Mixed-member proportional representation

1449:'s divisors to find the averages for the allocation, the first divisor for each party takes into account the number of constituency seats won by the party; i.e. a party that won 7 constituency seats would start with a divisor of 8 (7 seats + 1 per the method's divisor formula) instead of 1. The resulting table would then give 7 seats for Scotland and 4 seats for Wales to the parties possessing the highest averages on the table, although both devolved parliaments do not use a table, instead using a sequential method. The compensatory effect characteristic of MMP is in the fact that a party that won constituency seats would have lower averages on the table than it would if the election used MMM. Because of no provision for overhang seats, there have been cases where a party ended up with fewer total seats than its proportional entitlement. This occurred, for example, in the elections in the 2766:, validated the Van Zyl Slabbert mixed-system and recommended its adoption, stating: "Such a system will serve to limit the power of individual party leaders and encourage MPs to vote in accordance with the needs and desires of their constituencies rather than only following party lines". Although a constitutional amendment is not required, and a simple majority in parliament can amend the Electoral Act (No. 73 of 1998) it seems unlikely that such an amendment will come before parliament before the 2019 General Elections. A former MP, Michael Louis, who wishes to stand as an independent, is actively pursuing a judicial route to force an amendment. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) has stated that it is not opposed to an amendment but there is simply not enough time to implement it in time for the 2019 elections. After the 1210: 1823:, in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In New Zealand the threshold is 5%, in Bolivia 3%, in Germany 5% for elections for federal parliament and most state parliaments. A party can also be eligible for list seats if it wins at least three constituency seats in Germany, or at least one in New Zealand. Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a 4836: 1526: 958: 1512: 3098:, Chavez' party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, took 57.4% of parliamentary seats with only 48.2% of the vote under the new system (ignoring the role of small allied parties). One can see to what extent parallel voting had nonetheless helped to redress the balance toward proportionality somewhat by noting that Chavez' party would have taken an even larger share of assembly seats under a strict single-winner approach (71 constituency seats out of 109, or 65%). 5569: 2320: 1533: 5563: 2116: 1136:. The new modified federal election system does not allow overhang seats at all, therefore not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner. In German, this localized list system now shares the name of PPR with the mixed systems still used in the federal states of Germany that are referred to as MMP in English. In English, due to this change, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining 1222: 2170: 93: 2522: 2358: 2058: 53: 3183:(CDU) party, because they feared that if the FDP received less than 5% of the votes, the CDU would have no parliamentary allies and would be unable to form a government on its own. This tactical voting also ensures that fewer votes are wasted, but at the cost of giving the FDP more seats than CDU voters would ideally have preferred. This tactic is the same in any method of proportional representation with a threshold. 3216: 933: 3031:, the two main parties did not expect to win any list seats, so they encouraged voters to use their list votes for allied minor parties. This tactic distorted the working of the model to the point that the parties that won list seats were almost always different from the parties that won constituency seats. Only one constituency member was elected from parties that won list seats. The election was condemned by the 2442: 2412: 2132: 1973: 1944: 2464: 2382: 2292: 2019: 1959: 1886: 3199:. In this case the tactic maintained some proportionality by bypassing the 5% threshold, but is largely disfavoured by the public due to it awarding smaller parties extra list seats while parties with a higher party vote percentage that do not win an electorate receive no seats; this occurred in 2008 when ACT was awarded 5 seats on the back of one electorate seat and 3.7% of the party vote, while 2491: 1519: 2249: 2212: 1922: 1193:. In South Africa, MMP is generally referred to as a "mixed-system". The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not 945: 2994: 42: 1268:). In Wales between 2006 and 2014 dual candidacy was banned, i.e. candidates were restricted to contend either for a constituency or for a party list, but not both. If a candidate is on the party list, but wins a constituency seat, they do not receive two seats; they are instead crossed off the party list and the party seat goes to the next candidate down. 3204:

from 12,900 to 2,300. In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5% threshold (which the same report recommends lowering to 4%) is only awarded that electorate seat.

2719:. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based 3040:

while the other contests the list seats—assuming this is allowed by electoral law. The two linked parties could then co-ordinate their campaign and work together within the legislature, while remaining legally separate entities. The result of this approach, if it is used by all parties, would be to transform MMP into a

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Another solution is to eliminate the seat linkage mechanism and use a vote linkage one instead, in which case most likely more compensatory seats would be needed. A negative vote transfer based system (scorporo) retains the flaw that decoy lists can be used to abuse it, but if the two votes were tied

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As especially mixed electoral systems can be quite different, sometimes there is no consensus on their classification as mixed-member proportional, mixed majoritarian or something between the two. These cases include partially or conditionally compensatory systems such as those of Hungary, Mexico and

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In other cases, a party may be so certain of winning a large number of constituency seats that it expects no extra seats in the proportional top-up (list seats). Some voters may therefore seek to achieve double representation by voting tactically for another party in the regional vote, as a vote for

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won 2.4% of the party vote, which would entitle them to 3 seats in the House, but won 5 constituency seats, leaving an overhang of 2 seats, which resulted in a 122-member house. If the party vote for the Māori Party had been more in proportion with the constituency seats won, there would have been a

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which said it failed to comply with international standards because of "serious irregularities", intimidation, vote-buying and "violence committed by extremists on both sides." Rather than increasing the number of list seats or "overhang" seats, Albania subsequently decided to change to a pure-list

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used in Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still used in some MMP elections today and is more robust against tactical voting than typical two-vote versions. Most of Germany changed to the

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In an abusive gambit similar to that used in Albania, major parties feeling that they are unlikely to win a large number of list seats because of their advantage at the constituency level might choose to split their party in two, with one subdivision of the party contesting the constituency seats,

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Single vote system used in 2008 and 2012 where local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally. Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the

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with no electorate seats and 4.1% of the party vote were awarded none. In 2011, some Epsom voters voting for the left-wing Labour and Green parties tried to block the tactic by giving their local vote to the National candidate; while it was unsuccessful, it did reduce ACT's majority over National

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in the first question. According to official results, voters chose FPTP over PR by 61.3% to 38.7% on the first question. While the first question was not successful for PR, the second question resulted in MMP winning over the two other systems on the ballot. If PR had been successful on the first

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was formed to examine potential changes to the voting system with MMP being one of the options examined. The committee presented its report to Parliament on 1 December of the same year. In early 2017, the Government announced that it would accept only some of the committee's recommendations, and

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across all seats (not just the additional seats). Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular

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decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by

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for a minor party that is predicted to poll close to or slightly below the threshold. Some voters may be afraid the minor party will poll below the threshold, and that that would weaken the larger political camp to which the minor party belongs. For example, the German moderate-right

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two-vote variant to make local members of parliament (MPs) more personally accountable. Voters can thus vote for the local person they prefer for local MP without regard for party affiliation, since the partisan make-up of the legislature is determined only by the party vote. In the

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region apart from the 2003 election. This situation arises because Labour has continued to hold the overwhelming majority of constituency seats in these regions, and only around one-third of the total number of seats are available for distribution as additional regional seats.

2375:) and 30 compensatory seats (seat linkage). Major parties used decoy lists to neutralize compensation. Though all list seats are compensatory since 2024, but widespread use of decoy lists is expected continue and mixed-member proportional representation is not to be achieved. 2452:(formerly): The two vote seat linkage compensatory system introduced was designed to provide MMP, but the system was manipulated with decoy lists. The seat linkage between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting. 1426:

increases so that the total outcome is fully proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve proportionality. The leveling seats are added to the normal number of seats for the duration of the electoral period. In the German state of

1156:, which essentially guaranteed mixed-member proportional representation even with extremely disproportional constituency results, but dramatically increased the size of the Bundestag. This meant that it was potentially the most proportional MMP system used after the one in 2434:

function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up). Overhang seats were not compensated for. The next elections were again held under parallel voting due to a change in the

1309:, there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it ( 3186:

Similarly, in New Zealand, some voters who preferred a large party have voted for the minor party's local candidate to ensure it qualifies for list seats on the back of winning a single electorate. This notably occurred in the right-wing inner Auckland electorate of

1053:. Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received. The constituency representatives are usually elected using 1034:, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide 2762:. It proposed that 300 of 400 members be elected from closed-constituency lists (from 69 national multi-member constituencies) and 100 members from closed, national-level party lists. Parliament's High Level Panel report of 2017, chaired by former president 1331:

number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot. This can be done by different

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Though not all overhang seats are perfectly compensated for, New Zealand is widely considered to be a typical example of mixed-member proportional representation due to the high proportionality of the system (disregarding the electoral threshold).

2856:, the potential this kind of strategic manipulation would be eliminated. However, in this a case party proportionality is not likely and overall equality of votes would depend largely on the specifics of the system (the amount of compensation). 45:

Seat linkage is the method which MMP systems use to achieve proportional results, unlike parallel voting. The first such system used a mixed single vote (top), but today two vote MMP (below) is more common, however also more vulnerable to

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The following countries currently have MMP representation. Countries which nominally use or have used MMP, but in practice had highly disproportional representation or it as otherwise not implemented are discussed in the next section.

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Another interesting case is that of Venezuela, which also ended up changing its system, in this case by formally adopting a parallel voting system and legitimizing party efforts to game the MMP approach. Venezuela introduced an MMP

1422:) of North Rhine Westphalia has, instead of the usual 50% compensatory seats, only 29% unless more are needed to balance overhangs. If a party wins more local seats than its proportion of the total vote justifies, the size of the 1217:. The image shows both the seats directly won by constituency representatives and those gained via party lists. For example, the FDP (yellow) did not win a single constituency; all its 92 MPs were elected on party lists. 4854:

6 min. video (2015). Explains how MMP (recommended by the Law Commission of Canada) could work in Canada – Presented by the nonpartisan Fair Vote Canada's Dennis Pilon, Associate Professor, Political Science, York

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system which is mostly parallel voting, however, there is a cap on how many seats any single party may get and a cap on the maximum difference of seat shares to the list vote share result. This makes it partially

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systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of MP: one (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, one elected by (closed list) votes.

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In 2017, the Common Country Movement (KOM) proposed introducing seat linkage to achieve MMP in the National Assembly, but the bill brought to parliament by five opposition parties was dismissed by the governing

3162:, in response. The decoy lists were successful on election day, with Future Korea winning 12 compensatory seats and Platform winning 11. After the election, both decoy lists merged into their mother parties. 5867: 3139:, the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional part to receive as many seats as it in fact won, missing out on 12 seats. Italy subsequently changed its system. 1128:). Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a 2576: 2758:

The Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform (published in January 2003) recommended that a multi-member system, which has been adopted for municipal elections, be expanded to elections for the

5741: 5634: 3078:, the voting system was adjusted to link the local and list seats to limit the decoy lists' effectiveness, resulting in an almost perfectly proportionate election result for the competing parties. 2670:. The second question asked them to rank three types of proportional voting systems in order of preference; one of those was MMP. Citizens could still rank the voting systems even if they selected 1913:

with the presidential and Senate election, which is presumed to decrease tactical manipulation despite the separate candidate and list vote. The latest elections had a highly proportional result.

3090:. The tactic was later adopted by pro-Chavez parties at the national level in 2005. After the decoy list tactic withstood a constitutional challenge, Venezuela eventually formally reverted to a 2226:). Came about in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining. Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. Levelling seats were established for the 2242:) to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected. 1201:

South Korea, which are typically said to be supermixed systems or partially compensatory systems, but sometimes inaccurately referred to as MMP even though they are highly disproportional.

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for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.

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between 27 October and 7 November 2016, Prince Edward Islanders voted for MMP over FPTP in the final round of counting, 52%–43%; however, the provincial government, despite having set no

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basis. As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties supported the reform.

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to elect the non-constituency MPs (also called list MPs). In most jurisdictions, candidates may stand for both a constituency and on a party list (referred to in New Zealand as

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At the regional or national level (i.e. above the constituency level) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the

5642: 5629: 1470: 1065:. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both. 986: 2622: 4791:

Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg, (2000a), "Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology", in Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg (2000).

4881: 3135:. This meant that the constituency seats won by each coalition would not reduce the number of list seats available to them. In the case the House of Freedoms list faction 2472:

Hungary was using a mixed system since the 1990s, that due to its partially compensatory nature has been sometimes inaccurately referred to as an MMP system, but it was a

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to reduce the size of the Bundestag. The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote (called

1389:, where constituency seats could only be earned by the winning candidate if they also achieved an absolute majority in their district, thereby eliminating overhang seats. 2651: 3845: 3788: 4123: 3146:, the electoral system was changed from parallel voting to a hybrid mixed-member proportional system, with 30 seats allocated in a compensatory manner. The opposition 1466: 1450: 5536: 2820:

their preferred party in the regional vote would be wasted. This tactic is much less effective in MMP models with a relatively large share of list seats (50% in most

4377: 5987: 5791: 3616: 1275:, the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list: Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose. A regional 1089:

may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.

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to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP. As a result, the LCD and its decoy were able to take 69.1% of the seats with only 51.8% of the vote. ABC leader

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question, MMP would have been adopted in time for the next provincial election and would have been subject to a second referendum after two election cycles.

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The problem of ticket splitting strategies can be solved either by eliminating at least one of the two mechanisms that create the opportunity for abuse:

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where due to the nature of the calculations used to distribute the regional list seats, overhang seats are not possible; the list allocation works like a

1381:, where constituency winners may not always keep their seats since the latest modification of the electoral law. In an MMP variant used in Romania in the 5503: 2612: 4706: 3769: 3635: 4022: 3027:

This sort of strategy for a coalition of parties to capture a larger share of list seats may be adopted formally as a strategy. By way of example, in

2096: 2088: 1344:. Subtracted from each party's allocation is the number of constituency seats that party won, so that the additional seats are compensatory (top-up). 3484: 5674: 2689:

informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the

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which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

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dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of

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See blog articles on the 2007 and 2012 elections posted by political science professor Matthew Sobery Shugard, University of California in Davis

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in German) are added to compensate for the overhang seats and thereby achieve complete proportionality. For example, the provincial parliament (

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When a party wins more constituency seats than it would be entitled to from its proportion of (party list) votes, most systems allow for these

1322: 1062: 1023: 354: 4402: 2633:, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30% compensatory members. 4719: 4695: 4621: 4588: 4561: 4531: 4509: 4487: 4460: 878: 5552: 5453: 3368:

Linhart, Eric; Raabe, Johannes; Statsch, Patrick (1 March 2018). "Mixed-member proportional electoral systems – the best of both worlds?".

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Massicotte, Louis; Blais, André (1999). "Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey", Electoral Studies, Vol. 18, 341–366.

3415: 2832:", leading to fewer opportunities for overhangs and maintaining full proportionality, even when a party wins too many constituency seats. 3876: 3819: 3704: 1246:, 27.33% of voters split their vote (voted for a local candidate of a different party than their party vote) compared to 31.64% in 2014. 1144:, but it would be a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from 6007: 5872: 5136: 3756: 2662:. In the referendum citizens were presented with two questions. The first question asked them to choose whether they would like to keep 1164: 3459: 5829: 3572: 2395: 1386: 1382: 972: 3597: 5921: 5824: 5819: 5746: 5669: 5647: 5608: 4867: 4809: 3352: 3323: 2759: 2100: 2092: 1397: 1243: 5471: 4046:

For further details on the recent proposals in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, see Andre Barnes and James R. Robertson,

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declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional in 2020 because there was no way for independent candidates to be elected and in 2021,

873: 2848:(the original version of MMP used in Germany), in which case voters cannot split their ticket, even if it is a sincere preference. 2284:, but either not enough leveling seats were provided to achieve it, or the compensation mechanism was manipulated by decoy lists. 5992: 5862: 5321: 5267: 2681:

In September 2019, Quebec's government, supported by two of the three opposition parties (PQ and Quebec Solidaire), introduced a

2638: 1226: 1186: 1035: 1019: 863: 613: 584: 524: 5119: 1112:, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand. In Germany, where is was differentiated from a 5958: 5834: 5544: 5530: 5448: 3176: 2630: 2368: 2122: 2080: 595: 120: 5496: 5247: 3853: 3796: 3252: 3188: 3083: 3055: 2974: 2853: 2532: 658: 4616:(2nd ed.). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2002). pp. 79–84. 4161: 4115: 3535: 1358:

If a party wins more FPTP seats than the proportional quota received by the party-list vote, these surplus seats are called

2422:(formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used used a 5657: 3102: 3075: 3051: 2155: 1898: 1438: 300: 285: 270: 4317: 5905: 5290: 5275: 5094: 4541: 4519: 4233: 3948: 3262: 2682: 2235: 2231: 2227: 1934: 1375:

to be kept by those candidates who earned it in the constituency elections. A counter-example would be the In Germany's

1230: 1214: 916: 536: 459: 380: 4146: 5734: 5729: 5706: 5341: 5064: 5054: 4915: 2712: 2690: 2667: 2572: 2223: 2029: 1160:, where only overhang seats are added back as list seats, which resulted in minor flexibility of the parliament size. 1141: 1137: 1081: 1031: 1027: 348: 330: 171: 901: 3113:

system (a system compensatory system similar to MMP), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list (

6002: 5847: 5306: 4997: 4092: 3514: 3192: 3063: 2778: 2671: 2663: 2560: 2550: 2427: 1254: 1054: 792: 775: 742: 722: 506: 494: 464: 265: 223: 156: 4333: 4280:

High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change (November 2017).

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for electing its parliament is called MMP, while in other countries similar systems are known under other names.

648: 641: 125: 4282:"Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change" 4183: 3952: 1834:

of each electoral region is small enough to impose an inherent threshold in the seat distribution calculations.

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threshold, subsequently claimed that the 36 percent turnout was insufficient to change the electoral system. A

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in 1993, but the tactic of creating a decoy party was introduced only in 2000, by the opposition governor of

5857: 5526: 5371: 5361: 5336: 5152: 5029: 3315: 1284: 828: 682: 365: 5896: 5771: 5512: 5412: 5351: 5214: 5157: 3488: 3126: 3059: 2448: 2431: 1341: 1194: 1057:(FPTP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published 1015: 1011: 857: 737: 667: 474: 3002: 1152:

Previously, the federal elections used a flexible number of additional compensatory seats, also known as

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that a new electoral system must be put in place, calls for MMP intensified and a Motsoaledi-appointed,

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used a two-vote hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la

2103:, the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority. 5880: 5386: 4955: 3757:

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b160-toward-end-ethiopias-federal-tigray-feud

3453:"Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer" 2716: 2564: 2388: 2296: 2218: 2023: 2003: 1928: 1892: 1306: 1237:

In MMP, the voter casts two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party. In the

896: 883: 851: 115: 1511: 5366: 4960: 3147: 2747: 2724: 2348: 2143: 1454: 1434: 802: 636: 289: 5568: 4670: (2001). "Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed-Member Proportional System". In 4252: 3287: 5407: 5017: 4744: 4646: 4363: 3915: 3393: 3151: 2720: 2563:

but Parliament's consideration of the Report in 2004–05 was stopped after the 2006 election. The

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under-represented). Labour has also been over-represented on this basis in every election in the

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condemned them for exploiting the electoral law, but nonetheless set up its own decoy list, the

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Countries with systems which have been confused with mixed-member proportional representation:

60:(blue) * AMS in some regional elections (lavender) * Incomplete AMS (pink) * Former use (red) 5796: 5751: 5562: 5376: 5285: 5242: 5162: 5084: 5007: 4992: 4950: 4725: 4715: 4714:. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2008). 4691: 4627: 4617: 4584: 4557: 4527: 4505: 4483: 4456: 3427: 3385: 3348: 3319: 3247: 3200: 3106: 2933: 2882: 2845: 2821: 2799: 2763: 2709: 2423: 2040:

Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of

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on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But the government of

5417: 5049: 4905: 4890: 4683: 4548:(2014). "Electoral Institutions and Representation". In LeDuc, Lawrence; Niemi, Richard G.; 4475: 4446: 4436: 3643: 3510: 3377: 2774: 2648: 2477: 1431:, the constituency vote and party vote are combined to determine the distribution of seats. 1133: 949: 906: 797: 785: 499: 375: 201: 195: 177: 166: 161: 149: 110: 72: 4784:

Mudambi, R. and Navarra, P. 2004. Electoral Strategies in Mixed Systems of Representation.

5465: 5381: 5222: 5200: 5012: 4933: 4923: 4901: 4813: 4777:. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington: Wellington, New Zealand. 4756: 4658: 4381: 3636:"Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist" 3221: 3196: 3171: 3091: 3044: 3012: 2372: 2310: 2179: 1745: 1482: 1121: 1077: 1073: 937: 770: 625: 590: 511: 422: 325: 248: 190: 68: 35: 4806: 4575: 2559:

proposed a system of MMP, with only 33% of MPs elected from regional open lists, for the

17: 3232:, a sometimes semi-proportional system aiming for MMP implemented in the United Kingdom 2798:

proposes transnational mixed-member proportional representation with the combination of

92: 5280: 4985: 4945: 3159: 2115: 1949: 1943: 1409: 1401: 1280: 1182: 1129: 1058: 807: 747: 732: 543: 412: 387: 238: 57: 4774: 4360:"Main opposition to set up satellite party for more proportional representation seats" 3215: 932: 52: 5981: 5776: 5024: 4211: 3397: 3242: 2829: 2604: 2535:

designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council(LC)

2343: 2339: 2326: 2319: 1372: 1359: 1353: 1250: 1189:

implementation of MMP used in Scotland and the London Assembly is referred to as the

1153: 1086: 816: 516: 304: 142: 105: 80: 2426:

for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by

5966: 5801: 5039: 4980: 4549: 4497: 4433:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond

3136: 2521: 1458: 556: 320: 313: 243: 3381: 4818: 4359: 3340: 3309: 2654:

on proportional representation, promised as part of the election platform of the

1830:

In elections for the Scottish Parliament, there is no threshold set, because the

5929: 5422: 5185: 5124: 5044: 4940: 4687: 3071: 2795: 2782: 2686: 2615:, saw MMP rejected by a margin of 48% in favor to 52% against, with 76% turnout. 2399: 2357: 2266: 2057: 2007: 1843: 1824: 1462: 1310: 1261: 1157: 1093: 434: 392: 335: 280: 3647: 1408:

To combat disproportionalities caused by overhang seats, in most German states

1396:, all members elected for constituencies keep their seats. For example, in the 5195: 5131: 4853: 4775:

Rebalancing the Constitution: The Challenge of Government Law-Making under MMP

3730: 3211: 3007: 1820: 1518: 1042: 4827: 4729: 4631: 4378:"Election law should be revised before integration with proportional parties" 3458:. Le Directeur général des élections du Québec. December 2007. Archived from 3431: 3389: 2587:

A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the

2347:

proportional voting. This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by

5481: 5432: 5427: 4841: 4431:

Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W., eds. (2016).

3094:

system, which yields a lesser degree of proportionality compared to MMP. On

2743: 2441: 1999: 1377: 1295: 1276: 1145: 402: 397: 2785:-led ministerial advisory committee was formed to determine the new system. 4682:. Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003). 4479: 4451: 944: 41: 5252: 4441: 4188: 4116:"Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022" 3110: 2953: 2685:

on MMP to be held in 2022. However, On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister

2411: 2335: 2313:

in the 1996 and 1997 elections), but it was manipulated with decoy lists.

2131: 1978: 1972: 653: 3705:"NEBE Says Impossible To Hold Election As Per Scheduled Due To COVID-19" 2480:

and party-list PR. Changes after 2010 have made the system more clearly

1368:

in German), which may be an obstacle to achieving full proportionality.

5114: 3087: 2626: 2463: 2381: 2291: 2211: 2018: 1995: 1964: 1958: 1921: 1885: 1428: 1418: 1272: 1109: 439: 4502:

The Case Against Voting Reform: Why the AV System Would Damage Britain

4066: 2280:

There are several other countries which attempted to introduce MMP by

1249:

In each constituency, the representative is by default chosen using a

5402: 2655: 2629:, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the 2490: 2430:

as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats served a

2175: 2169: 1168: 4859: 4023:"P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation" 3179:(FDP) has often received votes from voters who preferred the larger 4526:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–197. 4300:"Can independents run for national SA elections? ConCourt says yes" 2099:

in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In

4162:"Congreso se acerca al cambio en sistema de elección de diputados" 3971:"Trudeau abandons electoral reform, breaking key campaign promise" 3170:

In systems with a threshold, people who prefer a larger party may

2715:

system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the

2248: 1220: 1208: 56:

Use of MMP systems: * MMP used on the national level (purple) *

40: 4522:(2011). "Elections and Referendums". In Caramani, Daniele (ed.). 3953:"A Mixed-Member Proportional System Applied to the 2004 Election" 3341:"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems" 4186:[Here is the new Electoral Bill of the Common Country]. 3902:"With Eye to Next Election, Thai Government Tweaks Voting Rules" 3770:"Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis" 1041:

In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the

5485: 4863: 4554:

Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in a Changing World

4318:"Volt's Electoral Reform Policy: Making Europe More Democratic" 4214:[Act of 2017 on the election of members of parliament] 2577:

Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform

2222:: Referred to as personalized proportional representation (see 2987: 2301:

A two-vote seat linkage compensation electoral system for the

1257:: hat is, the candidate with the most votes (plurality) wins. 4336:| Penn Bullock| 29 October 2012| tnr.com| accessed 29.10.2012 4212:"2017. évi törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról" 3604:. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building & Community. 4831: 4708:

Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook

4470:

Ferrara, Federico; Herron, Erik S.; Nishikawa, Misa (2005).

2750:

announced that they will change the country's system to MMP.

2580:

would not pursue the issue of electoral reform any further.

91: 4472:

Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences

3345:

Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies

1298:

method of MMP was chosen in November 2016 by voters in the

1171:, where an MMP model was studied in 2007, it is called the 4614:

The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design

1132:

or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional

4793:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?

4680:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?

3935: 3617:"Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System" 2844:

Either the double vote can be abolished, returning to a

1049:, and one for a political party, but some countries use 4583:. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada. 3877:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives" 3820:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives" 1494:

Broadly mixed-member proportional type of system (MMP)

1085:

election, the proportionality of an election may vary.

4822: 4401:. Electoral Commission. 13 August 2012. Archived from 4234:"New electoral system based on German Model - Mangala" 3420:

The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies

2571:

has generally been a staunch supporter of a move to a

1233:. Constituency vote on left, party list vote on right. 4705:

Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben; Ellis, Andrew (2005).

4435:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3846:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system" 3789:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system" 1300:

2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum

4147:"Grupo propone aumentar a 84 el número de diputados" 4063:"Elections BC - 2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform" 3567: 3565: 3311:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?

3033:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2708:

Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current

1838:

By-elections and replacement of list representatives

5941: 5889: 5810: 5764: 5720: 5699: 5692: 5620: 5585: 5576: 5519: 5441: 5395: 5299: 5266: 5213: 5178: 5145: 5072: 5063: 4914: 2044:, results have been relatively proportional since. 1253:(though this is not strictly necessary), typically 4396:"Review of the MMP voting system: Proposals Paper" 4049:Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces 3416:"The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems" 3409: 3407: 1287:(where it is known as AMS) and for Canada by the 4089:"Elections BC - Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)" 4052:, Library of Parliament, revised 18 August 2009. 3997:"Liberals say no to mandatory and online voting" 3755:Toward an End to Ethiopia’s Federal-Tigray Feud 3370:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 3308:Shugart, Matthew; Wattenberg, Martin P. (2001). 2925:Hybrids: e.g. parallel voting+AMS (South Korea) 2334:: a General Election was supposed to be held in 1076:) in that the nationwide seats are allocated to 4807:ACE Project: "Germany: The original MMP system" 4795:Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 9–24. 3105:, in which one of the two main coalitions (the 3062:(ABC) used decoy lists, respectively named the 1291:; neither recommendation was ever implemented. 1010:) is a type of representation provided by some 4184:"Itt a Közös Ország új választójogi tervezete" 3154:, to win extra proportional seats. The ruling 3129:, felt obliged to do the same, under the name 2901:mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) 2637:on the proposal, held in conjunction with the 1118:personalized proportional representation (PPR) 5998:Proportional representation electoral systems 5497: 4875: 3130: 3120: 3114: 3074:called the vote "free, but not fair." In the 2193:Referred to as the additional member system. 1080:in a compensatory manner in order to achieve 980: 8: 5332:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 4607:"Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America" 3731:"ባይቶ ትግራይ፡ ሕገመንግስታዊ ምምሕያሽ ብምግባር 38 መናብር ወሲኹ" 3125:. As a defensive move, the other coalition, 3119:) in the proportional parts, under the name 3054:. In this case the two leading parties, the 2589:Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island 1437:uses a modified variant of MMP known as the 1363: 1176: 4612:. In Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben (eds.). 3001:It has been suggested that this section be 5696: 5582: 5504: 5490: 5482: 5069: 4882: 4868: 4860: 4577:Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada 2567:has been a longtime supporter of MMP. The 1531: 1524: 1517: 1510: 987: 973: 63: 4450: 4440: 3664: 3660: 3286:ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network. 2859: 2240:personalized proportional representation 2085:Royal Commission on the Electoral System 1861: 1476: 1070:mixed-member majoritarian representation 1000:Mixed-member proportional representation 51: 32:Mixed-member majoritarian representation 5954:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand 5630:Speaker of the House of Representatives 5327:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 5105:Sequential proportional approval voting 4837:Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, 2003. 3556: 3552: 3414:Golosov, Grigorii V. (1 October 2013). 3278: 1108:often referred to as MMP originates in 79: 5988:Party-list proportional representation 5949:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 4752: 4742: 4654: 4644: 3150:subsequently set up a decoy list, the 3144:2020 South Korean legislative election 2623:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform 2403:party-list proportional representation 2041: 1323:Party-list proportional representation 1106:seat linkage compensatory mixed system 1063:party-list proportional representation 4819:A Handbook of Electoral System Design 4786:European Journal of Political Economy 4114:Montpetit, Jonathan (28 April 2021). 3485:"Electoral Reform and Voting Systems" 3029:Albania's 2005 parliamentary election 3005:out into another article titled 2656:British Columbia New Democratic Party 2272:system following the approval of the 1481: 1479: 7: 5707:Abolition of the Legislative Council 4828:Electoral Design Reference Materials 3511:"Additional-member system: Politics" 3195:voters gave their local vote to the 2826:New Zealand House of Representatives 2790:European Union (European Parliament) 2768:Constitutional Court of South Africa 2641:on 10 October 2007, saw it defeated. 2575:electoral system. In June 2016, the 2476:, mostly independent combination of 2234:, with a minor modification for the 2158:. Scotland is divided into regions. 2089:1993 referendum on the voting system 1874:Number of votes (personal and list) 1394:New Zealand House of Representatives 1126:personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht 5137:Indirect single transferable voting 4842:Handbook of Electoral System Choice 4556:(4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 4253:"Report of the Electoral Task Team" 4160:Carmona, Fiorella (29 March 2019). 3844:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016). 3787:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016). 2942:Romanian PVT/MSV system (2008-2012) 2939:Hungarian PVT/MSV (local elections) 1777:Number of (extra) leveling seats = 1774:Fixed number of compensatory seats 1755:10.25 (moderately disproportional) 1114:different compensatory mixed system 5712:Members of the Legislative Council 5593:Speaker of the Legislative Council 4126:from the original on 28 April 2021 4021:Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016). 3634:Schorkopf, Frank (24 March 2023). 3623:. The Electoral Knowledge Network. 2883:mixed single vote, top-up versions 2261:: In Wales, starting in 2026, the 1469:region, and every election in the 25: 5609:Leader of the Legislative Council 4504:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. 3288:"Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)" 2002:system for its party-list seats. 1911:double (triple) simultaneous vote 1783:As many leveling seats as needed 1451:South East Wales electoral region 1398:2008 New Zealand general election 5567: 5561: 4474:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 4334:Stuart Stevens' ... Past Clients 3875:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019). 3818:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019). 3376:(1). Informa UK Limited: 21–40. 3339:Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). 3214: 3050:An example could be seen in the 2992: 2520: 2489: 2462: 2440: 2410: 2380: 2356: 2318: 2305:(Kuvendi) was used from 2001 to 2290: 2247: 2210: 2168: 2130: 2114: 2056: 2017: 1971: 1957: 1942: 1920: 1884: 1457:under-represented) and in 2016 ( 1227:electoral district 252, Würzburg 1036:semi-proportional representation 956: 943: 931: 879:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 525:Semi-proportional representation 157:First preference plurality (FPP) 4347:Fruits and Votes – Lesotho page 4192:(in Hungarian). 16 October 2017 3101:Another example is that of the 2954:negative vote transfer/scorporo 2631:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2611:, held simultaneously with the 1758:4.97 (considered proportional) 1505:True MMP (with leveling seats) 1499:Additional member system (AMS) 1313:, literally "second mandate"). 1279:method was recommended for the 1178:système mixte avec compensation 5248:Mixed ballot transferable vote 4605:Mayorga, René Antonio (1997). 4260:Parliamentary Monitoring Group 3995:Wherry, Aaron (4 April 2017). 3768:Filimon, Paul (20 July 2015). 3536:"2017 Split Voting Statistics" 3253:Mixed ballot transferable vote 3056:Lesotho Congress for Democracy 2975:mixed ballot transferable vote 2854:mixed ballot transferable vote 2658:who took office following the 2647:During October–December 2018, 917:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 874:Moulin's impossibility theorem 839:Conflicting majorities paradox 27:Type of mixed electoral system 1: 5747:Father or Mother of the House 3936:Law Commission of Canada 2004 3382:10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464 3103:2001 Italian general election 3052:2007 Lesotho general election 2950:Parallel voting+PVT (Hungary) 1082:proportional election results 743:Frustrated majorities paradox 5906:Parliament House, Wellington 5449:Comparison of voting systems 5291:Satisfaction approval voting 5276:Single non-transferable vote 5095:Proportional approval voting 4788:, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 227–253. 4251:Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik. 3263:Biproportional apportionment 3191:in 2008 and 2011, where the 2660:May 2017 provincial election 2508:) compensatory, but not MMP. 2367:From 2019 elections for the 2232:Federal Constitutional Court 2087:in 1985 and ending with the 1742:Index of disproportionality 1231:2005 German federal election 1215:2021 German federal election 912:Condorcet dominance theorems 852:Social and collective choice 5055:Graduated majority judgment 4688:10.1093/019925768X.001.0001 4145:Ramírez, Alexander (2016). 3577:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 2863:Compensatory mixed systems 2713:proportional representation 2668:proportional representation 2270:proportional representation 2224:electoral system of Germany 1789:This type of system used in 1761:0.25 (highly proportional) 1348:Dealing with overhang seats 1142:majoritarian representation 1032:proportional representation 1028:proportional representation 578:By mechanism of combination 349:Proportional representation 6024: 6008:Electoral reform in Canada 5675:Shadow Leader of the House 5307:Condorcet winner criterion 4998:First-past-the-post voting 3959:, Elections Canada On-Line 3648:10.17176/20230324-185228-0 3573:"Additional Member System" 3181:Christian Democratic Union 3064:National Independent Party 2870:single vote systems (MSV) 2672:first-past-the-post voting 2664:first-past-the-post voting 2599:in 2019. In a non-binding 2561:House of Commons of Canada 2551:Electoral reform in canada 2548: 2428:first-past-the-post voting 2091:. It was first used in an 1841: 1812: 1387:2012 legislative elections 1351: 1320: 1055:first-past-the-post voting 776:Multiple districts paradox 507:Fractional approval voting 495:Interactive representation 29: 5840:Mixed-member proportional 5559: 5513:Parliament of New Zealand 5462: 5454:Voting systems by country 5357:Mutual majority criterion 5312:Condorcet loser criterion 5258:Vote linkage mixed system 5170:Largest remainders method 4897: 4812:28 September 2007 at the 4349:. Accessed 26 April 2014. 3156:Democratic Party of Korea 3045:parallel voting mechanism 2962: 2929: 2880: 2877: 2862: 2828:) and/or ones which add " 2501:mixed-member majoritarian 2482:mixed-member majoritarian 2474:mixed majoritarian system 2282:seat linkage compensation 2259:Senedd (Welsh Parliament) 2204:MMP replaced (modified): 2111: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2014: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1779:number of overhang seats 1776: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1741: 1539: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1445:system, but in using the 1443:mixed-member majoritarian 1405:normal 120-member house. 1244:2017 New Zealand election 1173:compensatory mixed-member 1026:, in a way that produces 723:Paradoxes and pathologies 572:Mixed-member proportional 567:Mixed-member majoritarian 562:By results of combination 453:Approval-based committees 18:Mixed Member Proportional 5917:(current executive wing) 5665:Leader of the Opposition 5553:House of Representatives 5347:Majority loser criterion 5233:Additional member system 5191:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 5110:Single transferable vote 5035:Positional voting system 4971:Minimax Condorcet method 4929:Combined approval voting 4572:Law Commission of Canada 3258:Dual-member proportional 3230:Additional member system 2969:dual-member proportional 2909:additional member system 2557:Law Commission of Canada 2263:additional member system 2156:additional member system 2081:electoral reform process 2069:House of Representatives 2037:Two votes (before 2012) 1752:22.01 (disproportional) 1502:Overhang seats re-added 1439:additional member system 1289:Law Commission of Canada 1191:additional member system 902:Condorcet's jury theorem 703:Double simultaneous vote 678:Rural–urban proportional 673:Dual-member proportional 635: 624: 591:Parallel (superposition) 483:Fractional social choice 470:Expanding approvals rule 299: 284: 269: 200: 189: 165: 30:Not to be confused with 5993:Mixed electoral systems 5873:Supplementary elections 5372:Resolvability criterion 5362:Participation criterion 5337:Later-no-harm criterion 5153:Highest averages method 4672:Shugart, Matthew Søberg 3540:electionresults.govt.nz 3515:Encyclopædia Britannica 3316:Oxford University Press 2794:The pan-European party 2597:a subsequent referendum 2531:Local elections in all 2095:. The system's use was 1909:The list ballots use a 1796:Scotland, among others 1116:it was always known as 1092:The specific system of 1012:mixed electoral systems 829:Tyranny of the majority 606:Fusion (majority bonus) 423:Quota-remainder methods 5897:General Assembly House 5772:Speech from the throne 5635:Chairman of Committees 5601:Chairman of Committees 5413:First-preference votes 5352:Monotonicity criterion 5322:Independence of clones 5025:Simple majoritarianism 3347:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3131: 3121: 3115: 3068:Lesotho Workers' Party 3060:All Basotho Convention 2934:positive vote transfer 2265:will be replaced by a 2097:reviewed by referendum 1364: 1234: 1218: 1177: 1125: 1045:for their single-seat 963:Mathematics portal 869:Majority impossibility 858:Impossibility theorems 654:Negative vote transfer 475:Method of equal shares 96: 61: 47: 5960:Parliamentary Debates 5922:Parliamentary Library 5317:Consistency criterion 5238:Alternative vote plus 5003:Instant-runoff voting 4676:Wattenberg, Martin P. 4480:10.1057/9781403978851 3685:. American University 3615:Krennerich, Michael. 3236:Alternative Vote Plus 3177:Free Democratic Party 3109:), which opposed the 2918:alternative vote plus 2894:single vote (Lesotho) 2810:Tactical manipulation 2772:Home Affairs Minister 2585:Prince Edward Island: 2569:Green Party of Canada 2499:Mexico has a clearly 2236:2021 federal election 2228:2013 federal election 2101:2020 general election 2083:, beginning with the 1793:Russia, among others 1334:apportionment methods 1317:Apportionment methods 1224: 1212: 766:Best-is-worst paradox 755:Pathological response 490:Direct representation 143:Single-winner methods 95: 55: 44: 5881:Caretaker government 5529:(represented by the 5387:Seats-to-votes ratio 5158:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 4524:Comparative Politics 4442:10.3998/mpub.8084028 3166:Electoral thresholds 2635:A binding referendum 2565:New Democratic Party 1821:proportional systems 1802:formerly in Germany 1771:Independent PR tier 1251:single winner method 1051:single vote variants 1014:which combine local 950:Economics portal 897:Median voter theorem 116:Comparative politics 5848:First-past-the-post 5700:Legislative Council 5648:Leader of the House 5586:Legislative Council 5545:Legislative Council 5537:Legislative Council 5367:Plurality criterion 4966:Kemeny–Young method 4772:Malone, R. (2008). 4408:on 1 September 2012 4366:. 24 December 2019. 4069:on 16 November 2018 3850:Asian Correspondent 3793:Asian Correspondent 3598:"The Voting System" 3148:Liberty Korea Party 3122:Abolizione Scorporo 2815:Split ticket voting 2748:Mangala Samaraweera 2742:In September 2015, 2725:First past the post 2721:electoral districts 2639:provincial election 2613:provincial election 2555:In March 2004, the 2349:House of Federation 2309:(after having used 2163:Local elections in 2154:Referred to as the 2144:Scottish Parliament 1899:Chamber of Deputies 1471:South Wales Central 1455:Welsh Conservatives 1342:Sainte-Laguë method 1255:first-past-the-post 1072:(often achieved by 938:Politics portal 649:Vote linkage system 620:Seat linkage system 207:Ranked-choice (RCV) 5408:Election threshold 5342:Majority criterion 5018:Supplementary vote 4823:International IDEA 4520:Gallagher, Michael 4364:Yonhap News Agency 3975:The Globe and Mail 3465:on 15 January 2018 3152:Future Korea Party 3096:September 26, 2010 2956:(Italy, 1993-2005) 2873:dual vote systems 2591:was defeated in a 2274:Senedd Reform Bill 2230:after a ruling of 1854:Countries with MMP 1832:district magnitude 1815:Election threshold 1461:over-represented, 1285:Jenkins Commission 1262:closed party lists 1260:Most systems used 1235: 1219: 834:Discursive dilemma 793:Lesser evil voting 668:Supermixed systems 371:Largest remainders 229:Round-robin voting 97: 62: 48: 6003:Electoral systems 5975: 5974: 5782:Readings of bills 5760: 5759: 5752:Baby of the House 5688: 5687: 5479: 5478: 5377:Reversal symmetry 5286:Cumulative voting 5268:Semi-proportional 5243:Mixed single vote 5209: 5208: 5085:Mixed single vote 4993:Exhaustive ballot 4956:Copeland's method 4951:Condorcet methods 4891:Electoral systems 4721:978-91-85391-18-9 4697:978-0-19-925768-3 4623:978-91-89098-00-8 4590:978-0-662-36426-9 4563:978-1-4739-0508-5 4533:978-0-19-957497-1 4511:978-1-85168-825-8 4489:978-1-4039-7885-1 4462:978-0-472-90062-6 4095:on 21 August 2018 3957:Electoral Insight 3683:Election Passport 3248:Mixed single vote 3201:New Zealand First 3107:House of Freedoms 3025: 3024: 3020: 2984:Splitting parties 2981: 2980: 2846:mixed single vote 2824:, and 40% in the 2800:Majority Judgment 2764:Kgalema Motlanthe 2760:National Assembly 2746:Foreign Minister 2710:closed party list 2691:COVID-19 pandemic 2652:held a referendum 2645:British Columbia: 2609:second referendum 2540:Proposals for use 2424:mixed single vote 2405:was used instead. 2369:National Assembly 2363:Republic of Korea 2330:State Council in 2197: 2196: 2079:Following a long 2030:National Assembly 2008:MMP without lists 2004:Baden-Württemberg 1998:uniquely uses an 1935:State parliaments 1868:Legislative body 1849:List of countries 1806: 1805: 1543:Popular vote (%) 1414:Ausgleichsmandate 1307:Baden-Württemberg 1294:In contrast, the 1187:less proportional 1181:or SMAC). In the 1165:Canadian province 1134:open-list systems 1078:political parties 1068:MMP differs from 1020:compensatory tier 1018:elections with a 997: 996: 884:Gibbard's theorem 824:Dominance paradox 761:Perverse response 465:Phragmen's method 331:Majority judgment 259:Positional voting 217:Condorcet methods 85:electoral systems 16:(Redirected from 6015: 5934: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5877: 5852: 5844: 5835:Electoral system 5738: 5697: 5639: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5583: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5541: 5531:Governor-General 5506: 5499: 5492: 5483: 5418:Liquid democracy 5070: 5050:Two-round system 4961:Dodgson's method 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4713: 4701: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4567: 4545: 4537: 4515: 4493: 4466: 4454: 4444: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4384:. 25 April 2020. 4374: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4238:www.adaderana.lk 4230: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091:. Archived from 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4065:. Archived from 4059: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3951:(January 2005), 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916:"Election Types" 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3852:. Archived from 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3795:. Archived from 3784: 3778: 3777: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3674: 3668: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3569: 3560: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3487:. Archived from 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3283: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3084:electoral system 3016: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2963:Others systems: 2860: 2775:Aaron Motsoaledi 2649:British Columbia 2595:in 2005, and in 2525: 2524: 2494: 2493: 2478:two-round voting 2467: 2466: 2445: 2444: 2415: 2414: 2385: 2384: 2361: 2360: 2323: 2322: 2295: 2294: 2252: 2251: 2215: 2214: 2173: 2172: 2135: 2134: 2119: 2118: 2093:election in 1996 2061: 2060: 2022: 2021: 1976: 1975: 1962: 1961: 1947: 1946: 1925: 1924: 1889: 1888: 1862: 1827:in New Zealand. 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1477: 1467:South Wales West 1367: 1239:original variant 1180: 989: 982: 975: 961: 960: 948: 947: 936: 935: 891:Positive results 786:Strategic voting 683:Majority jackpot 640: 629: 500:Liquid democracy 376:National remnant 366:Highest averages 303: 288: 273: 205: 196:Alternative vote 194: 178:Partisan primary 170: 111:Mechanism design 64: 21: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5937: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5885: 5875: 5850: 5842: 5806: 5756: 5732: 5723:Representatives 5722: 5716: 5684: 5670:Shadow Ministry 5637: 5623:Representatives 5622: 5616: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5557: 5547: 5539: 5515: 5510: 5480: 5475: 5458: 5437: 5391: 5382:Smith criterion 5295: 5262: 5223:Parallel voting 5205: 5201:Imperiali quota 5174: 5141: 5059: 5013:Contingent vote 4976:Nanson's method 4934:Unified primary 4924:Approval voting 4910: 4893: 4888: 4850: 4814:Wayback Machine 4803: 4798: 4768: 4766:Further reading 4763: 4751: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4722: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4667: 4665: 4653: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4624: 4609: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4490: 4469: 4463: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4382:The Dong-a Ilbo 4376: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4222:(in Hungarian). 4215: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4164:. Revista Pulso 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3737:. 6 August 2020 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3711:. 31 March 2020 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677:Lublin, David. 3676: 3675: 3671: 3663:, p. 185; 3659: 3655: 3640:Verfassungsblog 3633: 3632: 3628: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3491:on 8 April 2020 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3222:Politics portal 3220: 3213: 3210: 3172:tactically vote 3168: 3092:parallel voting 3021: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2838: 2830:balancing seats 2817: 2812: 2792: 2702: 2699:Other countries 2553: 2547: 2542: 2519: 2515: 2488: 2461: 2439: 2409: 2379: 2373:parallel voting 2355: 2317: 2311:parallel voting 2289: 2246: 2209: 2202: 2200:Other countries 2167: 2129: 2113: 2055: 2016: 1991:varies by state 1986:varies by state 1970: 1956: 1941: 1919: 1883: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1819:As in numerous 1817: 1811: 1483:Parallel voting 1365:Überhangmandate 1356: 1350: 1325: 1319: 1213:Results of the 1207: 1175:voting system ( 1102: 1074:parallel voting 1016:winner-take-all 993: 955: 954: 942: 930: 922: 921: 888: 864:Arrow's theorem 854: 844: 843: 812: 782: 771:No-show paradox 752: 738:Cloning paradox 728:Spoiler effects 725: 715: 714: 689: 576: 559: 549: 548: 521: 512:Maximal lottery 479: 460:Thiele's method 449: 419: 351: 341: 340: 326:Approval voting 314:Cardinal voting 310: 255: 249:Maximal lottery 213: 145: 135: 39: 36:Parallel voting 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5845: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5797:King's Consent 5794: 5789: 5787:Members' bills 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5658:Prime Minister 5650: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5589: 5587: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5281:Limited voting 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5008:Coombs' method 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4986:Schulze method 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4948: 4946:Bucklin voting 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4802: 4801:External links 4799: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4753:|journal= 4720: 4702: 4696: 4663: 4655:|journal= 4622: 4602: 4589: 4568: 4562: 4538: 4532: 4516: 4510: 4494: 4488: 4467: 4461: 4452:2027/ku01.r2_9 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4387: 4369: 4351: 4338: 4326: 4309: 4298:Herman, Paul. 4290: 4272: 4243: 4225: 4203: 4175: 4152: 4137: 4106: 4080: 4054: 4039: 4013: 3987: 3962: 3940: 3928: 3907: 3893: 3867: 3856:on 5 June 2019 3836: 3810: 3799:on 5 June 2019 3779: 3776:(in Romanian). 3774:România Liberă 3760: 3748: 3722: 3696: 3669: 3665:Gallagher 2014 3661:Gallagher 2011 3653: 3626: 3607: 3589: 3561: 3559:, p. 194. 3545: 3527: 3502: 3476: 3444: 3403: 3360: 3353: 3331: 3324: 3300: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3226: 3225: 3209: 3206: 3193:National Party 3167: 3164: 3160:Platform Party 3058:(LCD) and the 3023: 3022: 3000: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2931: 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1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632:68 (11+23+34) 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1480: 1453:in both 2007 ( 1447:d'Hondt method 1410:leveling seats 1373:overhang seats 1360:overhang seats 1349: 1346: 1338:D'Hondt method 1336:: such as the 1318: 1315: 1281:United Kingdom 1266:dual candidacy 1206: 1203: 1185:the sometimes 1183:United Kingdom 1154:leveling seats 1101: 1098: 1087:Overhang seats 1043:representative 1030:overall. Like 995: 994: 992: 991: 984: 977: 969: 966: 965: 953: 952: 940: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 855: 850: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 811: 810: 808:Turkey-raising 805: 800: 795: 781: 780: 779: 778: 768: 763: 751: 750: 748:Center squeeze 745: 740: 735: 733:Spoiler effect 726: 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 707: 706: 705: 692:By ballot type 688: 687: 686: 685: 680: 675: 665: 664: 663: 662: 661: 656: 646: 645: 644: 633: 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 575: 574: 569: 560: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 544:Limited voting 541: 540: 539: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 503: 502: 497: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 418: 417: 416: 415: 413:Localized list 410: 405: 400: 395: 385: 384: 383: 381:Biproportional 378: 373: 368: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 309: 308: 293: 278: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 226: 212: 211: 210: 209: 198: 185:Instant-runoff 182: 181: 180: 172:Jungle primary 159: 148:Single vote - 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 134: 133: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 99: 98: 88: 87: 77: 76: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6020: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942:Miscellaneous 5940: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5849: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Question Time 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5599: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577:Parliamentary 5575: 5570: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4916:Single-winner 4913: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550:Norris, Pippa 4547: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498:Forder, James 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4163: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949:Milner, Henry 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3667:, p. 18. 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3642:(in German). 3641: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3354:9780230281424 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3325:9780191528972 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3301: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3243:Leveling seat 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142:Ahead of the 3140: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3116:liste civetta 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3076:2012 election 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930:Vote linkage 2928: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2878:Seat linkage 2876: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822:German states 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2804:party-list PR 2801: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:South Africa: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666:or change to 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:In 2007, the 2620: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:voter turnout 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2506:conditionally 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2435:constitution. 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2187:2000–present 2186: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2148:1999–present 2147: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073:1994–present 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2034:2002–present 2031: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1903:1994–present 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1768: 1764: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626:41 (11+23+7) 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1598:71 (54+0+17) 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1355: 1354:Overhang seat 1347: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1195:mixed systems 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1061:, similar to 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 971: 970: 968: 967: 964: 959: 951: 946: 941: 939: 934: 929: 928: 926: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 907:May's theorem 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 853: 848: 847: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 817:majority rule 815:Paradoxes of 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 788: 787: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 724: 719: 718: 711: 708: 704: 701: 700: 699: 696: 695: 694: 693: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 643: 638: 634: 632: 627: 623: 622: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 611: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 558: 557:Mixed systems 553: 552: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 518: 517:Random ballot 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 486: 485: 484: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 454: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361:Apportionment 359: 358: 357: 356: 350: 345: 344: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 315: 306: 302: 297: 296:Antiplurality 294: 291: 287: 282: 279: 276: 272: 267: 264: 263: 262: 261: 260: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 224:Condorcet-IRV 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 208: 203: 199: 197: 192: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 173: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 151: 144: 139: 138: 131: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 106:Social choice 104: 103: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81:Social choice 78: 74: 70: 66: 65: 59: 54: 50: 46:manipulation. 43: 37: 33: 19: 5967:Waka-jumping 5959: 5901:(demolished) 5899:, Auckland 5868:Appointments 5863:By-elections 5851:(previously) 5839: 5802:Royal assent 5470: 5464: 5227: 5080:Mixed-member 5079: 5065:Proportional 5040:Score voting 4981:Ranked pairs 4900:Part of the 4899: 4792: 4785: 4773: 4733:. Retrieved 4707: 4679: 4635:. Retrieved 4613: 4594:. Retrieved 4576: 4553: 4523: 4501: 4471: 4432: 4424:Bibliography 4410:. Retrieved 4403:the original 4390: 4372: 4354: 4341: 4329: 4312: 4303: 4293: 4275: 4263:. Retrieved 4259: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4187: 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4155: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4120:CBC Montreal 4119: 4109: 4099:14 September 4097:. Retrieved 4093:the original 4083: 4073:14 September 4071:. Retrieved 4067:the original 4057: 4047: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4026: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 4000: 3990: 3978:. Retrieved 3974: 3965: 3956: 3943: 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3910: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3881:Bangkok Post 3880: 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3854:the original 3849: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3824:Bangkok Post 3823: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3797:the original 3792: 3782: 3773: 3763: 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3734: 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3708: 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3682: 3672: 3656: 3639: 3629: 3620: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3580:. Retrieved 3576: 3557:Mayorga 2001 3553:Mayorga 1997 3548: 3539: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3505: 3493:. Retrieved 3489:the original 3479: 3467:. Retrieved 3460:the original 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3423: 3419: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3344: 3334: 3310: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3281: 3185: 3169: 3141: 3137:Forza Italia 3100: 3080: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3018:(March 2024) 3017: 3006: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2839: 2818: 2793: 2755: 2739: 2730: 2717:German model 2705: 2698: 2678: 2644: 2618: 2584: 2573:proportional 2554: 2527:South Africa 2518: 2496: 2487: 2469: 2460: 2455: 2447: 2438: 2432:compensatory 2417: 2408: 2387: 2378: 2354: 2325: 2316: 2288: 2279: 2245: 2239: 2217: 2208: 2203: 2166: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2104: 2054: 2049:Single vote 2015: 1990: 1985: 1969: 1955: 1940: 1927: 1918: 1891: 1882: 1857: 1829: 1818: 1799:New Zealand 1788: 1778: 1766: 1743: 1666:21 (0+7+14) 1592:54 (54+0+0) 1485: 1459:Welsh Labour 1433: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1391: 1376: 1370: 1357: 1328: 1326: 1304: 1293: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1248: 1236: 1199: 1172: 1162: 1151: 1138:proportional 1117: 1103: 1091: 1067: 1047:constituency 1040: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 890: 889: 856: 814: 813: 798:Exaggeration 784: 783: 754: 753: 727: 709: 691: 690: 659:Mixed ballot 614:Compensatory 612: 585:compensatory 582: 577: 571: 561: 523: 522: 481: 480: 451: 450: 421: 420: 408:List-free PR 353: 321:Score voting 312: 311: 257: 256: 244:Ranked pairs 215: 214: 147: 49: 5930:Bowen House 5858:Electorates 5548:(1853–1950) 5540:(1841–1853) 5423:Spoilt vote 5186:Droop quota 5125:Schulze STV 5100:Rural–urban 5045:STAR voting 4941:Borda count 4832:ACE Project 3921:9 September 3621:ACE Project 3437:16 November 3132:Paese Nuovo 3072:Tom Thabane 2889:single vote 2796:VOLT Europa 2783:Valli Moosa 2706:Costa Rica: 2687:Sonia LeBel 2391:(formerly): 2299:(formerly): 2267:closed-list 2063:New Zealand 2042:decoy lists 1844:By-election 1825:minor party 1767:Method used 1660:13 (0+7+6) 1620:34 (11+23) 1614:24 (11+13) 1580:67 (54+13) 1463:Plaid Cymru 1402:Māori Party 1311:Zweitmandat 1225:Ballot for 1158:New Zealand 1100:Other names 1094:New Zealand 1059:party lists 1024:party lists 698:Single vote 601:Conditional 596:Coexistence 445:Quota Borda 435:Schulze STV 393:Closed list 336:STAR voting 281:Borda count 5982:Categories 5792:Committees 5520:Components 5442:Comparison 5196:Hare quota 5146:Allocation 5132:Spare vote 5120:Hare-Clark 5090:Party-list 4855:University 4265:15 October 3980:6 February 3709:fanabc.com 3469:24 October 3293:21 October 3269:References 3127:Olive Tree 3008:Decoy list 2936:(PVT/MSV) 2779:Parliament 2744:Sri Lankan 2740:Sri Lanka: 2734:coalition. 2683:referendum 2601:plebiscite 2593:referendum 2549:See also: 2303:Parliament 2190:Two votes 2151:Two votes 2076:Two votes 1906:Two votes 1842:See also: 1813:See also: 1700:5 (5+0+0) 1694:5 (5+0+0) 1586:54 (54+0) 1567:Share (%) 1561:Share (%) 1555:Share (%) 1549:Share (%) 1352:See also: 1321:See also: 1229:, for the 1205:Procedures 803:Truncation 532:Cumulative 355:Party-list 130:By country 121:Comparison 58:German MMP 5962:(Hansard) 5933:(current) 5925:(current) 5909:(current) 5890:Locations 5876:(defunct) 5843:(current) 5812:Elections 5765:Procedure 5742:30+ years 5653:Ministers 5638:(defunct) 5612:(defunct) 5604:(defunct) 5596:(defunct) 5433:Unseating 5428:Sortition 5030:Plurality 4906:Economics 4830:from the 4755:ignored ( 4745:cite book 4735:31 August 4730:1402-6759 4657:ignored ( 4647:cite book 4637:31 August 4632:1402-6759 4412:13 August 3679:"Albania" 3432:0278-839X 3398:149188878 3390:1745-7289 3197:ACT Party 2947:Hybrids: 2836:Solutions 2449:Venezuela 2000:open-list 1937:, except 1809:Threshold 1746:Gallagher 1734:70+30+65 1728:70+30+13 1378:Bundestag 1296:open-list 1277:open-list 1146:open-list 1130:localized 710:Dual-vote 403:Panachage 398:Open list 388:List type 266:Plurality 162:Two-round 150:plurality 73:Economics 5820:Previous 5735:previous 5721:House of 5621:House of 5579:officers 5300:Criteria 5253:Scorporo 4902:politics 4810:Archived 4678:(eds.). 4574:(2004). 4552:(eds.). 4500:(2011). 4189:Index.hu 4168:28 March 4149:. CRHoy. 4130:28 April 4124:Archived 4027:CBC News 4001:CBC News 3886:29 March 3860:29 March 3829:24 March 3803:24 March 3741:6 August 3715:31 March 3689:24 March 3520:24 March 3495:25 March 3208:See also 3111:scorporo 3066:and the 3042:de facto 3036:system. 2731:Hungary: 2619:Ontario: 2470:Hungary: 2419:Thailand 2336:Ethiopia 2332:Ethiopia 2180:Assembly 2139:Scotland 1979:Saarland 1865:Country 1688:5 (5+0) 1682:5 (5+0) 1676:Party D 1654:7 (0+7) 1648:3 (0+3) 1642:Party C 1608:Party B 1574:Party A 1435:Scotland 430:Hare STV 69:Politics 67:A joint 5914:Beehive 5730:Current 5693:Members 5527:Monarch 5472:Project 5163:D'Hondt 5115:CPO-STV 5073:Systems 4220:4cdn.hu 4032:7 April 4006:4 April 3735:bbc.com 3088:Yaracuy 3013:Discuss 2977:(MBTV) 2679:Quebec: 2627:Ontario 2497:Mexico: 2389:Romania 2297:Albania 2219:Germany 2024:Lesotho 1996:Bavaria 1965:Hamburg 1929:Germany 1893:Bolivia 1429:Bavaria 1424:Landtag 1419:Landtag 1340:or the 1283:by the 1273:Bavaria 1163:In the 1110:Germany 440:CPO-STV 290:Baldwin 239:Schulze 234:Minimax 152:methods 5466:Portal 5403:Ballot 5179:Quotas 4908:series 4848:Videos 4728: 4718: 4694: 4666: 4630: 4620: 4587: 4560: 4546: 4542: 4530: 4508: 4486: 4459: 4304:News24 4196:15 May 3582:31 May 3430: 3396: 3388: 3351: 3322: 2971:(DMP) 2920:(AV+) 2545:Canada 2400:closed 2344:Tigray 2340:Tigray 2327:Tigray 2176:London 1950:Bremen 1877:Notes 1722:70+30 1716:70+30 1710:TOTAL 1564:Seats 1558:Seats 1552:Seats 1546:Seats 1540:Party 1169:Quebec 1122:German 305:Coombs 75:series 5680:Whips 5643:Clerk 5396:Other 5215:Mixed 4821:from 4712:(PDF) 4610:(PDF) 4596:6 May 4581:(PDF) 4406:(PDF) 4399:(PDF) 4321:(PDF) 4285:(PDF) 4256:(PDF) 4216:(PDF) 3463:(PDF) 3456:(PDF) 3426:(3). 3394:S2CID 3274:Notes 3189:Epsom 3003:split 2911:(AMS) 2852:in a 2777:told 2723:on a 2513:Local 2254:Wales 2006:uses 1737:100% 1731:100% 1725:100% 1719:100% 1713:100% 1329:total 1022:with 642:'MMP' 631:'AMS' 5830:List 5825:Next 4904:and 4757:help 4737:2017 4726:ISSN 4716:ISBN 4692:ISBN 4659:help 4639:2017 4628:ISSN 4618:ISBN 4598:2011 4585:ISBN 4558:ISBN 4528:ISBN 4506:ISBN 4484:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4414:2012 4267:2023 4198:2022 4170:2019 4132:2021 4101:2018 4075:2018 4034:2017 4008:2017 3982:2017 3923:2021 3888:2019 3862:2019 3831:2019 3805:2019 3743:2020 3717:2020 3691:2016 3584:2024 3522:2016 3497:2016 3471:2017 3439:2020 3428:ISSN 3386:ISSN 3349:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3295:2017 2802:and 2307:2005 1871:Use 1669:13% 1663:12% 1645:13% 1635:41% 1629:36% 1623:34% 1617:24% 1611:41% 1601:43% 1595:48% 1589:54% 1583:67% 1577:43% 1400:the 1385:and 1383:2008 1140:and 1104:The 1008:MMPR 583:Non- 537:SNTV 126:List 83:and 71:and 5228:MMP 4684:doi 4668:——— 4544:——— 4476:doi 4447:hdl 4437:doi 3644:doi 3602:BMI 3378:doi 3011:. 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