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may lead them to believe that one is more similar to them and thus more likely to be a friend. Individuals may believe that because one replicates the individual's gestures, that one may hold similar beliefs and attitudes as the individual. Mirroring may be more pervasive in close friendships or romantic relationships, as the individuals regard each other highly and thus wish to emulate or appease them. Additionally, individuals who are friends may have more similarities than two strangers, and thus may be more likely to exhibit similar body language regardless of mirroring.
109:
difficult. Additionally, other individuals may be less likely to build rapport with the person, as without mirroring the person may seem more dissimilar and less friendly. Individuals who are not unconsciously aware of the gesture may have difficulties in social situations, as they may be less able to understand another person's perspective without it being explicitly stated, and thus may not understand covert cues that are often used in the social world. It is possible for autistic individuals to deliberately learn and become aware of these cues.
189:
mirroring. Mirroring helps to facilitate empathy, as individuals more readily experience other people's emotions through mimicking posture and gestures. Mirroring also allows individuals to subjectively feel the pain of others when viewing injuries. This empathy may help individuals create lasting relationships and thus excel in social situations. The action of mirroring allows individuals to believe they are more similar to another person, and perceived similarity can be the basis for creating a relationship.
96:). As a result, the individuals being interviewed began to mirror the actions of the interviewer, and thus the individuals in the condition with less friendly body language fared worse within the interview than did individuals in the friendly condition. The study demonstrates that the initial attitudes that an interviewer may have of the individual being interviewed may affect the performance of the interviewee due to mirroring.
159:, and gestures by mirroring expressions that their parents utilize. The process of mirroring may help infants establish connections of expressions to emotions and thus promote social communication later in life. Infants also learn to feel secure and valid in their own emotions through mirroring, as the parent's imitation of their emotions may help the child recognize their own thoughts and feelings more readily.
235:, other work situations such as requesting promotions, parent-child interactions and asking professors for favors. Each of these situations involves one party who is in a less powerful position for bargaining and another party who has the ability to fulfill the person of lower status's needs but may not necessarily wish to. Thus, mirroring can be a useful tool for individuals of lower status in order to
155:, individuals need a sense of validation and belonging in order to establish their concepts of self. When parents mirror their infants, the action may help the child develop a greater sense of self-awareness and self-control, as they can see their emotions within their parent's faces. Additionally, infants may learn and experience new emotions,
34:, speech pattern, or attitude of another. Mirroring often occurs in social situations, particularly in the company of close friends or family, often going unnoticed by both parties. The concept often affects other individuals' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors, which can lead to the individual building
133:
children to understand what the intentions of an action are before seeing the entire sequence. Because of this, a child can see someone pick up food with the intention to eat and fire all necessary motor chains needed for them to pick up their own food and go through the motions of eating it as well.
173:
Mirroring has been shown to play a critical role in the development of an infant's notion of self. The importance of mirroring suggests that infants primarily gather their social skills from their parents, and thus a household that lacks mirroring may inhibit the child's social development. Without
91:
Additionally, mirroring may play a role in how well an individual fares in a job interview. Within a study conducted by Word, Zanna and Cooper, interviewers were instructed to follow specific types of body language in different experimental conditions. In one condition, interviewers were instructed
203:
Rapport may be an important part of social life, as establishing rapport with an individual is generally the initial route to becoming friends or acquaintances with another person. Mirroring can help establish rapport, as exhibiting similar actions, attitudes, and speech patterns as another person
53:
The display of mirroring often begins as early as infancy, as babies begin to mimic individuals around them and establish connections with particular body movements. The ability to mimic another person's actions allows the infant to establish a sense of empathy and thus begin to understand another
146:
In infant-parent interactions, mirroring consists of the parent imitating the infant's expressions while vocalizing the emotion implied by the expression. This imitation helps the infant to associate the emotion with their expression, as well as feel validated in their own emotions as the parent
226:
Additionally, individuals are likely to mirror the person of higher status or power within the situation or when they feel physical attraction to the other person. Mirroring individuals of higher power may create an illusion of higher status, or create rapport with the individual in power, thus
108:
or other social difficulties may be less likely to exhibit mirroring, as they may be less unconsciously and consciously aware of the actions of others. This factor may cause additional difficulties for the individuals, as without mirroring, establishing connections with other people may be more
57:
Mirroring can establish rapport with the individual who is being mirrored, as the similarities in nonverbal gestures allow the individual to feel more connected with the person exhibiting the mirrored behavior. As the two individuals in the situation display similar nonverbal gestures, they may
188:
The inability to properly mirror other individuals may strain the child's social relationships later in life. This strain may exist because others may feel more distant from the child due to a lack of rapport, or because the child may have a difficult time feeling empathy for others without
211:
takes place within the individual who begins to mirror another's movements and allows them a greater connection and understanding with the individual who they are mirroring, as well as allowing the individual who is being mirrored to feel a stronger connection with the other individual.
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or attitude about the topic. Individuals may be more willing to empathize with and accept people whom they believe hold similar interests and beliefs, and thus mirroring the person with whom one is speaking may establish connections between the individuals involved.
19:
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to demonstrate distant and uninterested body language (such as leaning away or avoiding eye contact), and in another condition, they were asked to demonstrate more welcoming body language (such as smiling and making
58:
believe that they share similar attitudes and ideas as well. Mirror neurons react to and cause these movements, allowing the individuals to feel a greater sense of engagement and belonging within the situation.
45:
under the premise that while the latter is a conscious, typically overt effort to copy another person, mirroring is unconsciously done during the act and often goes unnoticed. It has also been described as the
231:
with an individual who possesses more power, as the rapport that mirroring creates may help to persuade the higher status individual to help the person of lower status. These situations include
340:
Vartanov, A. V.; Izbasarova, S. A.; Neroznikova, Y. M.; Artamonov, I. M.; Artamonova, Y. N.; Vartanova, I. I. (2023). "The effect of psychological mirroring in telecommunicative dialogue".
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Fox, Nathan A.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J.; Yoo, Kathryn H.; Bowman, Lindsay C.; Cannon, Erin N.; Vanderwert, Ross E.; Ferrari, Pier F.; van IJzendoorn, Marinus H. (2016).
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Foundations for developing a concept of self: The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring, social modeling, and self-practice in infancy
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mirroring, it may be difficult for the child to relate their emotions to socially learned expressions and thus have a difficult experience in expressing their own emotions.
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Gergely, G.; Watson, J. S. (1996). "The social biofeedback theory of parental affect-mirroring: The development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in infancy".
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allowing the person to gain favor with the individual in power. This mechanism may be helpful for individuals in situations where they are in a position of
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Cattaneo, Luigi; Fabbri-Destro, Maddalena; Boria, Sonia; Pieraccini, Cinzia; Monti, Annalisa; Cossu, Giuseppe; Rizzolatti, Giacomo (26 October 2007).
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shows approval through imitation. Studies have demonstrated that mirroring is an important part of child and infant development. According to
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person's emotions. The infant continues to establish connections with other individual's emotions and subsequently mirror their movements.
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125:. Humans show additional signs of mirroring in parts of the brain not observed to show mirroring properties in primates, such as the
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The use of noninvasive fMRI studies have shown that there is evidence of mirroring in humans similar to that found in monkeys in the
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Word, C. O.; Zanna, M. P.; Cooper, J. (1974). "The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction".
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lack this motor chain reaction and are thought to use other senses, such as visual or somatosensory, to accomplish similar tasks.
838:"Neural mirroring and social interaction: Motor system involvement during action observation relates to early peer cooperation"
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Kupfer, Tom R. (October 2018). "Why are injuries disgusting? Comparing pathogen avoidance and empathy accounts".
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782:. Maastricht, Netherlands: European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. pp. 324–331.
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Mirroring generally takes place unconsciously as individuals react with the situation. Mirroring is common in
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From mirroring to guiding: A review of the state of art technology for supporting collaborative learning
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Rizzolatti, G.; Fabbri-Destro, M. (2008). "The mirror system and its role in social cognition".
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Endedijk, H.M.; Meyer, M.; Bekkering, H.; Cillessen, A.H.N.; Hunnius, S. (1 January 2017).
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567:"Brain regions with mirror properties: A meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies"
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Autism and masking : how and why people do It, and the impact it can have
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the other party to provide goods or privileges for the lower status party.
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518:"Assessing human mirror activity with EEG mu rhythm: A meta-analysis"
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is the behavior in which one person subconsciously imitates the
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Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others
459:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 139–164.
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Molenberghs, P.; Cunnington, R.; Mattingley, J. B. (2012).
369:"From Imitation to Reciprocation and Mutual Recognition"
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367:Rochat, Philippe; Passos-Ferreira, Claudia (2008).
773:Jermann, P.; Soller, A.; Muehlenbrock, M. (2001).
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23:A young boy mirrors the gesture of his grandmother
914:Leadership & Organization Development Journal
752:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Co.
78:along with the speaker, as well as imitate body
664:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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501:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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129:. Mirroring has also been shown to allow
283:Chartrand, T. L.; Bargh, J. A. (1999).
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574:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
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134:It has been shown that children with
41:Mirroring is distinct from conscious
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842:Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
748:Self Psychology and the Humanities
70:, as the listeners will typically
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16:Subconscious imitative behaviour
908:Talley, L.; Temple, S. (2015).
617:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
586:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004
378:. Springer. pp. 191–212.
1:
477:Sedgewick, Felicity (2022).
439:10.1016/0022-1031(74)90059-6
354:10.1016/j.cogsys.2023.02.008
222:Power (social and political)
955:Interpersonal relationships
384:10.1007/978-1-59745-479-7_9
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342:Cognitive Systems Research
304:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
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897:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
854:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.01.001
414:. New York, NY: Picador.
685:10.1073/pnas.0706273104
374:. In Pineda, J. (ed.).
259:Nonverbal communication
522:Psychological Bulletin
123:inferior frontal gyrus
119:inferior parietal lobe
113:Examinations in humans
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455:Meltzoff, A. (1990).
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254:Kinesthetic learning
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895:Sweetness and Power
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670:(45): 17825–17830.
893:Mintz, S. (1985).
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744:Kohut, H. (1985).
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207:The activation of
157:facial expressions
100:Effects of lacking
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348:: 110–117.
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