622:
immediately they depart together. Mistletoebird pairs nest solitarily and raise up to 3 broods per season. The breeding season is from August to April depending where in
Australia, but usually coincides with the fruiting of mistletoe. The nest can be found in many different plants but especially in eucalyptus, mistletoe, and acacia trees where it is suspended from an outer twig or thin horizontal branch and concealed among foliage. The nest is pear shaped with a slit side entrance and is usually made of plant down, wool, spider webs and spider egg sacs. The outside of the nest is coated with dry plant material like leaves, bark and lichen. The nest is built by the female, but accompanied by the male who assists very occasionally. Incubation is by the female but it has been recorded that males do sit the nest while the female is away. She will lay a clutch of three or four white eggs, each measuring 17 mm × 11 mm (0.67 in × 0.43 in), oval in shape. Incubation period is between 10 and 12 days and the young remain in the nest for approximately 15 days. The fledglings are fed by both parents but mainly by the female. Newly hatched birds are initially fed arthropods, after which mistletoe berry pulp is then gradually introduced into their diet. After about two weeks, when they are ready to
538:. In becoming frugivore specialists, both these birds live off the fruit of parasites that germinate in the canopy of host trees, where the fruit of the parasite has specific seed placement requirements on host branches and resists consumption by frugivore nonspecialist birds. The mistletoe plant minimizes opportunistic consumption of their berries by less specialized dispersal birds by producing few, inconspicuous fruits over a long period. Specialist frugivorous birds, by eating mainly fruit, have a diet rich in carbohydrates and poor in protein. To increase the protein level, which is particularly important for reproduction and molting, the mistletoe bird has to eat large quantities of the mistletoe fruit.
761:, where this high value is from highly damaged and perturbed habitat. From natural intact forests there are typically less than 10 plants per hectare. Avian richness increases with mistletoe density until a threshold of approximately 20 plants per hectare is reached after which heavy grazing and degradation sets in. Areas of excessive infestation of the parasite mistletoe badly damages or kills the host trees. The reaction to this was to try and eradicate the bird seen as spreading the parasite, the mistletoebird. One farmer in Australia in the 1930s claimed to have destroyed over 1200 mistletoebirds in a six-year period, but they are no longer actively persecuted.
31:
462:
408:
light grey underparts, and just a touch of pinkish-red under the tail. The eyes, bill, and legs are black; the bill is just over a centimetre long, slender, slightly down-curved and sharply pointed. Immature birds are similar to the female, but have an orange-pink bill instead of black. There is a variance in size and colour across their distribution. The adult mistletoebird is smaller in the north of its distribution and females in the north have lighter coloured underparts compared to darker ones in the south.
633:
645:
202:
80:
657:
547:
55:
2263:
2254:
1649:
594:), where both their body masses are approximately 7 g (0.25 oz). The mean length of the gizzard in the mistletoebird is 4.3 mm (0.17 in) and 13.5 mm (0.53 in) in the thornbill. The mean length of the small intestine is 55 mm (2.2 in) in the mistletoebird and 88 mm (3.5 in) in the thornbill.
566:), have a more complex digestive system that takes longer for the fruit seeds to pass, and in the process the seeds are subjected to more mechanical and chemical action in the gut. It takes between four and 25 minutes for the mistletoe seed to pass through the mistletoebird. In a scientific study in South Australia with the grey mistletoe (
558:, where the amount of mechanical grinding and chemical digestion is minimized. This enables a clear passage and quick exit of the mistletoe fruit seeds through the mistletoebird's digestive system. In comparison, the non-specialized fruit-eating birds that they compete with for the mistletoe berry, such as the
609:. They sometimes stand facing along the host tree branch depositing seeds in a string on the perch. Honeyeater-dispersed seeds, in contrast, fall randomly and less efficiently onto substrates below the defecating bird. The texture of the defecated seed with the mistletoebird is stickier than other bird's
752:
There was an ecological balance between the parasitic mistletoe and their host trees before this balance was disturbed with excessive forest clearing. Land clearing to accommodate farming practices and population growth created an imbalance that resulted in excessive infestations of mistletoe in some
512:
in areas where it proliferates. The litter-fall under mistletoe infestation, where there is a high turnover of rich mistletoe leaves, has a diverse animal and plant life. Also, the denseness of the mistletoe bush and the characteristics of its leaves makes it a cool and safe place for birds to rest,
407:
The mistletoebird is small, 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long and 7.5–11 g (0.26–0.39 oz) weight. The male is glossy blue-black above, with a red chest and a slight red under-tail, and a black centre stripe running down its white belly. The female is dark grey above, with a white throat,
621:
Mistletoebirds conduct elaborate courtship and nuptial displays where, with a horizontal body, the male sways from side to side fluttering its wings, flicking its tail and displaying flashes of red. The female flies to a nearby branch where she flutters her wings. The male flies to her, mates and
320:
passerines. Early scientific research had the mistletoe and mistletoebird mutually co-evolving with a high dependence on each other through their evolutionary development. As the mistletoe has been in
Australia for a long time and mistletoebirds for a relatively short time, the mistletoe seed was
477:
from the dry interior to the coastal rain forests, but they do not frequent high altitude areas in winter as they adopt a torpid state when cold. Mistletoebirds are more likely to occur in mature stands where trees are larger and more likely to have become infested with mistletoe, rather than in
411:
The mistletoebird has long pointed wings and a short square tail with a slight notch at the tip. They usually occur singularly or in twos but occasionally in small family groups or flocks and very occasionally in mixed-species flocks when food is in abundance. Their flight is swift and they are
529:
that primarily eats the berries of mistletoes. Foraging time takes up 25% of the mistletoebird's daytime activities in summer and 29% in winter. The increased fruit consumption in winter could be related to the bird's increased thermo-regulatory costs during the cold of winter. Mistletoe fruit
324:
Molecular-based scientific methods have been used recently to evaluate generic taxonomy within the flowerpecker family. The flowerpecker genetic subdivision is based on a single morphological character_)—the length of the outermost primary wing feather. Most flowerpeckers are sexually
412:
usually seen flying above or high in the tree canopy on distinctively pointed wings. Their posture is usually upright when perched but adopt a more horizontal, swaying posture when alarmed. They have a variety of vocalizations but their most familiar is a short, sharp, high-pitched
321:
distributed originally by non-specialized frugivore birds like the honeyeater. Even though the mistletoebird has evolved into a very efficient local distributor of mistletoe seeds, the mistletoebird needs the mistletoe but the mistletoe does not need the mistletoebird.
601:
relative to the size of its head and its total body size. This allows grasping and swallowing the mistletoe fruit, which are about 12 mm (0.47 in) long by 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter. These are large berries relative to the diminutive mistletoebird.
530:
dominates the mistletoebird's diet, accounting for 85% of foraging observations. Arthropods formed 13% and the remainder was from nectar, insects, and other berries. The only other known frugivore with a similar degree of dietary specialization is
440:), but it has no spot on the forehead and has a black streak on the white belly. Due to the combination of size, shape, behaviour, and plumage the mistletoebird is unlikely to be mistaken for any other Australian passerine; however, the
505:. To source the arthropods, the honeyeaters venture far and, therefore, are a conduit for long distance mistletoe seed dispersal, while the mistletoebirds generally concentrate on and limit their feeding to local mistletoe infestations.
578:) than it did through the mistletoebird and five months after seed deposit, 43% more seedlings had established from seeds defecated by mistletoebirds than from seeds passed by the honeyeater. The mistletoebird's modified
300:
radiation that occurred 20-30 million years ago. The sunbirds are found mainly in Africa and Asia and the flowerpeckers throughout Asia. The mistletoebird is a geologically recent arrival into
Australia from
473:
Mistletoebirds are nomadic where movement is generally local and is associated with the fruiting of mistletoe. Mistletoebirds mostly occur in forests and woodlands dominated by any species of
329:, have stouter bills than sunbirds and display a broad variety of tongue structure. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of 70% of flowerpecker species showed that the mistletoebird and the
1427:
Murphy, S.R.; Reid, N.; Yan, Z.; Venables, W.N. (1993). "Differential passage time of mistletoe fruits through the gut of honeyeaters and flowerpeckers: effects on seedling establishment".
486:). All mistletoes share a common growth form where water and nutrients are obtained from their host tree via a specialized vascular attachment, but as mistletoe manufacture their own
632:
2468:
2507:
2561:
478:
regenerated areas. There are over 1300 species of mistletoe around the world and about 100 in
Australia, where a common variety in the drier climates is the
582:
is in the same plane. This facilitates rapid passage of the large number of berries consumed. Comparing the frugivore mistletoebird with a similarly sized
644:
626:, the mistletoe berry pulp comprises 80% of food intake of the young mistletoebird. Both parents remove the fecal sacs left by the young in the nest.
1577:
Norton, D.A. (1997). "Lessons in
Ecosystem Management from management of threatened and pest Loranthaceous Mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia".
2442:
1284:
Barea, Laurence P.; Gerardo
Herrera, M.L. (2009). "Sources of protein in two semi-arid zone mistletoe specialists: Insights from stable isotopes".
2481:
1041:
Watson, David M.; Rawsthorne, John (2013). "Mistletoe specialist frugivores: latterday 'Johnny
Appleseeds' or self-serving market gardeners?".
1400:
Richardson, K.C. (1988). "The
Alimentary tract of a specialist frugivore, the Mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum, in relation to its diet".
863:
2576:
757:, and a total lack of mistletoe in other areas. Mistletoe density in Eucalyptus forests in Australia ranges from 0 to over 100 plants per
656:
308:
The mistletoebird is a mistletoe-feeding specialist and mistletoe-feeding specialists have evolved independently in eight of the world's
1681:
2586:
1561:
1190:
960:
924:
854:
1629:
1219:
832:
2581:
1134:"Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade"
1653:
2486:
688:), as well as more than 25 different species of passerines. Predators known to have taken mistletoebird nestlings are the
2226:
2206:
1891:
2186:
1991:
729:
2571:
2393:
2341:
2151:
2141:
2121:
1901:
1841:
1791:
605:
Efficiency of mistletoe fruit dispersal by the mistletoebird is increased by the way the bird perches on a branch to
494:, they are referred to as 'half parasitic'. Although common on the mainland of Australia, there are no mistletoes in
1097:
Rawsthorne, John; Watson, David M.; Roshier, David A. (2012). "The restricted seed rain of a mistletoe specialist".
2512:
2266:
2257:
2236:
2091:
2071:
2011:
1831:
1781:
1731:
1486:
Reid, N. (1989). "Dispersal of
Mistletoes by Honeyeaters and Flowerpeckers: components of seed dispersal quality".
881:
392:
2319:
2196:
2081:
1881:
1821:
1811:
1761:
1741:
79:
30:
2101:
1911:
571:
559:
2111:
2041:
2021:
1871:
1801:
1674:
330:
191:
2346:
201:
2367:
2281:
2031:
1961:
1851:
1771:
676:, where a banded adult male was recaptured near the banding site after nine years. Mistletoebirds vocally
579:
555:
2398:
296:
family
Nectariniidae. Both the flowerpeckers and sunbirds are thought to be early offshoots of the early
2262:
2161:
174:
801:
461:
2359:
2328:
2216:
2061:
1971:
1941:
1921:
1751:
1436:
1050:
2051:
1360:
Cooney, S.J.N.; Watson, D.M.; Young, J. (2006). "Mistletoe nesting in Australian birds: a review".
885:
531:
514:
44:
2380:
1981:
1931:
1667:
1602:
1594:
1503:
1468:
1452:
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1263:
1114:
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other birds. Heard in all seasons and given by both sexes, they have been recorded mimicking the
501:
Less specialized fruit-eating species, such as the honeyeater, source much of their protein from
74:
2499:
2473:
312:
families. This extreme dietary specialization has evolved in non-passerine species, as well as
2416:
2333:
2001:
1951:
1861:
1625:
1557:
1534:
1460:
1342:
1225:
1215:
1186:
1163:
1066:
956:
920:
859:
828:
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689:
570:), it took 2.3 times longer for the mistletoe seeds to pass through the digestive system of a
1259:
2566:
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1495:
1444:
1409:
1369:
1332:
1324:
1293:
1255:
1153:
1145:
1106:
1058:
1023:
992:
796:
713:
697:
587:
292:. The flowerpeckers are considered to be nearest in avian evolutionary relationship to the
2520:
479:
466:
1246:
Watson, D.M. (2001). "Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide".
778:
1440:
1054:
2538:
1337:
1312:
996:
721:
705:
546:
491:
305:. It is thought to have started colonizing Australia from about two million years ago.
302:
258:
280:
and is a vector for the spread of the mistletoe's seeds through its digestive system.
2555:
2494:
1590:
1297:
1133:
1110:
787:
535:
425:
364:, which differ in geographical location and plumage details, primarily of the males:
64:
59:
2385:
1606:
1472:
1381:
1267:
1118:
2421:
2177:
1132:
Nyária, Árpád S.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Rice, Nathan H.; Moyle, Robert G. (2009).
1078:
681:
513:
hide, and nest. In a recent study in southern Australia, 217 species of Australian
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487:
246:
141:
2408:
2455:
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433:
384:
266:
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673:
606:
474:
361:
326:
274:
270:
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1229:
550:
Deposited mistletoe seed. Sticky, to facilitate propagation in the host tree.
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1659:
526:
502:
445:
441:
297:
289:
262:
250:
131:
91:
1464:
1346:
1328:
1167:
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638:
Female mistletoebird feeding young in a nest in southern Western Australia.
1648:
983:), and spiny-cheeked honeyeaters and mistletoebirds in an arid woodland".
2525:
2298:
495:
317:
254:
111:
2447:
2354:
1722:
1710:
1598:
1507:
1456:
1448:
955:. Vol. 7. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1474–1490.
758:
677:
517:
birds were reported nesting in mistletoe, including the mistletoebird.
345:
313:
293:
151:
1413:
1027:
2460:
1158:
725:
623:
534:(or vulturine parrot) of New Guinea that feeds almost exclusively on
277:
101:
2434:
2275:
1499:
1373:
508:
Recent ecological studies have found the mistletoe producing a rich
420:
whistled mainly on the wing. Songs while perched include a whistled
1521:
Venables, B. (2007). "A dynamics nuptial display by mistletoebird (
2429:
1700:
979:
Reid, N. (1990). "Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (
610:
545:
460:
424:
uttered repeatedly. The male mistletoe bird can be mistaken for a
288:
The mistletoebird is one of 54 species of the flowerpecker family
1317:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
598:
309:
121:
2279:
1663:
1012:"The Mistletoebird and Mistletoes: Co-evolution or Coincidence"
672:
The longevity of a mistletoebird has been recorded in southern
1527:
Sunbird: The Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society
554:
The mistletoebird has a small muscularized stomach and short
650:
Three young mistletoebirds in their nest waiting to be fed.
374:—Australia (extensive red on throat and chest; flanks grey)
352:) and refers to its long and pointed swallow-like wings.
1313:"Mistletoe is a keystone resource: an experimental test"
953:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
613:
to facilitate a strong bond with the host tree branch.
257:
and the driest desert areas) and also to the eastern
1556:. Hong Kong: Angus and Robertson. pp. 291–292.
1185:. Hong Kong: Angus and Robertson. pp. 340–345.
827:(Third ed.). Angus&Robertson. p. 500.
2288:
2175:
1720:
1698:
919:. Singapore: Reed Books Pty Ltd. pp. 394–396.
273:. The mistletoebird eats mainly the berries of the
951:Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Cowling, S.J. (2006).
802:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103777963A94540718.en
662:Fledgling leaving its nest for the first time.
1675:
890:"Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds"
8:
1214:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 52–75.
399:) was formerly considered as a subspecies.
2276:
1682:
1668:
1660:
465:Mistletoe in Eucalyptus woodland. Central
200:
53:
29:
20:
1336:
1183:Honeyeaters and their allies of Australia
1157:
825:The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia
800:
1260:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114024
769:
628:
337:) to be each other's closest relative.
1624:. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing.
1395:
1393:
1391:
1279:
1277:
1241:
1239:
1138:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1092:
1090:
1088:
896:. International Ornithologists' Union
876:
874:
872:
848:
846:
844:
7:
2253:
1554:Birds in the Australian high country
974:
972:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
2562:IUCN Red List least concern species
788:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
448:are the closest in size and shape.
369:Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum
211:Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum
1311:Watson, D.M.; Herring, M. (2012).
1208:Handbook of the Birds of the World
997:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01526.x
855:Handbook of the Birds of the World
852:del Hoyo, J. et al., eds. (2008).
525:The mistletoebird is a specialist
14:
2261:
2252:
1647:
1622:Mistletoes of Southern Australia
1591:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95529.x
1298:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01996.x
1111:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05515.x
894:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
655:
643:
631:
387:, Indonesia (flanks yellow-buff)
78:
2347:Dicaeum_(Dicaeum)_hirundinaceum
777:BirdLife International (2016).
378:Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle
597:The mistletoebird has a large
1:
2227:Scarlet-breasted flowerpecker
2207:Crimson-breasted flowerpecker
1892:Scarlet-collared flowerpecker
1525:) and further call mimicry".
1402:Australian Journal of Zoology
985:Australian Journal of Ecology
748:Threats and human interaction
344:derives from the name of the
2187:Yellow-breasted flowerpecker
1992:Crimson-crowned flowerpecker
2577:Birds of the Maluku Islands
2152:Scarlet-headed flowerpecker
2142:Scarlet-backed flowerpecker
2122:Blood-breasted flowerpecker
1902:Orange-bellied flowerpecker
1842:Yellow-crowned flowerpecker
1792:Yellow-bellied flowerpecker
1150:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014
360:There are three recognised
2603:
2237:Yellow-rumped flowerpecker
2092:Fire-breasted flowerpecker
2072:Black-fronted flowerpecker
2012:Olive-crowned flowerpecker
1832:Flame-crowned flowerpecker
1782:Yellow-vented flowerpecker
1732:Golden-rumped flowerpecker
393:pink-breasted flowerpecker
2587:Taxa named by George Shaw
2250:
2197:Olive-backed flowerpecker
2082:Blue-cheeked flowerpecker
1882:Black-belted flowerpecker
1822:Olive-capped flowerpecker
1812:Yellow-sided flowerpecker
1762:Brown-backed flowerpecker
1742:Thick-billed flowerpecker
1212:Penduline-tits to Shrikes
1063:10.1007/s00442-013-2693-9
795:: e.T103777963A94540718.
742:Cacomantis flabelliformis
730:Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo
208:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2102:Black-sided flowerpecker
1912:Pale-billed flowerpecker
1099:Journal of Avian Biology
915:Macdonald, J.D. (1988).
888:, eds. (December 2023).
720:). Nests have also been
572:spiny-cheeked honeyeater
564:Acanthagenys rufogularis
560:spiny-cheeked honeyeater
2582:Birds described in 1792
2112:Grey-sided flowerpecker
2042:Red-banded flowerpecker
2022:Red-capped flowerpecker
1872:Red-keeled flowerpecker
823:Pizzey, Graham (1999).
694:Colluricincla harmonica
372:Shaw & Nodder, 1792
331:red-capped flowerpecker
2032:Louisiade flowerpecker
1962:Halmahera flowerpecker
1852:Bicolored flowerpecker
1772:Whiskered flowerpecker
1329:10.1098/rspb.2012.0856
702:Cracticus nigrogularis
580:gastrointestinal tract
551:
470:
284:Taxonomy and evolution
269:between Australia and
243:mistletoe flowerpecker
213:in red, (top-centre:)
2539:Dicaeum-hirundinaceum
2334:Dicaeum_hirundinaceum
2320:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
2290:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
2162:Wakatobi flowerpecker
1654:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
1620:Watson, D.M. (2011).
1523:Dicaeum ihrundinaceum
1248:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst
1206:Madge, S. C. (2008).
1181:Longmore, W. (1991).
781:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
668:Other characteristics
549:
464:
340:The specific epithet
241:), also known as the
238:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
184:Dicaeum hirundinaceum
166:D. hirundinaceum
2217:Palawan flowerpecker
2062:Mottled flowerpecker
1972:Buzzing flowerpecker
1942:Andaman flowerpecker
1922:Nilgiri flowerpecker
1802:Legge's flowerpecker
1752:Striped flowerpecker
1656:at Wikimedia Commons
1579:Conservation Biology
1552:Frith, H.J. (1984).
734:Chrysococcyx basalis
253:(though absent from
209:Distribution map of
2052:Midget flowerpecker
1441:1993Oecol..93..171M
1323:(1743): 3853–3860.
1055:2013Oecol.172..925W
728:species, including
542:Feeding adaptations
249:native to most of
45:Conservation status
2572:Birds of Australia
2381:BirdLife-Australia
1982:Pygmy flowerpecker
1932:Plain flowerpecker
1916:D. erythrorhynchos
1449:10.1007/bf00317667
917:Birds of Australia
884:; Donsker, David;
755:forest degradation
710:Strepera graculina
690:grey shrike-thrush
592:Acanthiza inornata
552:
471:
438:Petroica phoenicea
245:, is a species of
2549:
2548:
2282:Taxon identifiers
2273:
2272:
2126:D. sanguinolentum
2002:Ashy flowerpecker
1966:D. schistaceiceps
1952:Buru flowerpecker
1886:D. haematostictum
1862:Cebu flowerpecker
1652:Media related to
1414:10.1071/zo9880373
1028:10.1071/MU9870130
1010:Reid, N. (1987).
886:Rasmussen, Pamela
864:978-84-96553-45-3
753:areas leading to
738:fan-tailed cuckoo
718:Corvus coronoides
422:wissweet wissweet
382:
373:
229:
228:
68:
2594:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
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2502:
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2411:
2402:
2401:
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2360:8E5F469E25ABE4AB
2350:
2349:
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2336:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2277:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2136:D. hirundinaceum
2026:D. geelvinkianum
1956:D. erythrothorax
1906:D. trigonostigma
1816:D. aureolimbatum
1796:D. melanoxanthum
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1651:
1636:
1635:
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1203:
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1038:
1032:
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901:
878:
867:
850:
839:
838:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
804:
774:
714:Australian raven
698:pied butcherbird
686:Psephotus varius
659:
647:
635:
588:inland thornbill
556:alimentary canal
532:Pesquet's parrot
430:Petroica boodang
381:G. R. Gray, 1858
380:
371:
335:D. geelvinkianum
204:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
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2521:Observation.org
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2297:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2246:
2241:P. xanthopygius
2171:
1896:D. retrocinctum
1786:D. chrysorrheum
1716:
1694:
1693:(flowerpeckers)
1688:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1576:
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1500:10.2307/1938420
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1389:
1374:10.1071/MU04018
1359:
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1286:Austral Ecology
1283:
1282:
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1193:
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1009:
1008:
1004:
981:Amyema quandang
978:
977:
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949:
934:
927:
914:
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835:
822:
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776:
775:
771:
767:
750:
724:by a number of
670:
663:
660:
651:
648:
639:
636:
619:
568:Amyema quandang
544:
523:
484:Amyema quandang
467:New South Wales
459:
454:
405:
397:Dicaeum keiense
358:
303:South-East Asia
286:
221:in purple, and
219:D. h. ignicolle
195:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2600:
2598:
2590:
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2579:
2574:
2569:
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2554:
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2194:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1866:D. quadricolor
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1756:D. aeruginosum
1749:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
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1657:
1643:
1642:External links
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1612:
1585:(3): 759–769.
1569:
1563:978-0207144646
1562:
1544:
1513:
1494:(1): 137–145.
1478:
1435:(2): 171–176.
1419:
1408:(4): 373–382.
1387:
1352:
1303:
1292:(7): 821–828.
1273:
1235:
1220:
1198:
1192:978-0207154447
1191:
1173:
1124:
1084:
1049:(4): 925–932.
1033:
1022:(2): 136–137.
1002:
991:(2): 175–190.
968:
962:978-0195532449
961:
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926:978-0730100171
925:
907:
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576:A. rufogularis
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492:photosynthesis
480:grey mistletoe
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259:Maluku Islands
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2153:
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2147:
2146:D. cruentatum
2143:
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2133:
2132:Mistletoebird
2130:
2127:
2123:
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2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:D. monticolum
2103:
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2097:
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2073:
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2063:
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489:
488:carbohydrates
485:
481:
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463:
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427:
426:scarlet robin
423:
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386:
379:
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370:
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342:hirundinaceum
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240:
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233:mistletoebird
224:
220:
216:
215:D. h. keiense
212:
207:
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198:
193:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
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132:Passeriformes
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72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2289:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2211:P. percussus
2210:
2201:P. olivaceus
2200:
2191:P. maculatus
2190:
2178:Prionochilus
2176:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2116:D. celebicum
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2076:D. igniferum
2075:
2066:D. tristrami
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2016:D. pectorale
2015:
2005:
1996:D. nehrkorni
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1946:D. virescens
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1836:D. kampalili
1835:
1826:D. nigrilore
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1721:
1709:
1699:
1621:
1615:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1553:
1547:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1289:
1285:
1251:
1247:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1182:
1176:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1102:
1098:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1019:
1015:
1005:
988:
984:
980:
952:
916:
910:
898:. Retrieved
893:
853:
824:
818:
806:. Retrieved
792:
786:
780:
772:
751:
741:
733:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
682:mulga parrot
671:
620:
604:
596:
591:
575:
567:
563:
553:
524:
510:biodiversity
507:
500:
483:
472:
437:
429:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
396:
390:
377:
368:
359:
349:
341:
339:
334:
323:
307:
287:
247:flowerpecker
242:
237:
236:
232:
230:
222:
218:
214:
210:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2456:iNaturalist
2314:Wikispecies
2267:Wikispecies
1986:D. pygmaeum
1936:D. minullum
1926:D. concolor
1876:D. australe
1846:D. anthonyi
1776:D. proprium
1766:D. everetti
1254:: 219–249.
1105:(1): 9–14.
882:Gill, Frank
808:11 November
722:parasitized
712:), and the
584:insectivore
434:flame robin
403:Description
385:Aru Islands
327:dichromatic
267:Arafura Sea
225:in orange.
2556:Categories
2534:Xeno-canto
2221:P. plateni
2046:D. eximium
2036:D. nitidum
1856:D. bicolor
1806:D. vincens
900:29 January
765:References
736:) and the
674:Queensland
503:arthropods
475:Eucalyptus
362:subspecies
356:Subspecies
314:sub-oscine
271:New Guinea
217:in green,
2500:103777963
2373:103777963
2166:D. kuehni
2086:D. maugei
2056:D. aeneum
1691:Dicaeidae
1539:1037-258X
1533:: 28–29.
1429:Oecologia
1230:229047663
1159:1808/6569
1043:Oecologia
858:13: 388.
527:frugivore
452:Behaviour
446:thornbill
442:pardalote
298:passeroid
290:Dicaeidae
278:mistletoe
275:parasitic
263:Indonesia
251:Australia
160:Species:
142:Dicaeidae
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2474:10211793
2368:BirdLife
2299:Wikidata
1746:D. agile
1736:D. annae
1607:83076752
1473:19909663
1465:28313603
1382:84296716
1368:: 1–12.
1347:22787026
1268:43694290
1168:19576993
1119:85276740
1071:23797409
617:Breeding
607:defecate
515:arboreal
496:Tasmania
255:Tasmania
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2567:Dicaeum
2448:2484700
2435:mistle1
2409:mistle1
2355:Avibase
2305:Q538383
2258:Commons
1723:Dicaeum
1711:Species
1599:2387436
1508:1938420
1488:Ecology
1457:4220240
1437:Bibcode
1338:3415901
1079:1005155
1051:Bibcode
759:hectare
521:Feeding
457:Habitat
350:Hirundo
346:swallow
294:sunbird
265:in the
194:, 1792)
153:Dicaeum
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2513:381024
2487:559733
2399:118933
1628:
1605:
1597:
1560:
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