across eastern
1554:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1185:Geological Society of America Bulletin
684: – Type of glacial outburst flood
676:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1512:National Park Service: Ice Age Floods
1403:Western Cordillera and adjacent areas
440:Geological Society of Washington, D.C
321:, Quincy Basin, Pasco Basin, and the
7:
969:. Mountain Press. pp. 381–390.
325:. Based on the presence of multiple
288:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
141:adding citations to reliable sources
77:Between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago
25:
1368:. Seattle, Wa.: Sasquatch Books.
572:for separate floods was that the
338:optically stimulated luminescence
332:interbedded with flood deposits,
309:, has documented the presence of
1971:Steamboats of the Columbia River
1874:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
1417:. Sandpoint, Id.: Keokee Books.
1083:from the original on 2015-06-11.
769:Lehnigk, KE; Larsen, IJ (2022).
117:
27:Heavy floods of the last ice age
2006:Bonneville Power Administration
1996:Historic Columbia River Highway
1489:Rojas-Burke, Joe (2010-02-20).
1458:Ice Age Floods Institute (IAFI)
825:Bjornstad, Bruce N. (c. 2006).
128:needs additional citations for
1741:Related contemporaneous events
1639:Ice Age Floods Glacial Residue
49:(east) are shown south of the
1:
2097:Geology of Washington (state)
2060:The Columbia River Collection
1981:Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
1465:"Discover the Ice Age Floods"
965:; Hundman, Donald W. (1995).
299:Columbia River drainage basin
282:hydrologist Jim O'Connor and
274:that followed the end of the
1656:Sims Corner Eskers and Kames
1159:10.1016/0033-5894(84)90005-X
233:glacial lake outburst floods
2082:Floods in the United States
1879:Columbia River Basalt Group
1478:"Dating the Ice Age Floods"
1476:Zenter, Nick (2023-01-05).
664:Glacial lake outburst flood
563:During the ice age floods,
527:and beyond. Iceberg-rafted
509:glacial lake outburst flood
489: Cordilleran ice sheet
2128:
2049:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On
1951:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1364:Soennichsen, John (2008).
355:ancient cataclysmic floods
305:, informally known as the
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639:The current understanding
555:Multiple flood hypothesis
361:Flood hypothesis proposed
35:
1453:Mystery of the Megaflood
1946:Robert Gray exploration
1389:(Mountain Press, 2001.
243:at the end of the last
2001:Columbia Basin Project
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1565:Ice Age Glacial Floods
1502:The channeled scabland
999:; Scott Burns (2009).
927:(2): 97–115, 236–259.
615:
568:
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405:Columbia River Plateau
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303:glaciofluvial deposits
280:U.S. Geological Survey
95:The current states of:
68:Meteorological history
2028:Vanport flood of 1948
1991:Columbia River Treaty
1867:Geology and geography
1604:Glacial Lake Columbia
1599:Glacial Lake Missoula
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658:Giant current ripples
613:
605:Rocky Mountain Trench
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253:Glacial Lake Missoula
51:Cordilleran ice sheet
47:Glacial Lake Missoula
43:Glacial Lake Columbia
2102:Columbia River Gorge
1884:Columbia River Gorge
1727:Columbia River Gorge
796:10.1029/2021JF006135
781:(1): e2021JF006135.
276:Last Glacial Maximum
241:Columbia River Gorge
137:improve this article
2037:Ecology and culture
1961:Pacific Fur Company
1697:Drumheller Channels
1687:Channeled Scablands
1438:USGS Circular 1254
1340:1999Geo....27..463B
1305:2000Geo....28..574A
1270:2000Geo....28..573K
1235:1999Geo....27..605S
1197:1985GSAB...96.1271W
1151:1984QuRes..22...46W
1139:Quaternary Research
1108:1980JG.....88..653W
1041:2003Geo....31..247C
995:Allen, John Eliot;
933:1925JG.....33...97B
890:1923JG.....31..617B
787:2022JGRF..12706135L
473:in honor of Bretz.
334:magnetostratigraphy
231:) were cataclysmic
219:(also known as the
32:
2087:Geology of Montana
2054:Confluence Project
1976:Big Bend Gold Rush
1899:Columbia Mountains
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1096:Journal of Geology
921:Journal of Geology
878:Journal of Geology
849:Medley, E. (2012)
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521:Kalama, Washington
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389:Eastern Washington
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323:Walla Walla Valley
319:Channeled Scabland
2112:Glacial landforms
2092:Geology of Oregon
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1717:Touchet Formation
1558:Pacific Northwest
1424:978-1-879628-32-8
1375:978-1-57061-505-4
1191:(10): 1271–1286.
1010:978-1-932010-31-2
976:978-0-87842-323-1
836:978-1-879628-27-4
436:uniformitarianism
417:Potholes Cataract
397:Willamette Valley
371:Camas Hot Springs
315:Early Pleistocene
307:Hanford formation
261:Willamette Valley
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152:"Missoula floods"
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16:(Redirected from
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1930:Dalles des Morts
1908:Falls and rapids
1812:British Columbia
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1469:HUGEfloods.com
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1433:External links
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381:J Harlen Bretz
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154: –
153:
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148:Find sources:
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126:This article
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19:
2058:
2015:
2011:Hanford Site
1925:Kettle Falls
1920:Celilo Falls
1682:Moses Coulee
1677:Grand Coulee
1651:Boulder Park
1630:Lake Allison
1494:
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1145:(1): 46–58.
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750:. Retrieved
746:the original
741:
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541:
518:
515:Flood events
505:
471:Bretz floods
470:
468:
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448:glacial lake
432:catastrophic
429:
421:Grand Coulee
384:
376:
354:
342:unconformity
340:dating, and
327:interglacial
306:
296:
292:Amazon River
272:deglaciation
269:
228:
225:Bretz floods
224:
220:
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173:
166:
159:
147:
135:Please help
130:verification
127:
1858:Tributaries
1722:Wallula Gap
1707:Corfu Slide
1625:Lake Condon
703:Pendant bar
633:Wallula Gap
600:jökulhlaups
574:Touchet bed
444:J.T. Pardee
415:map of the
413:topographic
350:Pleistocene
297:Within the
263:in western
193:August 2024
45:(west) and
2107:Megafloods
2076:Categories
1817:Washington
1702:Crab Creek
1620:Lake Lewis
1383:Alt, David
1299:(6): 574.
963:Alt, David
752:2008-06-15
725:References
682:Jökulhlaup
582:rhythmites
549:Tsar Bomba
395:, and the
344:truncated
237:Washington
163:newspapers
102:Washington
1843:Crossings
1805:traversed
1798:Provinces
1692:Dry Falls
1167:128700879
1124:129144773
949:140554172
906:129657556
805:245545657
712:Rhythmite
565:Dry Falls
533:sediments
464:ten times
378:Geologist
330:calcretes
1385:(2001)
1081:Archived
652:See also
74:Duration
1939:History
1556:in the
1336:Bibcode
1328:Geology
1301:Bibcode
1293:Geology
1266:Bibcode
1258:Geology
1231:Bibcode
1223:Geology
1193:Bibcode
1147:Bibcode
1104:Bibcode
1079:. NPS.
1037:Bibcode
1029:Geology
929:Bibcode
886:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
409:erosion
245:ice age
177:scholar
1853:Rapids
1838:Cities
1822:Oregon
1803:states
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1007:
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578:tephra
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425:basalt
401:Oregon
391:, the
311:Middle
265:Oregon
223:, the
179:
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165:
158:
150:
106:Oregon
104:, and
1831:Lists
1163:S2CID
1120:S2CID
945:S2CID
902:S2CID
801:S2CID
718:Varve
537:loess
284:Spain
227:, or
184:JSTOR
170:books
98:Idaho
82:Flood
59:Cause
1848:Dams
1419:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1005:ISBN
971:ISBN
831:ISBN
313:and
215:The
156:news
1800:and
1447:'s
1445:PBS
1344:doi
1309:doi
1274:doi
1239:doi
1201:doi
1155:doi
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937:doi
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779:127
399:of
286:'s
139:by
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761:^
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622:–
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200:(
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191:(
181:·
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
