Modic changes - Knowledge (XXG)

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invades the endplate and vertebral bone through fractures in the endplates and causes an inflammatory response. It may be nucleus material entering the vertebrae, but Crock et al. also suggested that after a disc is damaged, irritating substances are produced, draining into the vertebral body, and causing an autoimmune reaction. This mechanical theory is supported by the fact that histological findings of the Modic Changes demonstrate disruption of the endplates with evidence of chronic inflammation. This in turn suggests that this erosion weakens the bone matrix, giving rise to stress fractures and consequent oedema. The universal reaction of bone under stress is seen in fractures wherever they occur and is always associated with pain.

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presence of bacteria vary significantly from very primitive methods such as simple culturing to highly sophisticated methods, where independent research groups utilizing staining techniques with fluorescence in situ hybridization were able to visualize bacteria from an ongoing infection as well as associated inflammatory cells. These studies were carried out in real time and therefore demonstrated an ongoing bacterial infection. The results of these studies have been reproduced in several systematic reviews, concluding that 30-34 % of patients with a disc herniation have bacteria in the extruded disc material.

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Modic changes. Since then, in total, 10 studies have been conducted evaluating the effect of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes. Two clinically controlled studies with long-term follow-up and one clinically controlled study with short-term follow-up have been performed. In addition, seven cohort studies have been completed, of which there are follow-up results in the six of the studies.

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Jaspaul S.; Gokaslan, Ziya L.; Kuo, Calvin C.; Lee, Yu-Po; Mavrommatis, Konstantinos; Michu, Elleni; Noskova, Hana; Raz, Assaf; Sana, Jiri; Shamie, A. Nick; Stewart, Philip S.; Stonemetz, Jerry L.; Wang, Jeffrey C.; Witham, Timothy F.; Coscia, Michael F.; Birkenmaier, Christof; Fischetti, Vincent A.; Slaby, Ondrej (3 April 2017).

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The bacterial cause is where the development of Modic change is due to an infection in the adjacent disc. A tear in the outer fibers of a disc may well initiate this infection. A disc herniation will result in a new local capillarization around the extruded material as the body attempts to remove the

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Modic changes is a descriptive term used by radiologists in MRI evaluations. Conventional treatment including physiotherapy, chiropractic, acupuncture, and exercise for back pain, are not effective in treating Modic changes. Conversely, long term antibiotic treatment has been shown to be an effective

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Russo, Vittorio M.; Dhawan, Ranju T.; Dharmarajah, Nishanth; Baudracco, Irene; Lazzarino, Antonio I.; Casey, Adrian T. (August 2017). "Hybrid Bone Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in Evaluation of Chronic Low Back Pain: Correlation with Modic Changes and Degenerative Disc Disease".

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Modic changes have been observed in approximately 6% of the general adult population regardless of ethnicity. Modic changes are rare in children and young adults. From the age of 25 to 40 years, there is a steep increase in their prevalence, which levels out about 40 years of age and is stable until

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The anaerobic bacteria can enter the disc through the breach, causing a low virulent and slowly developing infection. Since the disc is an avascular structure, it is an ideal environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes bacteria secrete propionic acid, which can dissolve

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Ohtori, Seiji; Inoue, Gen; Ito, Toshinori; Koshi, Takana; Ozawa, Tomoyuki; Doya, Hideo; Saito, Tomoko; Moriya, Hideshige; Takahashi, Kazuhisa (April 2006). "Tumor Necrosis Factor-Immunoreactive Cells and PGP 9.5-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in Vertebral Endplates of Patients With Discogenic Low Back

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Capoor, Manu N.; Ruzicka, Filip; Schmitz, Jonathan E.; James, Garth A.; Machackova, Tana; Jancalek, Radim; Smrcka, Martin; Lipina, Radim; Ahmed, Fahad S.; Alamin, Todd F.; Anand, Neel; Baird, John C.; Bhatia, Nitin; Demir-Deviren, Sibel; Eastlack, Robert K.; Fisher, Steve; Garfin, Steven R.; Gogia,

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Differences in the efficacy of antibiotics in treating Modic changes with antibiotics warrants further investigation of optimal treatment protocol with antibiotics and diagnosis. Treatment is generally not offered to individuals with modic changes in the healthcare system due to the lengthy process

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In the case that body tissue is infected with bacteria, this will, in most cases, lead to the patient being given treatment with antibiotics, which in most cases will cure the infection. A research group led by Gilligan has presented a description of how they hypothesize 4 stages, from infection of

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Kuisma, Mari; Karppinen, Jaro; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Ojala, Risto; Haapea, Marianne; Heliövaara, Markku; Korpelainen, Raija; Taimela, Simo; Natri, Antero; Tervonen, Osmo (May 2007). "Modic Changes in Endplates of Lumbar Vertebral Bodies: Prevalence and Association With Low Back and Sciatic Pain Among

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Mechanical Modic changes might initially reflect bleeding, oedema, and vascularization following trauma or oedema associated with the repair process after micro-fractures within the endplate and the vertebral bone. Another possibility is that the toxic nucleus tissue (from the center of the discs)

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The first study by Stirling and Lambert found Propionibacterium acnes in the extruded disc material in patients undergoing surgery inspired the bacterial theory. The discovery has led to many studies trying to identify bacteria in the disc material. The methods used in the studies to determine the

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Modic changes are a non-specific pathoanatomical marker observed on an MRI scan. For example, high blood pressure or high body temperature can be markers of several diseases. In 2008 the first hypothesis suggesting three possible pathogenetic reasons for Modic changes was published, a bacterial, a

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Bråten, Lars Christian Haugli; Rolfsen, Mads Peder; Espeland, Ansgar; Wigemyr, Monica; Aßmus, Jörg; Froholdt, Anne; Haugen, Anne Julsrud; Marchand, Gunn Hege; Kristoffersen, Per Martin; Lutro, Olav; Randen, Sigrun; Wilhelmsen, Maja; Winsvold, Bendik Slagsvold; Kadar, Thomas Istvan; Holmgard, Thor

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The most commonly recommended treatment for long-lasting pain in the lower back are exercises and fitness training usually under the supervision of a qualified clinician. This treatment does help the vast majority of back pain patients but does not have a pain-relieving effect on Modic changes or

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The natural development of Modic changes was observed in an extensive study of almost 800 English twins. These twins had an initial MRI diagnosing them with Modic changes and another MRI 10 years later. No treatment was given, thus only observing the development of Modic changes. The study showed

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The first study to investigate the efficacy of long-term antibiotic treatment for patients with Modic changes was published in 2013. This clinically randomized controlled trial showed this treatment to be a highly efficacious treatment for this subgroup of patients with chronic low back pain and

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The last decade of studies on Modic changes have shown that Modic changes are associated with many treatment-resistant pain episodes and may result in patients entering a state of chronic low back pain. On average, individuals with Modic changes have had chronic pain for longer than individuals

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Modic changes Type 2 contains high levels of fat associated with degeneration of the bone marrow, microfractures of the trabeculae, disruption of the endplates, and immunoreactive nerve fibers and TNF alpha cells. A mix of Type 1 and Type 2 have frequently been observed in the exact Modic

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Einar; Vigeland, Maria Dehli; Vetti, Nils; Nygaard, Øystein Petter; Lie, Benedicte Alexandra; Hellum, Christian; Anke, Audny; Grotle, Margreth; Schistad, Elina Iordanova; Skouen, Jan Sture; Grøvle, Lars; Brox, Jens Ivar; Zwart, John-Anker; Storheim, Kjersti (16 October 2019).

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The proof of an ongoing pathologic process in a Modic change has been documented by SPECT analysis , combined with high-resolution CT imaging. This method has shown high metabolic activity in 96.1% of endplates with Modic change type I and 56% with Modic change type 2.

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extruded material and inflammation with macrophages which are present in abundance. The mucous membrane of the gums is slightly damaged during ordinary tooth brushing, and anaerobic bacteria Propionibacterium acnes type 2 from the mouth enters the bloodstream.

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Saukkonen, Jesperi; Määttä, Juhani; Oura, Petteri; Kyllönen, Eero; Tervonen, Osmo; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Auvinen, Juha; Karppinen, Jaro (1 October 2020). "Association Between Modic Changes and Low Back Pain in Middle Age: A Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study".

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Modic changes are also an independent predictive marker for poor clinical outcomes, meaning that conventional treatments such as strength training, manipulations, physiotherapy, and surgery do not reduce the pain of individuals with Modic changes.

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Ito, Takui; Yamada, Mitsunori; Ikuta, Fusahiro; Fukuda, Takeaki; Hoshi, Shin-ichi; Kawaji, Youichi; Uchiyama, Seiji; Homma, Takao; Takahashi, Hideaki E. (January 1996). "Histologic Evidence of Absorption of Sequestration-Type Herniated Disc".

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Määttä, Juhani H.; Wadge, Sam; MacGregor, Alex; Karppinen, Jaro; Williams, Frances M.K. (August 2015). "ISSLS Prize Winner: Vertebral Endplate (Modic) Change is an Independent Risk Factor for Episodes of Severe and Disabling Low Back Pain".

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Individuals with Modic changes experience exacerbation of pain when performing a hyperextension of the back. A hyperextension of the back is the equivalent of performing an excessive backward bending of the back beyond its natural position.

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Määttä, Juhani H.; Kraatari, Minna; Wolber, Lisa; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Wadge, Sam; Karppinen, Jaro; Williams, Frances M. K. (September 2014). "Vertebral endplate change as a feature of intervertebral disc degeneration: a heritability study".

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Grönblad, Mats; Virri, Johanna; Tolonen, Jukka; Seitsalo, Seppo; Kääpä, Eeva; Kankare, Jyrki; Myllynen, Pertti; Karaharju, Erkki O. (December 1994). "A Controlled Immunohistochemical Study of Inflammatory Cells in Disc Herniation Tissue".

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Gupta, G; Jarzem, P; Meredith, S; Radhakrishna, M; Besemann, M; Elgueta, MF; Charghi, R; Chankowsky, J (October 2017). "Antibiotics in the treatment of patients with lower back pain associated with Modic changes: a case series".

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Many individuals suffering from Modic changes, tend to have a high degree of morning stiffness in the back. The duration of the stiffness in the morning also tends to be longer compared to individuals with no Modic changes.

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Modic changes Type 1 reflects oedema adjacent to the disc, fissured endplates, microfractures of the trabeculae, granular tissue, high levels of immunoreactive nerve fibers, and TNF alpha cells (pro-inflammatory)

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Ganko, Renata; Rao, Prashanth J.; Phan, Kevin; Mobbs, Ralph J. (May 2015). "Can Bacterial Infection by Low Virulent Organisms Be a Plausible Cause for Symptomatic Disc Degeneration? A Systematic Review".

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Hirabayashi, S; Kumano, K; Tsuiki, T; Eguchi, M; Ikeda, S (November 1990). "A Dorsally Displaced Free Fragment of Lumbar Disc Herniation and Its Interesting Histologic Findings: A Case Report".

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Bhanji, S; Williams, B; Sheller, B; Elwood, T; Mancl, L (July 2002). "Transient bacteremia induced by toothbrushing a comparison of the Sonicare toothbrush with a conventional toothbrush".

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that only 3.5% of the people who had Modic changes initially demonstrated that they had disappeared after ten years. Unfortunately, most of the Modic changes do not resolve spontaneously.

50:. Clinically, Modic Changes are often associated with constant lower back pain during the day, with peak pain occurring during the night and in the morning, coupled with back stiffness. 1595:"Bacterial biofilms: a possible mechanism for chronic infection in patients with lumbar disc herniation - a prospective proof-of-concept study using fluorescence in situ hybridization" 1866:

Kuisma, Mari; Karppinen, Jaro; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Ojala, Risto; Haapea, Marianne; Heliövaara, Markku; Korpelainen, Raija; Taimela, Simo; Natri, Antero; Tervonen, Osmo (May 2007).

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Kuisma, Mari; Karppinen, Jaro; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Ojala, Risto; Haapea, Marianne; Heliövaara, Markku; Korpelainen, Raija; Taimela, Simo; Natri, Antero; Tervonen, Osmo (May 2007).

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Palazzo, C; Ferrari, M; Lefevre-Colau, MM; Nguyen, C; Rannou, F; Poiraudeau, S (July 2017). "Lack of effectiveness of antibiotics in chronic low back pain with Modic 1 changes".

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Kristoffersen, Per Martin; Bråten, Lars C. H.; Vetti, Nils; Grøvle, Lars; Hellum, Christian; Storheim, Kjersti; Zwart, John-Anker; Assmus, Jörg; Espeland, Ansgar (1 June 2021).

3038:"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy" 2989:"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy" 2165:

Modic, M T; Steinberg, P M; Ross, J S; Masaryk, T J; Carter, J R (January 1988). "Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging".

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Modic, M T; Steinberg, P M; Ross, J S; Masaryk, T J; Carter, J R (January 1988). "Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging".

359:"Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial."" 3088:"Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial" 125:

fatty bone marrow and bone. Therefore, it was hypothesized that diffusion of propionic acid from the disc into the vertebrae results in bone oedema, i.e. Modic changes.

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Doita, Minoru; Kanatani, Takako; Harada, Toshihiko; Mizuno, Kosaku (January 1996). "Immunohistologic Study of the Ruptured Intervertebral Disc of the Lumbar Spine".

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Urquhart, Donna M; Zheng, Yiliang; Cheng, Allen C; Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V; Chan, Patrick; Liew, Susan; Hussain, Sultana Monira; Cicuttini, Flavia M (December 2015).

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Stirling, Alistair; Worthington, Tony; Rafiq, Mohammed; Lambert, Peter A; Elliott, Tom SJ (June 2001). "Association between sciatica and Propionibacterium acnes".

3186:"Antibiotic Treatment in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and Vertebral Bone Edema (Modic Type I Changes): A Randomized Clinical Controlled Trial of Efficacy" 1829:"Modic changes of the lumbar spine: prevalence, risk factors, and association with disc degeneration and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort" 519:"Modic changes of the lumbar spine: prevalence, risk factors, and association with disc degeneration and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort" 2525:"The Modic Vertebral Endplate and Marrow Changes: Pathologic Significance and Relation to Low Back Pain and Segmental Instability of the Lumbar Spine" 2432:"The Modic Vertebral Endplate and Marrow Changes: Pathologic Significance and Relation to Low Back Pain and Segmental Instability of the Lumbar Spine" 2339:"The Modic Vertebral Endplate and Marrow Changes: Pathologic Significance and Relation to Low Back Pain and Segmental Instability of the Lumbar Spine" 3137:"Oedema on STIR modified the effect of amoxicillin as treatment for chronic low back pain with Modic changes—subgroup analysis of a randomized trial" 1072:"Inflammatory pain pattern and pain with lumbar extension associated with Modic 1 changes on MRI: a prospective case–control study of 120 patients" 974:"Inflammatory pain pattern and pain with lumbar extension associated with Modic 1 changes on MRI: a prospective case–control study of 120 patients" 876:"Inflammatory pain pattern and pain with lumbar extension associated with Modic 1 changes on MRI: a prospective case–control study of 120 patients" 778:"Inflammatory pain pattern and pain with lumbar extension associated with Modic 1 changes on MRI: a prospective case–control study of 120 patients" 251:

Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. (1988). "Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging".

1868:"Modic Changes in Endplates of Lumbar Vertebral Bodies: Prevalence and Association With Low Back and Sciatic Pain Among Middle-Aged Male Workers" 558:"Modic Changes in Endplates of Lumbar Vertebral Bodies: Prevalence and Association With Low Back and Sciatic Pain Among Middle-Aged Male Workers" 1915:"Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain" 605:"Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain" 421:"Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain" 111: 2893:"Endplate Defect Is Heritable, Associated With Low Back Pain and Triggers Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Longitudinal Study From TwinsUK" 172:

was the first to classify, describe and define Modic changes into three types. The different types were first described and defined in 1988.

2013:"The prevalence of MRI-defined spinal pathoanatomies and their association with Modic changes in individuals seeking care for low back pain" 703:"The prevalence of MRI-defined spinal pathoanatomies and their association with Modic changes in individuals seeking care for low back pain" 1121:"Association Between Inflammatory Back Pain Characteristics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Spine and Sacroiliac Joints" 1023:"Association Between Inflammatory Back Pain Characteristics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Spine and Sacroiliac Joints" 925:"Association Between Inflammatory Back Pain Characteristics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Spine and Sacroiliac Joints" 827:"Association Between Inflammatory Back Pain Characteristics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Spine and Sacroiliac Joints" 470:"Association Between Inflammatory Back Pain Characteristics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Spine and Sacroiliac Joints" 2652:

Gendron, Doherr, Gavin; et al. (2012). "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization of Vertebral Endplate Changes in the Dog".

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Ohrt-Nissen, Søren; Fritz, Blaine G.; Walbom, Jonas; Kragh, Kasper N.; Bjarnsholt, Thomas; Dahl, Benny; Manniche, Claus (May 2018).

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Roberts, G. J.; Holzel, H. S.; Sury, M. R. J.; Simmons, N. A.; Gardner, P.; Longhurst, P. (1997). "Dental Bacteremia in Children".

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Munir, Sabrina; Freidin, Maxim B.; Rade, Marinko; Määttä, Juhani; Livshits, Gregory; Williams, Frances M.K. (1 November 2018).

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Mok, Florence P.S.; Samartzis, Dino; Karppinen, Jaro; Fong, Daniel Y.T.; Luk, Keith D.K.; Cheung, Kenneth M.C. (January 2016).

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Mok, Florence P.S.; Samartzis, Dino; Karppinen, Jaro; Fong, Daniel Y.T.; Luk, Keith D.K.; Cheung, Kenneth M.C. (January 2016).

3362: 2754:"Rest versus exercise as treatment for patients with low back pain and Modic changes. a randomized controlled clinical trial" 2703:"Rest versus exercise as treatment for patients with low back pain and Modic changes. a randomized controlled clinical trial" 1594: 1120: 1022: 924: 826: 469: 2011:

Albert, Hanne B.; Briggs, Andrew M.; Kent, Peter; Byrhagen, Andreas; Hansen, Christian; Kjaergaard, Karina (August 2011).

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Albert, Hanne B.; Briggs, Andrew M.; Kent, Peter; Byrhagen, Andreas; Hansen, Christian; Kjaergaard, Karina (August 2011).

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Gilligan, Christopher J.; Cohen, Steven P.; Fischetti, Vincent A.; Hirsch, Joshua A.; Czaplewski, Lloyd G. (June 2021).

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Peak pain tends to occur late at night and in the morning. Late-night pain often results in poor and interrupted sleep.

3285:"Antibiotic treatment in patients with low-back pain associated with Modic changes Type 1 (bone oedema): a pilot study" 3209:"Vertebral Endplate Changes / Modic Changes: An Audit Study Using Antibiotics in 147 Chronic Low Back Pain Patients" 66:

Several studies have shown a relationship between Modic changes in the spinal vertebrae and pain in the lower back.

2290:"Vertebral end-plate (Modic) changes on lumbar spine MRI: correlation with pain reproduction at lumbar discography" 1913:

Jensen, Tue Secher; Karppinen, Jaro; Sorensen, Joan S.; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (November 2008).

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Gilligan, Christopher J.; Cohen, Steven P.; Fischetti, Vincent A.; Hirsch, Joshua A.; Czaplewski, Lloyd G. (2021).

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Jensen, Tue Secher; Karppinen, Jaro; Sorensen, Joan S.; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (November 2008).

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Jensen, Tue Secher; Karppinen, Jaro; Sorensen, Joan S.; Niinimäki, Jaakko; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (November 2008).

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Jensen, Rikke K; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte; Wedderkopp, Niels; Sorensen, Joan S; Manniche, Claus (December 2012).

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Jensen, Rikke K; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte; Wedderkopp, Niels; Sorensen, Joan S; Manniche, Claus (December 2012).

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80+ years. Modic changes are estimated to affect approximately 349 million of the adult population worldwide.

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80+ years. Modic changes are estimated to affect approximately 349 million of the adult population worldwide.

2060: 750: 1536:"Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy" 1070:

Bailly, F.; Maigne, J.-Y.; Genevay, S.; Marty, M.; Gandjbakhch, F.; Rozenberg, S.; Foltz, V. (March 2014).

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Bailly, F.; Maigne, J.-Y.; Genevay, S.; Marty, M.; Gandjbakhch, F.; Rozenberg, S.; Foltz, V. (March 2014).

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Bailly, F.; Maigne, J.-Y.; Genevay, S.; Marty, M.; Gandjbakhch, F.; Rozenberg, S.; Foltz, V. (March 2014).

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Bailly, F.; Maigne, J.-Y.; Genevay, S.; Marty, M.; Gandjbakhch, F.; Rozenberg, S.; Foltz, V. (March 2014).

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between new scientific knowledge and its acceptance and optimal application in the healthcare system.

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Kjaer, Per; Korsholm, Lars; Bendix, Tom; Sorensen, Joan S.; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (September 2006).

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Kjaer, Per; Korsholm, Lars; Bendix, Tom; Sorensen, Joan S.; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (September 2006).

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Crock, HV (July 1986). "Internal disc disruption. A challenge to disc prolapse fifty years on".

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Crock, HV (July 1986). "Internal disc disruption. A challenge to disc prolapse fifty years on".

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Albert, Hanne B.; Sorensen, Joan S.; Christensen, Berit Schiott; Manniche, Claus (April 2013).

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Albert, Hanne B.; Sorensen, Joan S.; Christensen, Berit Schiott; Manniche, Claus (April 2013).

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Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Ross JS, Carter JR (1988). "Imaging of degenerative disk disease".

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Braithwaite, I.; White, J.; Saifuddin, A.; Renton, P.; Taylor, B. A. (19 October 1998).

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Exercise and surgery alone are ineffective treatments for patients with Modic changes

168:) scans. Bone oedema in other bones is not categorized into different types, but Dr. 3234: 2924: 2877: 2602: 2509: 2416: 2274: 2230: 2178: 2143: 1899: 1813: 1721: 1626: 1519: 1476: 1363: 1319: 1276: 1232: 1154: 1056: 958: 860: 589: 503: 293: 264: 2116: 1433: 23: 3318: 3261: 2956: 2939: 2908: 2861: 2817: 1844: 1753: 1736: 1705: 1560: 534: 1119: