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role in students' life and study, such as the children in the bilingual family or in the immigrant family. That is to say, the capability of using code switching, relating to the transformation of phonetics, words, language structure, expression mode, thinking mode, cultural differences and so on, is needed to be guided and developed in the daily communication environment. Most people learn foreign language in the circumstance filled with the using of their native language so that their ability of code switching cannot be stimulated, and thus the efficiency of foreign language acquisition would decrease. Therefore, as a teaching strategy, code switching is used to help students better gain conceptual competences and to provide rich semantic context for them to understand some specific vocabularies.
980:
practise on) covered topics such as getting dressed in the morning (and how to manage the slaves who helped with that task), going to school (and evading punishment for not having been there yesterday), visiting a sick friend (and how to find an individual unit in a Roman apartment block), trading insults (and how to concede a fight gracefully), or getting a new job (a piece of cake if you have studied with me, an ancient teacher assured his students mendaciously). The texts were presented bilingually in two narrow columns, the language you were learning on the left and the one you already knew on the right, with the columns matching line for line: each line was effectively a glossary, while each column was a text.
1445:. Language exchanges tend to benefit oral proficiency, fluency, colloquial vocabulary acquisition, and vernacular usage, rather than formal grammar or writing skills. Across Australasia, 'Education Perfect' – an online learning site- is frequently used as it enables teachers to monitor students' progress as students gain a "point" for every new word remembered. There is an annual international Education Perfect languages contest held in May.
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1627:. Esperanto is completely consistent in its speech and writing. By learning twenty-eight letters and mastering the phonetic rules, one can read and write any words. With further simplification and standardization, Esperanto becomes more easily mastered than other languages. Ease of learning helps one build the confidence and learning Esperanto, as a learning strategy, constitutes a good introduction to foreign language study.
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1457:, it was noted that the use of technology and media has begun to play a heavy role in facilitating language learning in the classroom. With the help of the internet, students are readily exposed to foreign media (music videos, television shows, films) and as a result, teachers are taking heed of the internet's influence and are searching for ways to combine this exposure into their classroom teaching.
1183:, who promote mimicry and memorization with pattern drills. These methods follow from the basic empiricist position that language acquisition results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is seen as much the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species.
50:
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1920:. As a consequence of this increasing popularity, several international language education agencies have flourished in recent years. Though education systems around the world invest enormous sums of money into language teaching the outcomes in terms of getting students to actually speak the language(s) they are learning outside the classroom are often unclear.
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1916:, perhaps with time to travel in the country afterwards. Language study holidays are popular across Europe (Malta & UK being the most popular) and Asia due to the ease of transportation and variety of nearby countries. These holidays have become increasingly more popular in Central and South America in such countries as Guatemala, Ecuador and
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1022:. The study of Latin diminished from the study of a living language to be used in the real world to a subject in the school curriculum. Such decline brought about a new justification for its study. It was then claimed that its study of Latin developed intellectual ability, and the study of Latin grammar became an end in and of itself.
1937:
The principal policy arguments in favor of promoting minority language education are the need for multilingual workforces, intellectual and cultural benefits and greater inclusion in global information society. Access to education in a minority language is also seen as a human right as granted by the
1389:
Language books have been published for centuries, teaching vocabulary and grammar. The simplest books are phrasebooks to give useful short phrases for travelers, cooks, receptionists, or others who need specific vocabulary. More complete books include more vocabulary, grammar, exercises, translation,
1297:
A method is a plan for presenting the language material to be learned, and should be based upon a selected approach. In order for an approach to be translated into a method, an instructional system must be designed considering the objectives of the teaching/learning, how the content is to be selected
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which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before but that can still be immediately understood by anyone who understands the specific language being spoken. The rivalry between the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation
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and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of
Berlitz and De Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules
1385:
Most audio recordings teach words in the target language by using explanations in the learner's own language. An alternative is to use sound effects to show meaning of words in the target language. The only language in such recordings is the target language, and they are comprehensible regardless of
1164:
Most books on language teaching list the various methods that have been used in the past, often ending with the author's new method. These new methods are usually presented as coming only from the author's mind, as the authors generally give no credence to what was done before and do not explain how
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Compulsory education, for most people, is the period that they have access to a second or foreign language for the first time. In this period, the most professional foreign language education and academic atmosphere are provided to the students. They can get help and motivation from teachers and be
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or
Language Other Than English. In the majority of English-speaking education centers, French, Spanish, and German are the most popular languages to study and learn. English as a Second Language (ESL) is also available for students whose first language is not English and they are unable to speak it
1208:
Over time, language education has developed in schools and has become a part of the education curriculum around the world. In some countries, such as the United States, language education (also referred to as World
Languages) has become a core subject along with main subjects such as English, Maths
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version of the direct method). Proponents of new methods have been so sure that their ideas are so new and so correct that they could not conceive that the older ones have enough validity to cause controversy. This was in turn caused by emphasis on new scientific advances, which has tended to blind
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The history of foreign-language education in the 20th century and the methods of teaching (such as those related below) might appear to be a history of failure. Very few students in U.S. universities who have a foreign language as a major attain "minimum professional proficiency". Even the "reading
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Code switching is a special linguistic phenomenon that the speaker consciously alternates two or more languages according to different time, places, contents, objects and other factors. Code switching shows its functions while one is in the environment that mother tongue are not playing a dominant
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as used in the past since it takes the progress learners have made into account and only focuses upon a specific structure at a time. As a didactic device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a normal idiomatic translation. This
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In the 1970s and 1980s, the four basic skills were generally taught in isolation in a very rigid order, such as listening before speaking. However, since then, it has been recognized that we generally use more than one skill at a time, leading to more integrated exercises. Speaking is a skill that
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Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th century and became very rapid in the 20th century. It led to a number of different and sometimes conflicting methods, each claiming to be a major improvement over the previous or contemporary methods. The earliest applied linguists included
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Early childhood is the fastest and most critical period for one to master language in their life. Children's language communication is transformed from non-verbal communication to verbal communication from ages of one to five. Their mastery of language is largely acquired naturally by living in a
1883:
Learning a foreign language during adulthood means one is pursuing a higher value of themself by obtaining a new skill. At this stage, individuals have already developed the ability to supervise themself learning a language. However, at the same time, the pressure is also an obstacle for adults.
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More recent textbooks stress the importance of students working with other students in pairs and groups, sometimes the entire class. Pair and group work give opportunities for more students to participate more actively. However, supervision of pairs and groups is important to make sure everyone
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When talking about language skills, the four basic ones are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, other, more socially based skills have been identified more recently such as summarizing, describing, narrating etc. In addition, more general learning skills such as study skills and
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Ancient learners seem to have started by reading, memorizing and reciting little stories and dialogues that provided basic vocabulary and grammar in naturalistic contexts. These texts (and they seem to have always been coherent texts, never isolated sentences such as those modern learners often
1958:
Suitable resources for teaching and learning minority languages can be difficult to find and access, which has led to calls for the increased development of materials for minority language teaching. The internet offers opportunities to access a wider range of texts, audios and videos. Language
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The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of
European schools until the 18th century. Based on the purely academic study of Latin, students of modern languages did much of the same exercises, studying grammatical rules and translating abstract sentences. Oral work was
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There have been two major branches in the field of language learning, the empirical and theoretical, and these have almost completely separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one time or another. Examples of researchers on the empiricist side are
Jesperson, Palmer, and
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Clearly listening is used to learn, but not all language learners employ it consciously. Listening to understand is one level of listening but focused listening is not something that most learners employ as a strategy. Focused listening is a strategy in listening that helps students listen
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developed for the U.S. Army in World War II). However, there is significant evidence to the contrary. It is also often inferred or even stated that older methods were completely ineffective or have died out completely, though in reality, even the oldest methods are still in use (e.g. the
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knowledge" required for a PhD degree is comparable only to what second-year language students read, and only very few researchers who are native
English speakers can read and assess information written in languages other than English. Even a number of famous linguists are monolingual.
1016:. He held that language acquisition must be allied with sensation and experience. Teaching must be oral. The schoolroom should have models of things, and failing that, pictures of them. As a result, he also published the world's first illustrated children's book,
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Practices in language education may vary by region however the underlying understandings which drive it are fundamentally similar. Rote repetition, drilling, memorisation and grammar conjugating are used the world over. Sometimes there are different preferences
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Audio recordings use native speakers, and one strength is helping learners improve their accent. Some recordings have pauses for the learner to speak. Others are continuous so the learner speaks along with the recorded voice, similar to learning a song.
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When modeling a dialogue sentence for students to repeat, the teacher not only gives an oral mother tongue equivalent for unknown words or phrases, but repeats the foreign language phrase before students imitate it: L2 => L1 => L2. For example, a
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The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found in conversational exchanges. This approach has been fairly dominant since the
1892:
Compared to other life stages, this period is the hardest to learn a new language due to gradual brain deterioration and memory loss. Notwithstanding its difficulty, language education for seniors can slow this brain degeneration and active ageing.
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has created a great need for people in the workforce who can communicate in multiple languages. Common languages are used in areas such as trade, tourism, diplomacy, technology, media, translation, interpretation and science. Many countries such as
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Some people, though, use the phrase 'Blended
Learning' to refer to learning taking place while the focus is on other activities. For example, playing a card game that requires calling for cards may allow blended learning of numbers (1 to 10).
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of grammar. This follows from the rationalist position that man is born to think and that language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species. Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a
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An approach is a set of assumptions about the nature of language and language learning, but does not involve procedure or provide any details about how such assumptions should be implemented into the classroom setting. Such can be related to
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Met, M., & Lorenz, E. (1997). Lessons from U.S. immersion programs: Two decades of experience. In R. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 243–264). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University
1411:
Software can pronounce words in the target language and show their meaning by using pictures instead of oral explanations. The only language in such software is the target language. It is comprehensible regardless of the learner's native
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Swain, M. & Johnson, R. K. (1997). Immersion education: A category within bilingual education. In R. K. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 1–16). NY: Cambridge
University
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Hundreds of languages are available for self-study, from scores of publishers, for a range of costs, using a variety of methods. The course itself acts as a teacher and has to choose a methodology, just as classroom teachers do.
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or word-for word translation for pedagogical purposes. The aim is to make foreign constructions salient and transparent to learners and, in many cases, spare them the technical jargon of grammatical analysis. It differs from
1923:
With the increasing prevalence of international business transactions, it is now important to have multiple languages at one's disposal. This is also evident in businesses outsourcing their departments to
Eastern Europe.
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with language study in the native country. This enables the student to experience the target culture by meeting local people. Such a holiday often combines formal lessons, cultural excursions, leisure activities, and a
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sites connect users with complementary language skills, such as a native Spanish speaker who wants to learn English with a native English speaker who wants to learn Spanish. Language exchange websites essentially treat
1148:
However, anecdotal evidence for successful second or foreign language learning is easy to find, leading to a discrepancy between these cases and the failure of most language programs. This tends to make the research of
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and its repetition, in order to convey meaning as rapidly and completely as possible. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight break in the flow of speech to mark it as an intruder.
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often is underrepresented in the traditional classroom. This is due to the fact that it is considered harder to teach and test. There are numerous texts on teaching and testing writing but relatively few on speaking.
983:
Although the need to learn foreign languages is almost as old as human history itself, the origins of modern language education are in the study and teaching of Latin in the 17th century. In the Ancient Near East,
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1950:. Bilingual Education has been implemented in many countries including the United States, in order to promote both the use and appreciation of the minority language, as well as the majority language concerned.
3495:
Lindholm-Leary, K. (2001). Theoretical and conceptual foundations for dual language education programs. In K. Lindholm-Leary, Dual language education (pp. 39–58). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters
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Translation and rote memorization have been the two strategies that have been employed traditionally. There are other strategies that also can be used such as guessing, based on looking for contextual clues,
1360:
A technique (or strategy) is a very specific, concrete stratagem or trick designed to accomplish an immediate objective. Such are derived from the controlling method, and less directly, from the approach.
996:
had been the dominant language of education, commerce, religion, and government in much of the Western world. By the end of the 16th century, it had largely been displaced by French, Italian, and English.
1141:(1877–1949). They worked on setting language teaching principles and approaches based on linguistic and psychological theories, but they left many of the specific practical details for others to devise.
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are dismissed and even ridiculed, as newer methods and approaches are invented and promoted as the only and complete solution to the problem of the high failure rates of foreign language students.
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it relates to the new method. For example, descriptive linguists seem to claim unhesitatingly that there were no scientifically based language teaching methods before their work (which led to the
1939:
1963:(the use of web 2.0 tools for language education) offers opportunities for material development for lesser-taught languages and to bring together geographically dispersed teachers and learners.
1423:
Some publishers use the web to distribute audio, texts and software, for use offline. For example, various travel guides, for example Lonely Planet, offer software supporting language education.
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activated by the peers at any time. One would be able to undergo a lot of specialized learning in order to truly master a great number of rules of vocabulary, grammar and verbal communication.
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minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language. This tradition-inspired method became known as the
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1025:"Grammar schools" from the 16th to 18th centuries focused on teaching the grammatical aspects of Classical Latin. Advanced students continued grammar study with the addition of rhetoric.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337915547_Teaching_English_to_Young_Learners_More_Teacher_Education_and_More_Children's_Literature/link/5df2c95b299bf10bc3573277/download
1268:. There are many methods of teaching languages. Some have fallen into relative obscurity and others are widely used; still others have a small following, but offer useful insights.
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All countries have websites in their own languages, which learners elsewhere can use as primary material for study: news, fiction, videos, songs, etc. In a study conducted by the
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verbal communication environment. As long as we are good at guiding and creating opportunities for children, children's language ability is easy to be developed and cultivated.
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or difficult words. The teacher pronounces the last syllable, the student repeats, and then the teacher continues, working backwards from the end of the word to the beginning.
938:(Kirkpatrick & Zhichang, 2002) frame education policies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary and secondary school levels. However, some countries such as
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http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-430_t-1103_c-4268/australian-japanese-relations-today/nsw/australian-japanese-relations-today/conflict-consensus-and-care/changing-attitudes
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attentively with no distractions. Focused listening is very important when learning a foreign language as the slightest accent on a word can change the meaning completely.
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Hult, F.M., & King, K.A. (Eds.). (2011). Educational linguistics in practice: Applying the local globally and the global locally. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
1650:, frequently electronic, either computer-based or web-based. It has been a major growth point in the ELT (English Language Teaching) industry over the last ten years.
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PĂ©rez-Milans, M (2013). Urban schools and English language education in late modern China: A Critical sociolinguistic ethnography. New York & London: Routledge.
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participates as equally as possible. Such activities also provide opportunities for peer teaching, where weaker learners can find support from stronger classmates.
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In some countries, such as Australia, it is so common nowadays for a foreign language to be taught in schools that the subject of language education is referred to
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was one of many people who tried to reverse this trend. He composed a complete course for learning Latin, covering the entire school curriculum, culminating in his
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Parry, M. (2016). Australian university students and their Japanese host families in short term stays. The University of Queensland. Retrieved 16 May 2016, from
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Juyoung, Song (March 2019). "Language Socialization and Code-Switching: A Case Study of a Korean-English Bilingual Child in a Korean Transnational Family".
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started to be used for foreign language tuition, sometimes with entire businesses being developed. In addition, Spain's language and cultural institute
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Audio recordings for self-study use many of the methods used in classroom teaching, and have been produced on records, tapes, CDs, DVDs and websites.
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or text to speech (TTS) sites and software let learners hear pronunciation of arbitrary written text, with pronunciation similar to a native speaker.
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Genesee, F. (1987). Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.
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Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541–561.
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Some software runs on the web itself, with the advantage of avoiding downloads, and the disadvantage of requiring an internet connection.
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1562:. Language learners can gain experience in speaking foreign languages through in-person language classes, language meet-ups, university
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as a commodity, and provide a marketlike environment for the commodity to be exchanged. Users typically contact each other via chat,
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Many other websites are helpful for learning languages, even though they are designed, maintained and marketed for other purposes:
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Translation sites let learners find the meaning of foreign text or create foreign translations of text from their native language.
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Kirkpatrick, A & Zhichang, X (2002)."Chinese pragmatic norms and "China English". World Englishes. Vol. 21, pp. 269–279.
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Websites provide various services geared toward language education. Some sites are designed specifically for learning languages:
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1615:, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist, in 1887, aimed to eliminate language barriers in the international contacts. Esperanto is an
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Software can present additional exercises in areas where a particular learner has difficulty, until the concepts are mastered.
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Many people read to understand but the strategy of reading text to learn grammar and discourse styles can also be employed.
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The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain function, such as requesting something.
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Bernhardt, E. B. (Ed.) (1992). Life in language immersion classrooms. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.
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field. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies,
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programs, joining online language learning communities, and traveling to a country where the language is spoken.
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The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to code meaning (e.g. grammar).
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Mammadova, T. (2019). Teaching Grammar to a Grammar-Free Generation. Newcastle-upon-tyne: Cambridge Scholars
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Bland, J. (2019). Teaching English to Young Learners More Teacher Education and More Children's Literature.
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Parker, J. L. (2020). Students' attitudes toward project-based learning in an intermediate Spanish course.
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1587:). Knowledge about how the brain works can be utilized in creating strategies for how to remember words.
1518:, with no or minimal ads. Some are ad-supported, such as newspapers and YouTube. Some require a payment.
962:(2010), China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language learning, especially the
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Barrantes. L. (2009). A Brief View of the ESP Approach. /Dialnet-ABriefViewOfTheESPApproach-5476348.pdf
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1012:. He is one of the first theorists to write systematically about how languages are learned and about
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3089:"Teachers' Code-Switching in Bilingual Classrooms: Exploring Pedagogical and Sociocultural Functions"
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and organized, the types of tasks to be performed, the roles of students, and the roles of teachers.
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Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010). Directions and prospects for educational linguistics. New York: Springer.
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Alongside listening and reading exercises, practicing conversation skills is an important aspect of
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While sometimes confused, the terms "approach", "method" and "technique" are hierarchical concepts.
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1441:, or email. Language exchanges have also been viewed as a helpful tool to aid language learning at
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3383:. 1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation. University of Hawaiʻi.
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Kubota, K (1998) "Ideologies of English in Japan" World Englishes Vol.17, No.3, pp. 295–306.
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Some websites offer learning activities such as quizzes or puzzles to practice language concepts.
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have attracted increasing focus as a way of understanding the process of language acquisition.
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National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning (July 1999).
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Also, various other "language learning tools" have been entering the market in recent years.
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This article is about classroom learning of a second language. For natural acquisition, see
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1190:, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by
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Gao, Xuesong (Andy). (2010).Strategic Language Learning.Multilingual Matters:Canada, 2010
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Examples of functional methods include the oral approach / situational language teaching.
3282:
Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden.
17:
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3298:"Two-Way Bilingual Education Programs in Practice: A National and Local Perspective"
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1764:
Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral language skills, especially with
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2970:"The European Union's approach to multilingualism in its own communications policy"
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Some software records the learner, analyzes the pronunciation, and gives feedback.
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Language education may take place as a general school subject or in a specialized
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Australian-Japanese relations today. (2016). Skwirk. Retrieved 16 May 2016, from
3324:
3234:
1611:
Esperanto, the most widely used international auxiliary language, was founded by
1510:
Some Internet content is free, often from government and nonprofit sites such as
6143:
4910:
4282:
4277:
4192:
4027:
3196:"Travel agents missing out on profitable language travel holidays – Sprachcaffe"
3151:"ECAP Report: Working With Preschool Children Who Are English Language Learners"
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Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills
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1329:
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217:
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Players of computer games can practice a target language when interacting in
7498:
5121:
5043:
4684:
4427:
4062:
3348:"Language learning 2.0 in action: web .0 tools to enhance language learning"
1837:
1736:
Mother tongue mirroring is the adaptation of the time-honoured technique of
1600:
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On the theoretical side are, for example, Francois Gouin, M.D. Berlitz, and
943:
509:
504:
340:
330:
222:
212:
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3529:, Amsterdam and Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008
3436:
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:349330/s3213739_phd_submission.pdf
1231:
5053:
3325:"Community Languages in Higher Education: Towards realising the potential"
3260:. EUMAP: EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program Online Journal. Archived from
3235:"Community Languages in Higher Education: Towards realising the potential"
2954:
2937:
2215:
is a European language education system of many universities based on the
2095:: International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language
4559:
3581:
1913:
1580:
1401:
Software can interact with learners in ways that books and audio cannot:
1242:
951:
947:
1828:
is popular in some European countries, but is not used very much in the
1109:
7416:
4754:
3976:
3455:
Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?.
2559:"Reviews of Language Self-Study Courses: Comparison, Problems, Ratings"
2361:
Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?.
2212:
1917:
1908:
3546:
http://ijci.wcci-international.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/254/153
3389:
2097:
International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language
7141:
3561:
2784:"What We Can Learn From Foreign Language Teaching in Other Countries"
1779:
and have the student repeat it. Then the teacher will repeat it with
1474:
227:
3566:
3381:
New Roles for Technology in Language Maintenance and Revitalization
3041:
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining
7436:
7431:
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7421:
2826:
1690:
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993:
958:
use a second official language in their governments. According to
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935:
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1663:
knowing how one learns have been applied to language classrooms.
2805:
1833:
7145:
6974:
6781:
6529:
6156:
5776:
5384:
5373:
5075:
4438:
4400:
3590:
3093:
International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism
3087:
Cahyani, Hilda; de Courcy, Michele; Barnett, Jenny (May 2018).
3054:
International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism
3468:
Language Learning in the 21st Century: 21st Century Skills Map
3466:
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (2011).
2388:"Learning Foreign Languages in Antiquity: How Did They Do It?"
1153:
emotionally charged. Older methods and approaches such as the
1045:
43:
2714:"Workers and Guests Have Different Language Needs in a Hotel"
1061:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
4396:
3446:
Kim Yeong-seo (2009) "History of English education in Korea"
1940:
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
3576:
2761:
3174:"Language education of seniors as a tool of active ageing"
2713:
2691:
1714:
might engage in the following exchange with the students:
4304:
European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing
3353:. 4th Plymouth e-Learning Conference 2009. Archived from
1718:
Teacher: "Let me try – lass mich versuchen – let me try."
1623:, absorbing the reasonable factors of commonality of the
30:"Language Teaching" redirects here. For the journal, see
1954:
Materials and e-learning for minority language education
7525:
List of countries where English is an official language
3527:"Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching"
2531:"American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages"
1070:
3025:
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html
2558:
2350:
Directions and prospects for educational linguistics.
2231:
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
2208:
Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling
1689:, the sandwich technique is the oral insertion of an
1646:
Blended learning combines face-to-face teaching with
1350:
Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling
2217:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
1750:
technique is seldom referred to or used these days.
7535:
Most commonly learned foreign languages in the U.S.
7517:
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3645:
3624:
3542:
International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction
2236:
Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation
1944:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
1008:In this work, Comenius also outlined his theory of
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3379:Ikeda, A. Sho; Doty, Christopher (14 March 2009).
2502:
2179:: teaching English as a foreign language to adults
1579:with a use of various apps, games and tools (e.g.
1477:are used by teachers, including language teachers.
2185:: teaching English to speakers of other languages
2002:: Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana
1907:An increasing number of people are now combining
7530:List of countries by English-speaking population
3300:. Center for Applied Linguistics. Archived from
2942:Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems
1014:pedagogical methodology for language acquisition
3258:"The right to education and minority language"
3178:Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research
2335:Spolsky, B., & Hult, F.M. (Eds.). (2008).
2035:: English as an additional language or dialect
1775:' a teacher will pronounce the last syllable:
7157:
4412:
3602:
2266:Glossary of language teaching terms and ideas
1059:The examples and perspective in this article
871:
598:
8:
7080:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2876:"Apprendre une langue dans un monde virtuel"
1787:and all that remains is the first syllable:
1316:Examples of interactive methods include the
27:Process and practice of acquiring a language
2469:Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching
2017:: Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera
7164:
7150:
7142:
6971:
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3595:
3587:
2642:, by Donald Rivera, Penton Overseas Inc.,
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
878:
864:
616:
605:
591:
147:
3388:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2953:
1483:tools can bring remote learners together.
1175:researchers to precedents in older work.
1097:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:was the language of diplomacy, as in the
893:– the process and practice of teaching a
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
2938:"The Teaching and Learning of Esperanto"
2509:. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
2496:
2494:
2492:
2442:International Encyclopaedia of Education
2296:List of language acquisition researchers
1995:content and language integrated learning
1282:There are three principal "approaches":
7453:English as a second or foreign language
3327:. Routes into Languages. pp. 61–62
2692:"Lessons for Beginners in English, mp3"
2328:
2164:: technology-enhanced language learning
1221:Teaching foreign language in classrooms
793:
717:
626:
619:
159:
3883:Generative second-language acquisition
3223:, Language on the Move, August 1, 2018
2995:Holden, Susan; Mickey Rodgers (1998).
2172:teaching English as a foreign language
2023:: diplôme d'études en langue française
1550:may be used to improve comprehension.
2306:Self access language learning centers
1595:strategy for learning other languages
1227:Methods of teaching foreign languages
1116:was a key figure in establishing the
7:
4351:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
3128:"Preschoolers Study Foreign Tongues"
2392:Antigone: An Open Forum for Classics
2191:: teaching English to young learners
495:Conservative and innovative language
72:adding citations to reliable sources
7214:Computer-assisted language learning
7126:
3509:McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten,
3237:. Routes into Languages. p. 76
2337:Handbook of educational linguistics
2316:Computer-assisted language learning
1986:computer-assisted language learning
1302:Examples of structural methods are
4366:Journal of Second Language Writing
3515:, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and
3221:How can we change language habits?
2127:: Lernen durch Lehren (German for
1933:Minority language education policy
1488:massively multiplayer online games
1277:second-language acquisition theory
25:
2874:Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007).
2848:Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007).
2505:The Language Teaching Controversy
1697:between an unknown phrase in the
7125:
7116:
7115:
7103:
6644:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6138:
6129:
6128:
5686:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5456:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5350:
4330:L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer
2850:"Study and teach in Second Life"
2786:. Center for Applied Linguistics
2386:Dickey, Eleanor (19 July 2022).
2301:Monolingual learner's dictionary
2068:: English for specific purposes
1977:Apprenticeship Language Learning
1771:For example, to teach the name '
1050:
575:
48:
7199:Communicative language teaching
3572:UCLA Language Materials Project
2029:: English as a foreign language
1506:has an "island" on Second Life.
1386:the learner's native language.
1322:communicative language teaching
59:needs additional citations for
6801:Federated States of Micronesia
6096:British Indian Ocean Territory
3517:Center for Applied Linguistics
3323:Sachdev, I; McPake, J (2008).
3233:Sachdev, I; McPake, J (2008).
3149:McEntire, Nancy (March 2004).
3126:Jacobson, Linda (March 2004).
2467:; Theodore S. Rodgers (2001).
2062:: English as a second language
1455:Center for Applied Linguistics
1120:tradition in language teaching
1:
7458:English for specific purposes
3845:Good language learner studies
3256:de Varennes, Fernand (2004).
3198:. TravelWeek. 29 January 2015
3105:10.1080/13670050.2016.1189509
3066:10.1080/13670050.2016.1231165
3039:Retrieved 4 April 2009, from
3023:Retrieved 4 April 2009, from
2979:. September 2022. p. 48.
2070:English for specific purposes
2043:English for academic purposes
1498:. In 2005, the virtual world
1365:Online and self-study courses
1127:Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff
7540:EF English Proficiency Index
7279:Task-based language learning
6769:United States Virgin Islands
3830:Language learning strategies
2736:"Scoring Your Pronunciation"
2620:ForeignLanguageExpertise.com
2501:Diller, Karl Conrad (1978).
2271:Language education by region
2261:Foreign language reading aid
2256:Foreign language writing aid
2246:Error analysis (linguistics)
2139:Languages Other Than English
2121:(or any additional language)
2089:: heritage language learning
1815:Language education by region
1619:created on the basis of the
1527:Language learning strategies
435:Functional discourse grammar
301:Ethnography of communication
7376:Second-language acquisition
7209:Community language learning
6531:Education in North America
4386:The Modern Language Journal
3618:Second-language acquisition
3457:The Modern Language Journal
2363:The Modern Language Journal
2348:Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010).
2157:second-language acquisition
2083:: foreign language teaching
2077:: foreign language learning
2056:: English language teaching
2050:: English language learning
2010:community language learning
1928:Minority language education
1533:Listening as a way to learn
1471:learning management systems
1151:second-language acquisition
1073:, discuss the issue on the
913:, and multiple literacies.
901:– is primarily a branch of
555:Second-language acquisition
39:Second-language acquisition
32:Language Teaching (journal)
7582:
7446:Programs and organizations
7361:English as a lingua franca
7356:Critical period hypothesis
7244:Grammar–translation method
6976:Education in South America
3804:Willingness to communicate
3794:Critical period hypothesis
3789:Language-learning aptitude
2925:How to remember vocabulary
2738:. Lang1234. Archived from
2583:. Lang1234. Archived from
2473:Cambridge University Press
2419:World History Encyclopedia
1967:Acronyms and abbreviations
1900:
1876:
1852:
1812:
1797:
1757:
1729:
1678:
1639:
1604:
1598:
1554:Speaking as a way to learn
1374:Audio recordings and books
1224:
1217:to the required standard.
1155:grammar translation method
1036:grammar-translation method
975:Ancient to medieval period
911:cross-cultural experiences
233:Syntax–semantics interface
36:
29:
7219:Content-based instruction
7194:Automatic Language Growth
7097:
6744:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6124:
5380:
5369:
5345:
5299:
5265:
5224:
5206:
5167:
5149:
5115:
5091:Early childhood education
5084:
5071:
4434:
3172:Schunova, Romana (2018).
2997:English language teaching
2936:Charters, Duncan (2015).
1948:UN Human Rights Committee
1855:Early Childhood Education
1849:Early childhood education
1687:foreign language teaching
1542:Reading as a way to learn
1516:Foreign Service Institute
545:Philosophy of linguistics
445:Interactional linguistics
6947:Northern Mariana Islands
6764:Turks and Caicos Islands
5845:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5441:Central African Republic
3835:Communication strategies
3814:Metalinguistic awareness
3809:Foreign language anxiety
2616:"Shadowing Step by Step"
2339:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2311:Tandem language learning
2251:Foreign language anxiety
2148:modern foreign languages
1591:Learning Esperanto as a
1342:tandem language learning
18:Modern Foreign Languages
7315:Mother tongue mirroring
7284:Total physical response
7229:Dogme language teaching
6912:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6106:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3771:Word lists by frequency
3346:Diouri, Mourad (2009).
2199:Total Physical Response
1897:Language study holidays
1844:By different life stage
1732:Mother tongue mirroring
1726:Mother tongue mirroring
1721:Students: "Let me try."
1621:Indo-European languages
1469:Course development and
1435:knowledge of a language
1354:Dogme language teaching
1346:total physical response
1042:19th and 20th centuries
1019:Orbis sensualium pictus
930:(Kim Yeong-seo, 2009),
847:Participant observation
842:Multivariate statistics
675:International education
7294:Vocabulary development
7204:Comprehension approach
6694:British Virgin Islands
6208:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3893:Interaction hypothesis
3878:Dynamic Systems Theory
2999:. Mexico City: DELTI.
1390:and writing practice.
1261:
1121:
992:. For many centuries,
382:Theoretical frameworks
336:Philosophy of language
316:History of linguistics
7412:Competency evaluation
6895:and other territories
6634:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5601:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5461:Republic of the Congo
3913:Processability theory
3868:Comprehensible output
3637:Common misconceptions
2955:10.7906/indecs.13.2.7
1691:idiomatic translation
1397:Internet and software
1320:, the series method,
1245:to a class of native
1234:
1112:
1003:Opera Didactica Omnia
807:Conversation analysis
276:Conversation analysis
7351:Bilingual dictionary
7259:Michel Thomas Method
7189:Audio-lingual method
6783:Education in Oceania
6159:Education in Europe
6020:United Arab Emirates
5387:Education in Africa
4610:Instructional design
3923:Skill-based theories
3918:Order of acquisition
3898:Interface hypothesis
3781:Individual variation
3766:Linguistic universal
3720:Contrastive rhetoric
3715:Contrastive analysis
3582:BBC Learning English
2412:Scoville, Priscila.
2129:learning by teaching
1864:Compulsory education
1617:constructed language
1560:language acquisition
1308:audio-lingual method
1167:audio-lingual method
1079:create a new article
1071:improve this article
1010:language acquisition
827:Factorial experiment
621:Educational research
520:Internet linguistics
430:Construction grammar
83:"Language education"
68:improve this article
7566:Applied linguistics
7407:Corrective feedback
7397:Language assessment
7308:Teaching techniques
6649:Trinidad and Tobago
6544:Antigua and Barbuda
6424:States with limited
6047:limited recognition
5676:States with limited
5375:Education by region
5101:Secondary education
5013:Teaching philosophy
4916:Pedagogical pattern
4859:21st century skills
4838:Religious education
4481:Aims and objectives
4346:Applied Linguistics
4318:Computational tools
3986:Notable researchers
3908:Noticing hypothesis
3725:Error (linguistics)
3360:on 22 November 2009
3155:Childhood Education
2977:European Parliament
2913:strategy of reading
2352:New York: Springer.
2108:, native language,
1743:literal translation
1738:literal translation
1631:Teaching strategies
1570:Learning vocabulary
1522:Learning strategies
1504:Instituto Cervantes
1304:grammar translation
1241:taught as a second
1118:applied linguistics
934:(Kubota, 1998) and
903:applied linguistics
700:Religious education
455:Systemic functional
250:Applied linguistics
192:General linguistics
7561:Language education
7320:Sandwich technique
7249:Language immersion
7173:Language education
7110:Schools portal
6584:Dominican Republic
5779:Education in Asia
5106:Tertiary education
5044:Learning resources
4535:Education sciences
3903:Interface position
3754:Linguistic factors
3658:Classroom research
3577:EF Education First
3558:Language Education
3284:Language Policy, 3
2806:"Google Translate"
2742:on 9 February 2013
2587:on 9 February 2013
1826:Language immersion
1681:Sandwich technique
1675:Sandwich technique
1648:distance education
1625:Germanic languages
1326:language immersion
1262:
1181:Leonard Bloomfield
1122:
999:John Amos Comenius
891:Language education
812:Discourse analysis
718:Curricular domains
640:Education sciences
635:Curriculum studies
560:Theory of language
530:Origin of language
485:Autonomy of syntax
440:Grammaticalization
286:Discourse analysis
281:Corpus linguistics
7548:
7547:
7371:Language transfer
7234:Extensive reading
7139:
7138:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7061:other territories
6970:
6969:
6962:Wallis and Futuna
6870:Associated states
6777:
6776:
6666:other territories
6525:
6524:
6152:
6151:
6089:other territories
5772:
5771:
5703:other territories
5476:Equatorial Guinea
5365:
5364:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5096:Primary education
5067:
5066:
4956:Dialogic learning
4926:Teacher retention
4879:Critical thinking
4874:Class arrangement
4843:Special education
4518:Standardized test
4501:Course evaluation
4394:
4393:
4356:Language Learning
3946:Input enhancement
3863:Competition model
3761:Language transfer
3694:Heritage language
3567:Language Academia
3523:Granger, Sylviane
3505:978-1-5275-2288-6
3037:Teaching English.
2901:focused listening
2827:"Bing Translator"
2465:Richards, Jack C.
2291:Linguistic rights
1888:Elderly education
1783:attached before:
1577:spaced repetition
1564:language exchange
1430:Language exchange
1197:universal grammar
1188:Emile B. De Sauzé
1137:(1860–1943), and
1107:
1106:
1099:
1081:, as appropriate.
907:interdisciplinary
888:
887:
705:Teacher education
685:Special education
680:School counseling
615:
614:
403:Distributionalism
346:Psycholinguistics
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
7573:
7484:H. Douglas Brown
7289:TPR Storytelling
7264:Natural approach
7254:Lexical approach
7166:
7159:
7152:
7143:
7129:
7128:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7081:
7069:Falkland Islands
6983:Sovereign states
6972:
6952:Pitcairn Islands
6922:French Polynesia
6907:Christmas Island
6836:Papua New Guinea
6816:Marshall Islands
6789:Sovereign states
6779:
6734:Saint Barthélemy
6664:Dependencies and
6537:Sovereign states
6527:
6462:Dependencies and
6166:Sovereign states
6154:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6101:Christmas Island
5787:Sovereign states
5774:
5764:
5763:(United Kingdom)
5759:Tristan da Cunha
5755:Ascension Island
5747:
5734:
5725:
5701:Dependencies and
5394:Sovereign states
5382:
5371:
5354:
5302:
5297:
5272:Higher education
5268:
5263:
5227:
5222:
5213:Secondary school
5209:
5204:
5170:
5165:
5152:
5147:
5118:
5113:
5087:
5073:
5001:Student-centered
4986:Phenomenon-based
4976:Peer instruction
4941:Blended learning
4864:Bloom's taxonomy
4828:Gifted education
4823:Education reform
4655:Computer science
4436:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4361:Language Testing
3933:In the classroom
3888:Input hypothesis
3708:Learner language
3699:Multi-competence
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3544:, 12(1), 80–97.
3521:Meunier, Fanny;
3416:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3304:on 14 March 2008
3293:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3049:
3043:
3035:"Backchaining."
3033:
3027:
3019:"Backchaining."
3017:
3011:
3010:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2764:. Language Guide
2762:"Language Guide"
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2694:. 15 August 2013
2688:
2682:
2640:Amazing Hear-Say
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2471:. Cambridge UK:
2461:
2446:
2445:
2440:Jemu, Nenchuli.
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2414:"Amarna Letters"
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2333:
1822:teaching methods
1747:interlinear text
1699:learned language
1642:Blended learning
1636:Blended learning
1607:Paderborn method
1481:Web conferencing
1464:Speech synthesis
1443:language schools
1338:natural approach
1247:English speakers
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1054:
1053:
1046:
964:English language
905:, but can be an
899:foreign language
880:
873:
866:
736:Computer science
695:Female education
690:Gifted education
617:
607:
600:
593:
579:
525:LGBT linguistics
515:Internationalism
490:Compositionality
351:Sociolinguistics
326:Neurolinguistics
321:Interlinguistics
306:Ethnomethodology
148:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7513:
7509:Scott Thornbury
7504:Stephen Krashen
7467:
7441:
7402:Washback effect
7385:
7381:World Englishes
7339:
7335:Information gap
7303:
7175:
7170:
7140:
7135:
7104:
7102:
7085:
7079:
7062:
7060:
7050:
6977:
6966:
6894:
6888:
6871:
6865:
6846:Solomon Islands
6784:
6773:
6667:
6665:
6658:
6532:
6521:
6505:
6463:
6457:
6443:Northern Cyprus
6425:
6419:
6340:North Macedonia
6161:
6148:
6120:
6088:
6079:
6060:Northern Cyprus
6046:
6039:
5781:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5745:
5732:
5723:
5704:
5702:
5695:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5389:
5376:
5361:
5360:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5315:
5308:
5286:
5274:
5255:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5215:
5196:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5158:
5139:
5131:
5124:
5080:
5063:
5017:
4936:Active learning
4931:Teaching method
4906:Learning theory
4847:
4813:Autodidacticism
4808:Adult education
4794:
4735:Performing arts
4616:
4523:Teacher quality
4513:Standards-based
4469:
4441:
4430:
4425:
4395:
4390:
4381:TESOL Quarterly
4334:
4313:
4292:
3981:
3950:
3927:
3849:
3818:
3775:
3749:
3735:Error treatment
3703:
3689:Multilingualism
3677:
3641:
3620:
3615:
3554:
3477:
3475:Further reading
3425:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3264:on 4 April 2009
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2923:Andrew Weiler:
2922:
2918:
2911:Andrew Weiler:
2910:
2906:
2899:Andrew Weiler:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2716:. 20 April 2013
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2611:Wayback Machine
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2281:Language policy
2226:
2119:second language
1969:
1956:
1935:
1930:
1905:
1903:Language school
1899:
1890:
1881:
1879:Adult education
1875:
1873:Adult education
1866:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1762:
1756:
1734:
1728:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1572:
1556:
1544:
1535:
1524:
1399:
1376:
1367:
1266:language school
1229:
1223:
1206:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1031:
977:
972:
919:
884:
822:Factor analysis
766:Performing arts
741:Early childhood
710:Teaching method
611:
570:
569:
480:
472:
471:
383:
375:
374:
370:Writing systems
261:Anthropological
251:
243:
242:
193:
185:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7579:
7577:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7299:Whole language
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7113:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6942:Norfolk Island
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6902:American Samoa
6898:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6872:of New Zealand
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6754:Sint Eustatius
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Cayman Islands
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6517:European Union
6513:
6511:
6510:Other entities
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6464:other entities
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6415:United Kingdom
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6228:Czech Republic
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5748:
5735:
5726:
5712:Canary Islands
5708:
5707:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5300:
5293:
5292:
5281:
5276:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5156:Primary school
5150:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5116:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4869:Cognitive load
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Evidence-based
4537:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4474:By perspective
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Silva-Corvalan
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Larsen-Freeman
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3955:Aptitude tests
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3855:SLA hypotheses
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3840:Code-switching
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Error analysis
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3553:
3552:External links
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3507:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3396:
3371:
3338:
3315:
3288:
3275:
3248:
3225:
3209:
3187:
3164:
3141:
3132:Education Week
3118:
3099:(4): 465–479.
3079:
3044:
3028:
3012:
3005:
2982:
2961:
2948:(2): 288–298.
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2866:
2854:iT's Magazines
2840:
2818:
2797:
2775:
2753:
2727:
2705:
2683:
2632:
2598:
2581:"Good Accents"
2572:
2550:
2522:
2515:
2488:
2481:
2447:
2432:
2404:
2378:
2369:(2), 266–268.
2354:
2341:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Eikaiwa school
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2106:first language
2099:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1853:Main article:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1813:Main article:
1810:
1807:
1800:Code switching
1798:Main article:
1795:
1794:Code switching
1792:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1730:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1679:Main article:
1676:
1673:
1659:
1658:Skill teaching
1656:
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1613:L. L. Zamenhof
1605:Main article:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1552:
1548:Parallel texts
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1492:virtual worlds
1484:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1314:
1311:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1254:private school
1225:Main article:
1222:
1219:
1205:
1202:
1200:between them.
1135:Otto Jespersen
1125:Jean Manesca,
1105:
1104:
1065:of the subject
1063:worldwide view
1058:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1027:
990:Amarna letters
976:
973:
971:
968:
918:
915:
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
868:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Evidence-based
814:
809:
804:
796:
795:
791:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
776:Social science
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
629:
628:
624:
623:
613:
612:
610:
609:
602:
595:
587:
584:
583:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Prescriptivism
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
367:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
173:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7578:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7366:Interlanguage
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7325:Back-chaining
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7274:Suggestopedia
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7224:Direct Method
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7160:
7155:
7153:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7132:
7124:
7122:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7074:French Guiana
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:New Caledonia
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Easter Island
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6661:
6655:
6654:United States
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Faroe Islands
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:South Ossetia
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Liechtenstein
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:South Ossetia
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:Guinea-Bissau
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5368:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5319:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5306:Undergraduate
5304:
5303:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5231:Middle school
5229:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5183:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:Project-based
4994:
4992:
4991:Problem-based
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Demonstration
4949:
4947:
4946:Contemplative
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Homeschooling
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:Environmental
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:Instructional
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Psychometrics
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:TESOL Journal
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Myers-Scotton
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Focus on form
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Connectionism
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:Silent period
3743:
3741:
3740:Interlanguage
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3463:(2), 266–268.
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3286:(2), 181–201.
3285:
3279:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:Ingrid Piller
3213:
3210:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:(2): 91–106.
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3006:968-6820-12-4
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:1-59125-351-9
2677:
2673:
2672:1-59125-349-7
2669:
2665:
2664:1-59125-353-5
2661:
2657:
2656:1-59125-350-0
2653:
2649:
2648:1-56015-677-5
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2539:
2538:www.actfl.org
2532:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2516:0-912066-22-9
2512:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:0-521-00843-3
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Language MOOC
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:mother tongue
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:United States
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:Mus-sorg-sky.
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:Back-chaining
1754:Back-chaining
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:mother tongue
1692:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:suggestopedia
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:direct method
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:Massachusetts
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:and Science.
1203:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1159:direct method
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:Harold Palmer
1136:
1133:(1845–1912),
1132:
1129:(1803–1865),
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1087:November 2010
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
981:
974:
969:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
923:globalization
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:Meta-analysis
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
622:
618:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
588:
586:
585:
582:
578:
574:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Descriptivism
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
476:
475:
468:
467:Structuralism
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Prague circle
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
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55:
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7344:Key concepts
7239:Focal Skills
7172:
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7057:Dependencies
6893:Dependencies
6879:Cook Islands
6759:Sint Maarten
6739:Saint Martin
6453:Transnistria
6085:Dependencies
6015:Turkmenistan
5980:Saudi Arabia
5751:Saint Helena
5722:
5626:South Africa
5616:Sierra Leone
5421:Burkina Faso
5313:Postgraduate
5129:Kindergarten
4981:Personalized
4961:Experiential
4921:Teacher look
4694:
4630:Agricultural
4486:Anthropology
4297:Associations
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2286:Lexicography
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1192:Noam Chomsky
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1024:
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413:Glossematics
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365:interpreting
203:Lexicography
145:
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124:January 2021
121:
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66:Please help
61:verification
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7494:Jim Cummins
7181:Methodology
7131:WikiProject
6826:New Zealand
6729:Puerto Rico
6639:Saint Lucia
6589:El Salvador
6491:Isle of Man
6426:recognition
6400:Switzerland
6335:Netherlands
6144:Asia portal
6045:States with
5965:Philippines
5905:South Korea
5900:North Korea
5795:Afghanistan
5678:recognition
5631:South Sudan
5521:Ivory Coast
5237:High school
5034:Definitions
4911:Lesson plan
4800:Alternative
4705:Mathematics
4675:Engineering
4068:Ervin-Tripp
2829:. Microsoft
1824:by region.
1710:teacher of
1500:Second Life
1494:, commonly
1236:High school
1131:Henry Sweet
1114:Henry Sweet
956:Philippines
921:Increasing
832:Focus group
802:Case method
761:Mathematics
746:Engineering
627:Disciplines
565:Terminology
540:Orthography
460:Usage-based
361:Translating
256:Acquisition
161:Linguistics
7555:Categories
7518:Statistics
7489:Pit Corder
7479:Betty Azar
7472:Key people
7390:Assessment
7330:Dictogloss
7269:Silent way
6724:Montserrat
6719:Martinique
6714:Guadeloupe
6569:Costa Rica
6370:San Marino
6330:Montenegro
6310:Luxembourg
6290:Kazakhstan
6193:Azerbaijan
6025:Uzbekistan
6000:Tajikistan
5915:Kyrgyzstan
5895:Kazakhstan
5815:Bangladesh
5805:Azerbaijan
5733:(Portugal)
5691:Somaliland
5611:Seychelles
5576:Mozambique
5561:Mauritania
5546:Madagascar
5501:The Gambia
5436:Cape Verde
5289:Continuing
5279:Vocational
4884:Curriculum
4818:Democratic
4790:Vocational
4780:Technology
4740:Philosophy
4622:By subject
4600:Technology
4580:Psychology
4565:Philosophy
4555:Leadership
4496:Evaluation
4491:Assessment
4325:Coh-Metrix
4158:MacWhinney
3823:Strategies
3799:Motivation
3390:10125/5011
3184:: 233–238.
3161:: 172–173.
2561:. Lang1234
2425:3 November
2323:References
1901:See also:
1877:See also:
1785:-sorg-sky,
1773:Mussorgsky
1512:BBC Online
1330:Silent Way
954:, and the
786:Vocational
781:Technology
670:Technology
660:Psychology
655:Philosophy
645:Evaluation
535:Orismology
420:Functional
408:Generative
398:Dependency
218:Pragmatics
208:Morphology
198:Diachronic
94:newspapers
7499:Rod Ellis
7046:Venezuela
6991:Argentina
6796:Australia
6709:Greenland
6624:Nicaragua
6599:Guatemala
6481:Gibraltar
6305:Lithuania
6111:Hong Kong
6065:Palestine
5990:Sri Lanka
5985:Singapore
5865:Indonesia
5566:Mauritius
5122:Preschool
5022:Wikimedia
4760:Religious
4685:Euthenics
4670:Economics
4650:Chemistry
4640:Bilingual
4595:Sociology
4550:Inclusion
4530:Economics
4428:Education
4268:VanPatten
4083:van Geert
4003:Bialystok
3998:ArgĂĽelles
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3663:Education
3653:Attrition
3646:Subfields
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3021:Glossary.
2375:0026-7902
1838:Australia
1809:By region
1601:Esperanto
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1412:language.
1075:talk page
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510:Iconicity
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425:Cognitive
388:Formalist
341:Phonetics
331:Philology
223:Semantics
213:Phonology
7121:Category
7036:Suriname
7026:Paraguay
7011:Colombia
6811:Kiribati
6674:Anguilla
6609:Honduras
6579:Dominica
6554:Barbados
6501:Svalbard
6486:Guernsey
6433:Abkhazia
6385:Slovenia
6380:Slovakia
6355:Portugal
6213:Bulgaria
6134:Category
6055:Abkhazia
6005:Thailand
5960:Pakistan
5940:Mongolia
5935:Maldives
5930:Malaysia
5830:Cambodia
5757: /
5753: /
5746:(France)
5740: /
5718: /
5714: /
5666:Zimbabwe
5641:Tanzania
5491:Ethiopia
5486:Eswatini
5466:Djibouti
5431:Cameroon
5416:Botswana
5006:Socratic
4966:Feedback
4852:Concepts
4745:Physical
4715:Military
4695:Language
4645:Business
4585:Research
4575:Politics
4560:Pedagogy
4455:Glossary
4440:Overview
4339:Journals
4273:Verspoor
4213:Pimsleur
4178:Matthews
4098:Guardado
4093:Grosjean
4048:van Dijk
4013:Crossley
3993:Alderson
3682:Learners
2880:Le Monde
2746:5 August
2609:and the
2591:5 August
2397:5 August
2224:See also
1946:and the
1914:homestay
1909:holidays
1581:Duolingo
1473:such as
1306:and the
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1243:language
1157:and the
1069:You may
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986:Akkadian
952:Pakistan
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756:Literacy
751:Language
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311:Forensic
291:Distance
238:Typology
153:a series
151:Part of
7417:DIALANG
7041:Uruguay
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6996:Bolivia
6957:Tokelau
6861:Vanuatu
6704:Curaçao
6689:Bonaire
6684:Bermuda
6614:Jamaica
6594:Grenada
6549:Bahamas
6410:Ukraine
6360:Romania
6320:Moldova
6278:Ireland
6273:Iceland
6268:Hungary
6258:Germany
6253:Georgia
6243:Finland
6238:Estonia
6233:Denmark
6218:Croatia
6203:Belgium
6198:Belarus
6188:Austria
6183:Armenia
6178:Andorra
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5571:Morocco
5536:Liberia
5531:Lesotho
5481:Eritrea
5451:Comoros
5426:Burundi
5401:Algeria
5309:→
5284:Further
5239:→
5234:→
5216:→
5180:→
5175:→
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5132:→
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4971:Passive
4894:Studies
4775:Teacher
4765:Science
4755:Reading
4750:Physics
4725:Nursing
4710:Medical
4545:History
4465:Outline
4447:General
4309:EUROSLA
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4053:Dörnyei
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4008:Carroll
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3673:Writing
3632:Outline
3625:General
3423:Sources
3364:26 June
3331:26 June
3308:26 June
3268:26 June
3241:26 June
3202:4 March
3138:: 1–17.
2885:15 July
2859:15 July
2768:17 July
2625:17 July
2565:17 July
2213:UNIcert
1712:English
1693:in the
1496:English
1239:Spanish
1172:Berlitz
970:History
794:Methods
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650:History
266:Applied
176:History
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6932:Hawaii
6856:Tuvalu
6629:Panama
6619:Mexico
6564:Canada
6559:Belize
6496:Jersey
6438:Kosovo
6405:Turkey
6395:Sweden
6375:Serbia
6365:Russia
6350:Poland
6345:Norway
6325:Monaco
6295:Latvia
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6248:France
6223:Cyprus
6075:Taiwan
6010:Turkey
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5890:Jordan
5880:Israel
5840:Cyprus
5825:Brunei
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5731:
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5078:Stages
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4690:Health
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4570:Policy
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4218:Rivers
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6841:Samoa
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6471:Ă…land
6390:Spain
6315:Malta
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5995:Syria
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5860:India
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5835:China
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5636:Sudan
5586:Niger
5541:Libya
5526:Kenya
5506:Ghana
5496:Gabon
5471:Egypt
5411:Benin
5059:Texts
5029:Books
4730:Peace
4720:Music
4700:Legal
4660:Death
4460:Index
4278:White
4248:Swain
4208:Polio
4148:Lowie
4128:Kroll
4088:Green
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4063:Ellis
4058:Ellis
4033:Brown
3358:(PDF)
3351:(PDF)
3109:S2CID
3070:S2CID
2973:(PDF)
2833:3 May
2811:3 May
2790:8 May
2720:3 May
2698:3 May
2534:(PDF)
2183:TESOL
2177:TEFLA
2033:EAL/D
1832:, in
1777:-sky,
1077:, or
994:Latin
940:India
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928:Korea
181:Index
115:JSTOR
101:books
7031:Peru
6927:Guam
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6806:Fiji
6749:Saba
6574:Cuba
5955:Oman
5920:Laos
5875:Iraq
5870:Iran
5646:Togo
5556:Mali
5446:Chad
5049:News
4283:Wray
4263:Vaid
4203:Pica
4143:Long
4078:Gass
3972:PLAB
3967:DLAB
3962:MLAT
3501:ISBN
3496:Ltd.
3366:2009
3333:2009
3310:2009
3270:2009
3243:2009
3204:2015
3001:ISBN
2887:2007
2861:2007
2835:2014
2813:2014
2792:2012
2770:2012
2748:2012
2722:2014
2700:2014
2676:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2660:ISBN
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2644:ISBN
2627:2012
2593:2012
2567:2012
2545:2016
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2427:2018
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2371:ISSN
2204:TPRS
2189:TEYL
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2162:TELL
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2021:DELF
2015:DELE
2000:CELI
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3101:doi
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2087:HLL
2081:FLT
2075:FLL
2066:ESP
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