1808:
4057:, p. 276:"Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir informs us that in the year 592 of the Hijri calendar (i.e. AD 1196), Muhammad bin-Sam Ghori, and his lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aibak marched towards Thangar . Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal (Kumarapal), whose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai , gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from many parts of Hindustan and Khorasan. To encourage them to settle, they were given houses and goods in the area. Baha-ud-din Tughril later established Sultankot (near Bayana), and made that his military-base and reside"
2916:
2900:
2688:
68:
5075:, p. 182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin"
795:
802:
1607:
2366:
1669:
Chahamana army off guard as they had spent the night in a state of unawareness. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered losses due to surprise attacks before sunrise. Juzjani attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 elite mounted archers whom
Muhammad stationed at a small distance from the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces and which ultimately scattered the "infidel host". Prithviraj was captured during the battle on the bank of river Saraswati (present-day
4069:, p. 171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin"
2841:
2227:) assassinated the Ghurid governor Amir Dad Hasan in a personal meeting and issued a fake decree of him being appointed by Muhammad as the new governor of Multan. Muhammad defeated Aibak Beg decisively and captured him in the battle. Afterwards, he marched towards Ghazni, where Yildiz mutinied earlier and seized the city. On the advance of a vast army of Muhammad of Ghor, foreseeing an inevitable defeat, Yildiz and his aristocrats surrendered to Muhammad, who pardoned them.
5012:, p. 73:"Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam has often been compared to Mahmud of Ghazni. As a warrior, Mahmud Ghazni was mnore successful than Muizzuddin, having never suffered a defeat in India or in Central Asia. He also ruled over a larger empire outside India. But it has to be kept in mind that Muizzuddin had to contend with larger and better organised states in India than Mahmud. Though less successful in Central Asia, his political achievements in India were greater"
1585:
be dead, later a remnant of his soldiers arrived in the night and searched for his body at the battlesite. Muhammad in extremely critical situation recognised his soldiers, who rejoiced after finding him alive and took him from the battlefield in a litter to Ghazni. However, the version from Za'inul Masir is not corroborated by any other contemporary and later writers, which made its authenticity dubious and the version of
Juzjani more credible.
2111:. The Ghurids, thus, for a short span established their sway over most of the Khurasan for first time in their history. However, their success turned to be a short-term affair as Alauddin succeeded the throne in August 1200 and soon after recaptured his lost territories by 1201. Despite the success against the Ghurids, Alauddin sent an envoy for diplomacy to Muhammad, probably in order to focus solely on overcoming from the suzerainty of
1665:. Upon Ghori's arrival on the battlefield, Prithviraj, the Rajput leader, purportedly sent a formal message suggesting a peaceful resolution, stating, "It would be wise for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you." In response, Ghori replied, indicating that he had come to face challenges on the directive of his ruling sibling and proposing the dispatch of an envoy to negotiate peace.
2936:
811:
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1581:. The battle was marked by the initial attack of mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle. Muhammad mortally wounded Govind Rai in personal combat and in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithvīrāj's army was deemed victorious.
4045:, p. 44:"Shihabuddin again came to India in 1195-1196. This time he attacked Biyana, Kumarpal king of Bayana was a Rajput of the Yaddo Bhatti sect. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit. Bahauddin Turghil was given the charge of Thankar"
1645:, was called from Ghazni with a large contingent along with other seasoned warlords like Mukalba, Kharbak and Illah. Muhammad made necessary arrangements to counter the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces by having them attack mock elephants made of mud and wood. The near contemporary chroniclers Juzjani and
686:
as a base and raided the principality of Oghuzs multiple times, before defeating them decisively along with
Ghiyath al-Din and followed up their victory by conquering Ghazni in 1169 along with some other territories in what is present-day eastern Afghanistan. Soon, Muhammad's coronation took place in
4997:
It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led
Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first
1427:
ruler
Dharavarsha. The Ghurid army suffered heavy casualties during the battle, and also in the retreat back across the desert to Ghazni. The defeat forced Muhammad to opt for the northern routes who thenceforth, concentrated on creating a suitable base in Punjab and northwest for further incursions
4003:
And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of
Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary
2831:
The Ghor region, however, during his reign did prospered and became a leading centre of learning and culture. He also gave grants to various theologians like
Maulana Fakharudin Razi who preached the Islamic teachings in the backward regions of the Ghurid empire. Muhammad also briefly contributed in
1996:
troops and the later succeeded the throne of
Khwarezm in December 1172. Sultan Shah fled to the Ghurid brothers and asked for their assistance in order to expel his brother Tekish. While they received him well, they refused to give him military aid against Tekish, with whom the Ghurids were on good
1584:
According to
Juzjani, Muhammad was carried away from the battleground in wounded state by a Khalji horsemen. A largely different account from Za'inul Masir claimed that Muhammad after being wounded in combat with Govindraja fell unconscious and his forces withdrew in disarray after assuming him to
1668:
According to accounts from Hasan Nizami, Muhammad Ufi, and
Firishta, it becomes evident that Ghori employed deception, and Prithviraj, considering it a genuine truce, accepted the proposal. Before the next day, the Ghurids attacked the Rajput army. The assault occurred before sunrise, catching the
2823:
for the expanses of his army, which was committed for the protection of a Imam's shrine. These events eventually turned the people belligerent towards the Ghurids who retaliated when Muhammad besieged Gurganz and militarily supported the besieged Khwarezmian Shah who as a result collected a hughe
677:
where he spend a whole season. However, later Ghiyath-al din sent an envoy to brought him back who subsequently placed him in charge of the southern part of the Ghurid domains which possibly included Istiyan and Kajuran. During the early campaigns of Muhammad as a prince, he was instructed to
3019:
Finbarr Barry Flood commented on the notion of continuity of the pre-conquest arrangements in the numismatics as a pragmatic measure of Ghurids to met the economic realities in northern India. Sunil Kumar further elaborated on the basis of hoard evidences that the coins issued by Muhammad were
2969:. The paradigm of coins issued by Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din shifted drastically from 1199 onwards to a further more orthodox ideologue with the Quranic verses on both sides. The radical shift to orthodoxy in the coinage is probably to propound their recent change of school from
621:
after his campaign in Ghazni, initially installed them as governors of Sanjah. However, their efficient administration of the province, made him doubtful of their uprise and seeing a possible challenge to his own authority, he ordered his nephews to be imprisoned in the castle of
3694:, p. 40–42: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Muhammad had raised 120,000 cavalry"
1656:
had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived. Instead of engaging in direct confrontation as they did in the initial Battle of Tarain, the Ghurids adopted a strategy of deceit and diplomacy to overcome the
1884:. The Ghurid army was victorious, Jayachandra was killed in the battle, and much of his army was slaughtered. Following the battle, the Ghurids took the fort at Asni, where they plundered the royal treasure of the Gahadavalas, and went on to take the pilgrimage city of
4856:
At its peak, the Ghurid empire, or perhaps more accurately the region across which its armies campaigned, briefly stretched for over 3000 km from east to west – from Nishapur in eastern Iran to Benares and Bengal and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to
2915:
2672:"Other monarchs may have one son or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah (Friday sermon) throughout these territories"
2486:
Muhammad's only offspring was his daughter who died during his own lifetime. His sudden assassination in Damyak led to a period of struggle among his slaves and other senior Ghurid elites for the succession. The Ghurid aristocrats of Ghazni and
1458:
managed to keep him around the borders of Lahore for few more years by sending tributes along with one of the Ghaznavid prince (Malik Shah) under his custody in Ghazni as a hostage. In 1182, Muhammad followed a southerly arc to the port city of
1649:
stated that Muhammad brought 120,000-130,000 fully armoured men to the battle in 1192. Ferishta placed the strength of Rajput army in the decisive battle at 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry (most likely a gross exaggeration).
2629:
also emphasized upon the importance of each of the Turkish slaves ("bandagan") to Muhammad. He further panegyrise Aibak for enduring the trust of his master. Muhammad's slaves played a key role in the expansion and consolidation of the
660:
laid his own claim for the succession after Sayf al-Din death as the elder member of the Ghurid family. Muhammad helped his brother in suppressing the revolt of Fakhruddin who garnered a sizeable army in alliance with the chiefs of
2270:. Muhammad also directed his Indian soldiers to join him in the expedition against the Qara Khitais. However, soon another political unrest broke out which turned Muhammad towards Punjab again where he was eventually assassinated.
3825:, p. 108: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain"
2899:
5255:, p. 30: "As the hoard evidences from north India confirms, Mu'izzi wede valued as much as the earlier Rajput currencies and were fully assimilated within an economic word unimpressed with transition in the political realm"
1807:
2534:" on Aibak and Yildiz. Thus, freed from the slavery and with investment of a "chatr" from Mahmud, Yildiz established himself as the king of Ghazni in 1206 and Aibak in Lahore (who declared independence in 1208) established the
5273:
4461:
Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia
1568:
as governor of the fortress with 1200 horsemen, Muhammad received the news that Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Rai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of
589:
who ruled his ancestral realm briefly before he died in 1149, when Muhammad of Ghor was a child. His name is variously transliterated as Muizuddin Sam, Shihabuddin Ghuri, Muhammad Ghori and Muhammad of Ghor. According to the
2130:
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad around this time died at Herat on 13 March 1203, after months of illness which briefly diverted Muhammad's attention from the existing state of affairs. Thus, taking advantage of his absence from
2707:
world. The Ghurids reached the greatest extent of their territorial expansion, where they briefly ruled over a territory which spanned over 3000 km from east to west. During these years, their empire stretched from
4959:
The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his
1296:
governor there. Muhammad defeated the Qarmatian ruler Khafif in 1175 and annexed Multan. The defeat turned to be a death blow for the Qarmatian power in Multan, who never regained their influence in the region again.
1633:"emirs" who fled during the battle. The wallets filled with grains were tied around their necks and under this condition they were paraded through Ghazni, those who refused were beheaded. The late medieval historian
2094:
and his nephew Hindu Khan. The Ghurid siblings seized the opportunity and amidst the turmoil in the Khwarezmian house for succession, Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din invaded and captured the oasis cities of
458:
and executed Prithviraj shortly afterwards. He limited his presence in India afterwards, deputing the political and military operations in the region to a handful of elite slave commanders who swiftly
1253:, while Muhammad expanded the Ghurid domains eastwards into the Indian plains from his capital at Ghazni. The expeditions into the Indian plains and the plunder extracted from the sacking of lucrative
2992:, the language of northern Indian literate elites and not in the Arabic. Coins minted by Muhammad and his lieutenants in north India continued featuring the iconographic programme of
2163:, who sent a sizeable army to aid the Khwarezmians. Muhammad, because of the pressure from the Qara Khitai forces was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, he was chased on his way to
1637:
further states on the testimony of folklore in Ghazni, that Muhammad vowed not to visit his royal harem and heal his wounds sustained in the battle till he avenged the humiliation of his defeat.
673:", his brother succeeded Sayf al-Din to the throne in 1163 and initially placed Muhammad as a minor officer in his court, which result in him retiring (unhappy with his position) to the court of
753:
After the death of Ghiyath Al-Din Muhammad – the senior partner in the dyarchy – Muhammad assumed the title of "Al-Sultan Al-Azam" which meant the "Greatest Sultan". On one of colonnade in the
2538:. Historian Iqtidar Alam Khan though, doubted that Aibak styled himself as the "Sultan" as it is not attested by the numismatic evidences. Soon, Mahmud was enforced to accept suzerainty of
2981:
schools of Islam by Ghiyath al-Din and Muhammad respectively in order to embed themselves within cosmopolitan networks of the wider Islamic world and shed off their backward origin.
1588:
The Ghurid garrison of Tabarhind under Ziauddin, held out for thirteen months before being capitulated. The Rajputs could not make quick progressions during the siege due to absence of
2219:
After the disaster of Andkhud and the subsequent rumours of Muhammad's death in the battle led to widespread insurrections throughout the Ghurid Sultanate, most notably by Aibak Beg,
5671:
History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV THe age off achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting
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Despite the debacle of Andhkhud and the successive plummet of their western frontier, Muhammad's empire at the time of his assassination still spread out as far as Herat in the west,
2357:
Illtutmish, despite the fact that his master Aibak who purchased him originally was still a slave along with other senior slaves of Muhammad who were not manumitted until that point.
4652:
History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting
2424:
theorizes that this speculation that the Ismaili assassins were sent by the Khwarezmian Shah is unlikely to be correct. Muhammad's assassins were probably sent by the Imam of
2459:" ("fida-i-mulahida"). The story of his assassination by the Khokhars is probably an invention of later times based on indirect evidences. Muhammad's coffin was carried from
6145:
669:
who both were executed in the battle, although Fakhruddin was reinstated in Bamiyan in 1163. Afterwards, with the support of the remaining local Ghurid officers and "
2530:
who barely consulted Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud in their affairs. Notwithstanding, they still paid him a minimal tribute. During his reign, Mahmud also officially grant "
2203:
who do not want the "Sultan of Islam" to be captured by the infidels. Following the defeat, the Ghurids lost the control over most of the Khurasan except Herat and
2553:
established their puppet government in the Ghurid lands, although Yildiz drove them back in 1213 before Alauddin eradicated the Ghurids and annexed Fīrūzkūh from
1222:
1930:
chief Sallakhanapala surrendered after a long siege and accepted the Ghurid suzerainty. After the assassination of Muhammad, Tourghil styled himself as the
794:
594:, his birth name was "Muhammad" which is vernacularly spelt as "Hamad" by the Ghurids. During his childhood, his mother used to call him "Zangi" due to his
2223:
and by the governor of Ghazni, Yildiz, as well. Muhammad first marched to Multan instead of Ghazni, where his slave general Aibak Beg (who rescued him in
2935:
733:
acknowledged the Ghurid suzerainty and later sent his armies several times assisting the Ghurids in their warfares. Afterwards, Ghiyath al-Din captured
609:- Muhammad was younger to Ghiyath al-Din by three years and few months, who was born in 1140. Therefore, Muhammad's birth year can be dated to 1144.
5863:
2499:
who was his nephew and son of his brother Ghiyath al-Din. Nonetheless, Baha al-Din died on his march to Ghazni on 24 February 1206 due to illness.
6180:
2965:
along with his title on the obverse side of coin, whereas the reverse side of coin featured Muhammad's name and his title along with the title of
764:
styling him as the "Sultan-i-Ghazi" (sultan of the holy warriors) portraying his Indian expeditions as the engagement between the army of Islam (
5574:
Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee;
1724:. Subsequently, Hairaja immolated himself on a funeral pyre and the Ghurids reoccupied Ajmer and placed it under a Muslim governor. Soon after,
1518:
in his father court, as the head of judicature department in the newly conquered Ghaznavid territories along with the charge of Multan. His son
2230:
Thus, Muhammad successfully restored his empire to stability, after suppressing the mutineers and turned his attention towards the affairs of
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The coins issued by Muhammad in northern India followed the Indian standards of weight and metallic purity. The Ghurid coins in India except
2661:. Further, two daughters of Aibak were married to Qabacha. This policy was continued by Aibak as well, who married his daughter to his slave
1918:. Muhammad along with Aibak advanced and besieged Thankar whose ruler Kumarpal was defeated. Muhammad placed the fort under his senior slave
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by the Ghurid Sultan. He raised his slaves with affection and treated them as his sons and successors, after his despondency with his own
506:. Muhammad quelled the widespread insurrection throughout his empire after the debacle and ordered the construction of a bridge over the
4688:
Alka Patel (2017). "Periphery as Centre: The Ghurids between the Persianate and Indic Worlds". In Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).
2809:
2747:
1922:, who later established Sultankot and used it as his stronghold. After the conquest of Thankar, Bahaurddin Turghil reduced the fort of
6170:
4699:
2988:, continued on the same paradigm of pre-conquest with the existing Hindu iconography juxtaposed with the name of Muhammad written in
6185:
5781:
5335:
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and laid his own claim for succession of the Ghurid conquests of Muhammad of Ghor. However, he was defeated and executed in 1216 by
1503:
where he and all his kinfolks were executed before 1192. Thus, ended the lineage of Ghaznavids and their historic struggle with the
5139:
1328:, a later chronicler mentioned the year of Uch conquest as 1176. It was placed under Malik Nasiurdin Aitam until his death in the
5266:"Sources suggest that the movie is in the pre-production stage and the makers are making sure to match the deadline of November"
757:
along with some of his golden mints circulated in India – Muhammad is eulogized as the "Sikander Al-Thani". (Second Alexander)
2687:
2832:
the archietectural aspect of his region, chiefly constructing distinctive kind of Islamic glazed tiles in his capital Ghazni.
645:" stated that the hardship continued due to their financial conditions. Muhammad thus, took shelter in the court of his uncle
325:
until the latter's death in 1203. Ghiyath al-Din, the senior partner, governed the western Ghurid regions from his capital at
5826:
3393:
2873:
2435:
Some later accounts possibly with the genesis in the writing of Ferishta claimed that his assassins were Hindu Khokhars. In "
2115:
by sougthing peace with the Ghurids. However, the attempt turned to be futile and Muhammad marched again with his forces on
2601:
during his lifetime who later according to Juzjani became renowned for their calibre in "east". Muhammad purchased a young
2439:", he stated that "Twenty Khokhar infidels" who were cowed down by him earlier attacked his carvan and stabbed him with a "
2412:
According to some sketchy accounts regarding the identity of Muhammad's assassins, claimed that the assassins were sent by
67:
1709:
2645:
Muhammad, later also organized matrimonial alliances among the families of his slaves in accordance with the practise of
1728:
was also captured by Muhammad and Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1193, although in continuation with the policy adopted earlier in
6190:
2856:, Pakistan, where Muhammad was assassinated. Muhammad was actually buried in Ghazni, according to contemporary sources.
2005:
along with his governor Bahauddin Turghil. Thus, Ghiyath al-Din asked for aid from Muhammad, who was occupied with his
1673:) and summarily executed. After the victory, Muhammad took over much of the Chahamana kingdom and sacked their capital
6060:
3020:
accepted on the same scale by the local Indian financiers and bankers as the previous coins which were issued by the
695:. Subsequently, Muhammad utilized the city of Ghazni as a launch pad to led a series of lucrative forays down to the
2949:
The circulation of coins from Muhammad's court in Ghazni around 1199, confirming to the numismatic standards of the
1606:
682:
tribes whose power and influence began to wane, although they were still controlling extensive territories. He used
5410:
5386:
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purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth
1950:
404:, which forced him to change his route for future inroads into the Indian Plains. Hence, Muhammad pressed upon the
6013:
5856:
4237:, p. 44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)"
1231:
invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests under Muhammad of Ghor from 1175 to 1205).
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2922:
2527:
1850:
1115:
1052:
898:
605:
The synchronous accounts did not write much about Muhammad's exact birth date, although based on the writings of
440:
2404:
6165:
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Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.
2542:
as attested by the numismatic evidences in which he minted his name along with placing Alauddin's name in the "
1424:
5554:
3062:
Historian Kishori Saran Lal states Govind Rai was struck in the mouth, but does not mention any mortal wounds.
2824:
army of 70,000 which eventually forced Muhammad to relieve the siege and retreat before being cornered by the
2691:
The largest extent of the Ghurid empire in 1200 during the reign of Muhammad Ghori and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
2365:
2159:
after Ghiyath al-Din's death. Alauddin retreated on the Ghurid advance and desperately requested aid from the
1751:
as his brother Ghiyath al-Din began to have health problems. Notwithstanding, Muhammad as per the writings of
1475:. In the subsequent years, he expanded and consolidated his conquests around present-day Pakistan and annexed
617:
The early years of both Muhammad and his brother Ghiyath al-Din were spent in constant hardship. Their uncle
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in 1994-1995 and was later handed over to the Punjab archaeology department. Following his assassination in
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1985:
1905:
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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries
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In popular traditions, when a courtier lamented that the Sultan (Muhammad) had no male heirs, he retorted:
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on their part, which strengthened the position of Muhammad during these months to raise a formidable army.
709:
In 1175, Muhammad marched from Ghazni and helped his brother in the annexation of the cosmopolitan city of
6195:
5324:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
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2192:
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Muhammad returned to the Indian frontier again around 1196 to consolidate his hold around the present-day
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1543:
1519:
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1441:
1208:
447:
409:
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and western Punjab, the Ghurid generals began to raid the eastern Punjab region and captured a castle -
1404:
1138:
1063:
435:, the Ghurid forces suffered a decisive reverse and Muhammad himself got wounded in engagement with the
113:
4489:
2840:
2254:
garrison stationed there and placed it under his son. Afterwards, Muhammad ordered his viceory in the
1732:, a puppet Rajput scion was installed in Delhi on tribute. (possibly the son of Govindraja who died in
598:. After the coronation in Ghazni, he styled himself as "Malik Shihabuddin" and after his occupation of
2573:
was extirpated by 1215. Yildiz was toppled from Ghazni around the same time as well who later fled to
6140:
6135:
5942:
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3000: (based on the existing pattern of Chahamanas) on one side and Muhammad's name in the
2735:
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2602:
2523:
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Hence, Muhammad marched from Ghazni in December 1205 for his last campaign in order to subjugate the
1313:
627:
149:
2467:
Moidul Mulk along with other elites, where he was buried (Ghazni) in the mausoleum of his daughter.
2373:
After crushing the Khokhars, on his way back to his capital in Ghazni, Muhammad's caravan rested at
544:
emissaries while offering evening prayers. Muhammad's assassination led to the rapid decline of the
454:, and returned a year later with a vast army of mounted archers to secure a decisive victory in the
6023:
5962:
2759:
2176:
1965:
1881:
1780:
1416:
1392:
831:
557:
393:
54:
5521:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib
3001:
2143:
and beheaded the Ghurid governor Karang there. Muhammad of Ghor, possibly to take over the entire
2044:. Sultan Shah died after a year in 1191 possibly due to the drug overdose. According to historian
6070:
6065:
6055:
5912:
4938:
2926:
2751:
2550:
2492:
2259:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2180:
2156:
2144:
2136:
2018:
1977:
1873:
1748:
1653:
1638:
1561:
1242:
1106:
1019:
995:
657:
646:
495:
444:
317:
of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206. Muhammad and his elder brother
155:
2420:
after the Andkhud debacle and were not facing any potential danger from them. Hence, historian
2009:
at the time, marched with his army from Ghazni. The Ghurid feudatories: Shamsuddin Muhammad of
630:
after the death of his father in 1161. Sayf al-Din, later died in a battle against the nomadic
6003:
5937:
5932:
5922:
5917:
5897:
5822:
5798:
5777:
5767:
5756:
Saran, Paramatma (2001) . "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.).
5742:
5721:
5699:
5675:
5651:
5627:
5606:
5585:
5560:
5536:
5503:
5465:
5444:
5420:
5396:
5372:
5331:
5307:
4986:
4980:
4948:
4877:
4845:
4806:
4695:
4656:
4023:
3992:
3389:
3072:
3038:
2869:, the corpse of Muhammad Ghori was actually placed in the mausoleum of his daughter in Ghazni.
2862:
2845:
2797:
2764:
2727:
2654:
2650:
2626:
2610:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2455:
all contemporary or near contemporary accounts confirmed that Muhammad was assassinated by a "
2382:
2293:
2224:
2168:
2085:
2057:
1989:
1942:
1919:
1776:
1768:
1721:
1646:
1630:
1329:
887:
703:
641:" states that the Ghurid siblings were reinstated in Sanjah, although the earlier account of "
618:
586:
491:
397:
253:
137:
125:
119:
4800:
4017:
3986:
3012:, the Ghurid circulation continued on the pre-conquest paradigm which had the iconography of
1343:. Therefore, to outflank the Ghaznavids in Punjab and to open up an alternative route to the
6105:
6075:
6028:
5967:
5927:
5575:
5434:
5325:
3013:
2876:
2622:
2594:
2566:
1815:
1788:
1772:
1752:
1523:
1514:
including most of the Punjab. He, appointed Mulla Sirajuddin who was earlier a high-ranking
1491:
and forced him to surrender after a short siege. He imprisoned Khusrau Malik in the fort of
1289:
1261:, gave Muhammad access to a vast amount of treasure in Ghazni which according to chronicler
946:
922:
642:
591:
478:
After the death of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in 1203, Muhammad of Ghor ascended the throne of
275:
143:
131:
5692:(1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
2819:. According to Juzjani, Muhammad imposed heavy taxes, plundered and seized the property in
1779:
before his assassination, swiftly raided the local kingdoms and expanded his empire in the
5907:
5698:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
5502:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
4869:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2614:
2535:
1531:
1495:, breaching his own agreement of safe conduct for his presence. Khusrau Malik was sent to
1312:. His campaign in Uch is not mentioned in detail in the near contemporary accounts except
1262:
986:
565:
561:
1450:
which was possibly ruled by the Ghaznavids. Thereafter, he advanced further and besieged
5147:
2090:
Tekish died in 1200, which led to a brief period of struggle for the succession between
6091:
6033:
5972:
5872:
5515:
5493:
5321:
4646:
3025:
2554:
2421:
2350:
2343:. His armies also burnt down the forests where many of them took refuge while fleeing.
2255:
2069:
1927:
1915:
1888:, which was looted and a large number of its temples destroyed. The Gahadavala capital
1697:
1689:
1565:
1527:
1472:
1429:
1396:
1376:
1344:
1258:
1194:
1179:
1030:
1007:
875:
860:
606:
541:
432:
425:
337:, which lasted after him for nearly half a millennium under evolving Muslim dynasties.
310:
243:
161:
89:
5368:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
3016:
and a "Chahaman horsemen" juxtaposed with Muhammad's name written as "Shri Hammirah".
1241:
with the senior partner Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad engaged in a protracted duel with the
6129:
5711:
5303:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
4934:
4649:(1998). "The Seljuk and the Khwarazm Shah". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.).
2853:
2769:
2429:
2386:
2385:
province of modern-day Pakistan) where he was assassinated on March 15, 1206, by the
2029:
1862:
1828:
1589:
1557:
1510:
After uprooting the Ghaznavids, Muhammad now established his sway over the strategic
1455:
1228:
977:
968:
718:
487:
420:. After expelling the Ghaznavids from their last bastion, Muhammad, thus secured the
341:
314:
5757:
2331:
rivers and fought valiantly until the afternoon but Muhammad carried the day after
1680:
Muhammad captured and placed strong garrisons at the strategic military stations of
5689:
5665:
5496:(1992) . "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
4976:
2942:
2906:
2475:
2448:
2349:
was rewarded for his gallantry against the Khokhars with a presentation of special
2335:
arrived with a reserve contingent, whom Muhammad earlier stationed on the banks of
2231:
1701:
1662:
1266:
1094:
499:
464:
77:
5392:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
2773:
5816:
5792:
5771:
5736:
5715:
5693:
5669:
5645:
5621:
5600:
5579:
5530:
5519:
5497:
5459:
5438:
5414:
5390:
5366:
5301:
4942:
4839:
4689:
4650:
3795:
2815:
The Ghurids similar to the Ghaznavids were unpopular among their subjects of the
2119:
which forced Alauddin to shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad recaptured
5346:
4972:
2958:
2825:
2755:
2642:
while still regarding Muhammad as their supreme master until his assassination.
2639:
2531:
2417:
2369:
Artistic description of Muhammad's assassination while offering evening prayers.
2267:
2251:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2112:
2065:
1993:
1877:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1511:
1492:
1408:
1400:
1380:
1368:
1250:
845:
696:
692:
679:
631:
553:
511:
421:
413:
401:
389:
377:
357:
345:
263:
81:
1526:
in 1260 which is regarded as a monumental work from the medieval period on the
5812:
5461:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
2978:
2970:
2884:
2801:
2717:
2662:
2471:
2452:
2354:
2247:
2183:. He was allowed to return to his capital, after paying a heavy ransom to the
1277:
909:
754:
623:
522:
507:
405:
365:
334:
17:
5892:
5759:
History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire
5703:
5641:
5507:
3043:
3024:, despite a period of transition (regime change) in the political milieu of
2966:
2880:
2820:
2713:
2649:. The notable among these alliances, were the marriages of the daughters of
2578:
2346:
2332:
2200:
2188:
2120:
2104:
1976:
Muhammad continued to aid his brother for the expansion in west against the
1961:
1911:
1792:
1677:
during which several Hindu temples were desecrated by the Ghurids in Ajmer.
1420:
1388:
1356:
1352:
957:
595:
4881:
2621:
household in his later days. According to another contemporary account of
1980:
in the interlude of his eastwards expansion. Meanwhile, in the affairs of
1704:
on condition of heavy tribute. However, later after a revolt by his uncle
1339:
and instead focused on lands bordering the middle and lower course of the
1265:
based on the authority of Muhammad's comptroller included 60,000 kg (1500
329:
whereas Muhammad extended Ghurid rule eastwards, laying the foundation of
6095:
3005:
2989:
2816:
2646:
2635:
2488:
2443:". However, this account is not corroborated by the earlier authorities.
2436:
2340:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2235:
2164:
2116:
2096:
2072:
stated that Ghurids annexed some part of Khurasan after their victory in
2049:
1998:
1997:
terms till then. Sultan Shah, carved out his independent principality in
1981:
1953:
1914:. The territory of Bayana at the time was under the control of a sect of
1885:
1705:
1634:
1621:
After the defeat in Tarain, Muhammad meted out severe punishments to the
1574:
1553:
1500:
1483:
and the countryside. After Khusrau Malik made an unsuccessful attempt to
1447:
1325:
1246:
1126:
742:
688:
638:
599:
585: region of present-day west-central Afghanistan to the Ghurid ruler
518:
503:
479:
451:
326:
5982:
5717:
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
2861:
A shrine for Muhammad Ghori was built in Dhamiak by Pakistani scientist
760:
Muhammad's courtier rhetorically aggrandize him as the champion of
6109:
6044:
3021:
2997:
2950:
2866:
2849:
2731:
2704:
2696:
2598:
2460:
2374:
2309:
2285:
2243:
2148:
2010:
1946:
1923:
1893:
1578:
1504:
1476:
1464:
1348:
1281:
1238:
714:
683:
650:
537:
385:
356:
as an independent sovereign. Expanding the Ghurid dominion east of the
322:
238:
217:
5327:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods
2905:
Traditional gold coins of Muhammad from Ghazni for the circulation in
1869:
with an army of 50,000 horsemen where he confronted the forces of the
514:
in order to avenge his defeat at Andkhud, although a rebellion by the
380:
within a year. Afterwards, Muhammad took his army by the way of lower
5992:
5695:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
5499:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
2985:
2974:
2954:
2785:
2743:
2709:
2618:
2606:
2605:
who was sold into slavery and was later bestowed with the domains of
2582:
2570:
2507:
2464:
2456:
2440:
2425:
2378:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2301:
2297:
2108:
2061:
1957:
1935:
1931:
1889:
1870:
1866:
1833:
1819:
1811:
1796:
1784:
1713:
1693:
1658:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1570:
1488:
1480:
1451:
1384:
1364:
1336:
1309:
1305:
1285:
1166:
726:
721:. The Ghurid siblings advanced into the present-day Iran and brought
674:
545:
483:
468:
436:
417:
349:
229:
73:
5112:
5086:
2941:
Bull-and-horseman coins of Muhammad derived from the coinage of the
2808:
turned to be the only major Islamic state that survived amongst the
2565:
in exile. Alauddin also defeated and executed the last Ghurid ruler
2234:
again to avenge the rout at Andhkhud and to reclaim his holdings in
4838:
David Thomas (2016). "Ghurid Sultanate". In John Mackenzie (ed.).
3009:
2993:
2839:
2777:
2721:
2686:
2574:
2562:
2416:. However, the Khwarezmians already curbed the Ghurid ambition in
2397:
On the third of the month Sha`ban in the year six hundred and two,
2395:
From the beginning of the world the like of whom no monarch arose,
2364:
2339:. Muhammad followed his victory by a large scale slaughter of the
2296:
and rebelled by disrupting the Ghurid communication chain between
2289:
2239:
2204:
2152:
2132:
2124:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2014:
1858:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1549:
1468:
1460:
1412:
1372:
1360:
1340:
1293:
1254:
761:
738:
734:
710:
700:
670:
666:
662:
533:
532:
On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated on the bank of
515:
472:
381:
361:
5841:
2292:
until Siwalik hills, arose in the wake of Muhammad's rout in the
1818:(1204-1206). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated
1759:, appointed Aibak as his administraitor of the Ghurid domains in
1743:, although later he got preoccupied with the Ghurid expansion in
1710:
Ranthambore, where he established a new dynasty of the Chahamanas
5881:
5668:(1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.).
2703:, the Ghurids emerged as one of the major powers in the eastern
2558:
2263:
2195:, the negotiations between Muhammad and Taniku were arranged by
2140:
2100:
2073:
2037:
2002:
1964:. Thus, Aibak avenged the rout of Muhammad at the same place in
1892:
was annexed in 1198. During this campaign, the Buddhist city of
1861:, Muhammad himself returned to India to further expand down the
1515:
1153:
818:
582:
200:
5845:
2399:
Happened on the road to Ghazni at the halting-place of Damyak.
2323:
led by Bakan and Sarkha offered a battle somewhere between the
2207:. Thus, Muhammad of necessity agreed for a cold peace with the
1487:
Ghurid garrison in Sialkot, Muhammad made the final assault on
502:, which resulted in the Ghurid power ebbing out in most of the
2495:
from the Bamiyan branch, although his Turkic slaves supported
2250:
and captured the city following a short siege, destroying the
1317:
1301:
490:. Within a year or so, Muhammad suffered a devastating defeat
4494:. Oxford ; New York : Clarendon Press. p. 113.
4019:
Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
3988:
Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
2597:(c.1260), Muhammad enthusiastically used to purchase several
2393:
The martyrdom of the sovereign of sea and land, Muizz-ud-din,
1332:
in 1204. Afterwards, it was placed under Nasiruddin Qabacha.
626:. Although, they were released from the captivity by his son
340:
During his early career as governor of the southern tract of
5738:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
699:
and beyond. In 1174, Muhammad led an expedition against the
4167:
4165:
4140:
4138:
3777:
3775:
2032:
after months of campaigning and executed their governor of
1857:
After Aibak consolidated the Ghurid rule in and around the
1335:
During the course of his early invasions, Muhammad avoided
3388:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147.
3237:
3235:
3233:
2017:
joined them with their respective contingents against the
1736:) However, he was soon deposed on the account of treason.
1316:, although the detail in the text about his expedition in
424:, the traditional route of entry for invading armies into
5330:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202.
2262:
to construct a boat bridge and a castle across the river
1304:
which was situated south of the confluence of the rivers
556:
by 1215. However, his conquests east of the Indus in the
431:
Extending the Ghurid dominion further eastwards into the
4578:
4576:
4527:
4525:
4337:
4335:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4182:
4180:
3881:
3879:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3266:
3264:
3262:
2844:
Modern shrine to Muhammad, built by Pakistani scientist
1960:
after a sudden attack and afterwards sacked his capital
602:, he took the title of "Muizzuddin" or "Mu'izz al-Din".
4617:
4615:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4125:
4123:
2638:
and amidst this also raised their own authority in the
4982:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
4876:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 8.
4245:
4243:
3750:
3748:
3305:
3303:
3196:
3194:
3142:
3140:
2800:
which was further consolidated by his slave commander
2762:
had far flug consequences. The 13th century chronicle
2750:. While, Muhammad was not much successful against his
5020:
5018:
4802:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
3181:
3179:
1403:
who was also aided by other Rajput chiefs mainly the
1227:
Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the
463:
and extended the Ghurid influence as far east as the
289:
2734:
within a decade of his assassination along with the
2238:. Accordingly, by July 1205, Muhammad's governor of
2040:. The Ghurids followed their victory by recapturing
360:
from his base in Ghazni, Muhammad crossed the river
6084:
6042:
5990:
5879:
2742:made his short-lived successes in the Khurasan and
2353:from Muhammad. According to Juzjani, Muhammad also
2308:
were hostile to Muslims and use to "torment every "
1696:. Muhammad later installed Prithviraja's minor son
1387:, the Ghurid army got exhausted, when they reached
259:
249:
237:
224:
207:
194:
190:
182:
170:
105:
95:
88:
34:
2569:from the Bamiyan line in the same year. Thus, the
2557:in 1215 who either died as his captive (burned in
1564:'s kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia-ud-Din of
552:to annex remaining Ghurid territories west of the
2810:carnage in the Central Asia caused by the Mongols
2748:more substantial Islamic monarchs of Central Asia
2772:, mentioned that the Sultan (Muhammad of Ghor) "
2720:and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to
2187:general Taniku (Tayangu) which included several
1739:While, Muhammad continued to carry raids in the
1300:After the conquest of Multan, Muhammad captured
301: – 15 March 1206), also known as
2670:
2506:in 1206, although most of his conquests in the
2391:
2048:, the Ghurids could not annex any territory in
706:in present-day Turkmenistan and subdued them.
3800:. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–202, 461.
2288:tribe whose influence extended from the lower
186:11 February 1203–15 March 1206 (as sole ruler)
5857:
27:Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate (c. 1173–1206)
8:
2036:Bahauddin Turghil while Sultan Shah fled to
1347:, Muhammad turned south towards present-day
392:, only to end up getting wounded and routed
384:, endeavoring to penetrate into present-day
1367:) and captured it after a short siege from
687:Ghazni in 1173 and his brother returned to
396:by a coalition of Rajput chiefs led by the
5864:
5850:
5842:
4805:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
4434:
4210:
4171:
4144:
3980:
3978:
3333:
3294:
3282:
2776:was read in all the mosques from Herat to
2432:he sacked during the Khurasan expedition.
653:as vassal of their uncle Alauddin Husayn.
637:After their release from the captivity, "
456:return engagement on the same battleground
66:
31:
5113:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi"
5087:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi"
2746:as less consequential in contrast to the
2632:Ghurid conquests in the Ganga-Jamuna doab
2381:(which is near the city of Jhelum in the
2266:to facilitate the march of his armies in
2135:where he appointed his nephew Alp Ghazi,
1393:in the mountainous pass of Gadararaghatta
731:Taj al-Din III Harb ibn Muhammad ibn Nasr
6146:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
5060:
4841:The Encyclopedia of Empire, 4 Volume Set
4016:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020).
3985:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020).
3595:
3321:
3241:
1806:
1708:, Govindraja was forced to move towards
1605:
1322:legend associated with the Bhati Rajputs
810:
801:
717:after defeating a former general of the
498:aided by timely reinforcements from the
174:1173–11 February 1203 (with his brother
5623:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
5138:Sudha Ramachandran (3 September 2005).
5048:
5036:
5009:
4825:
4543:
4475:
4386:
3957:
3945:
3885:
3858:
3766:
3559:
3504:
3420:
3088:
3055:
2895:
2510:were in the grasp of his lieutenants –
1865:. Accordingly, in 1194, he crossed the
1767:. His lieutenants - Qutb ud-Din Aibak,
5485:The Foundation of Muslim rule in India
5072:
4738:
4675:
4606:
4582:
4567:
4446:
4410:
4341:
4302:
4186:
4066:
3897:
3846:
3834:
3727:
3547:
3528:
3468:
3270:
3224:
3170:
3158:
3119:
2872:Pakistani military named three of its
2758:, notwithstanding, his success in the
2634:when he was engaged in the affairs of
2024:The Ghurid forces decisively defeated
1274:expeditions in the Indian subcontinent
581:Muhammad of Ghor was born in the
5794:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire
5351:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
5276:from the original on 27 February 2021
5252:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5140:"Asia's missiles strike at the heart"
4921:
4897:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4714:
4694:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22.
4594:
4555:
4531:
4516:
4504:
4491:The Oxford student's history of India
4422:
4398:
4374:
4362:
4326:
4314:
4285:
4273:
4249:
4234:
4222:
4198:
4156:
4129:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4054:
3969:
3921:
3909:
3870:
3822:
3810:
3679:
3583:
3492:
3456:
3408:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3253:
3212:
3200:
3146:
3131:
2060:and who by 1193 captured much of the
1661:, as documented in Taj-ul Ma'asir by
1641:, a prominent Iranian general of the
348:after a series of forays and annexed
7:
4909:
4726:
4633:
4621:
4078:
3933:
3781:
3754:
3739:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3571:
3480:
3444:
3432:
3309:
3185:
3095:
3004: on other side written in
2740:largest contiguous empire in history
2001:and began plundering the regions of
782:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor
364:in 1175, approaching it through the
5024:
4261:
4042:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3516:
3107:
2546:" until his assassination in 1212.
2167:and was decisively defeated in the
1795:) in north and till the borders of
510:to launch a full-scale invasion of
279:
5776:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
5647:The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India
5440:Essays on Islam and Indian History
5416:History of Medieval India:800-1700
4465:. London, Hutchinson. p. 166.
4022:. Getty Publications. p. 74.
3991:. Getty Publications. p. 11.
2699:of Muhammad and his elder brother
2677:Muhammad of Ghor on his succession
2171:in 1204 by the combined forces of
1712:. Hariraja, briefly dislodged the
25:
4947:. Psychology Press. p. 167.
3075:who was in charge of Kirman then.
2792:laid to the establishment of the
2625:who wrote under the patronage of
2300:and Ghazni along with plundering
2056:which remained under the sway of
1411:(who was earlier deposed by from
1379:. After marching through the dry
5981:
4985:. Psychology Press. p. 21.
3385:A Historical atlas of South Asia
3382:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2934:
2914:
2898:
2780:". His decisive victory in the
2502:Thus, Muhammad was succeeded by
1847:srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah
1560:on the northwestern frontier of
1237:The Ghurid brothers ruling in a
809:
800:
793:
6061:Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud
5581:Slavery and South Asian History
5111:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017).
5085:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017).
2812:during the thirteenth century.
2712:in eastern present-day Iran to
1548:In 1190, after consildating in
1522:(born 1193) later composed the
1359:, he laid siege to the fort of
691:for the westwards expansion in
521:forced him to move towards the
6181:13th-century murdered monarchs
5556:The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty
5464:. Princeton University Press.
5371:. Cambridge University Press.
5300:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011).
4488:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1921).
2874:medium-range ballistic missile
2147:, laid siege to their capital
560:, evolved into the formidable
482:as well, becoming the supreme
450:in 1191. Muhammad returned to
291:Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām
272:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam
1:
5458:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
2921:Muhammad's mint based on the
2804:. In the ensuring times, the
2491:supported the succession of
2191:and gold coins. According to
2127:and sacked the country-side.
1785:north-western parts of Bengal
1284:) who regained a foothold in
729:under their sway whose ruler
649:who held the principality of
494:against their Turkish rivals
295:
5602:The Present in Delhi's Pasts
5584:. Indiana University Press.
5524:. People's Publishing House.
5345:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001).
3046:portrayed Muhammad of Ghor.
2304:. According to Juzjani, the
1988:was defeated by his brother
1720:, but was later defeated by
1446:In 1179, Muhammad conquered
768:) and the army of infidels (
471:and regions to the north in
461:raided local Indian kingdoms
6176:Assassinated Iranian people
6156:13th-century Iranian people
6151:12th-century Iranian people
5797:. Sydney University Press.
5620:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008).
5443:. Oxford University Press.
5306:. Pearson Education India.
1282:sevener branch of Isma'ilis
529:during his last campaign.
394:near Mount Abu at Kasahrada
290:
90:Sultan of the Ghurid Empire
72:Gold coin of Muhammad from
6217:
5395:. Har-Anand Publications.
2887:, in the memory of Mu'izz.
2728:The Catastrophe of Andkhud
2540:Alauddin Shah of Khawarazm
2277:
2155:which was besieged by the
2083:
1903:
1599:
1541:
1439:
1288:, soon after the death of
779:
737:and territories adjoining
564:under his slave commander
527:crushed the Khokhar revolt
352:where he was installed by
344:, Muhammad subjugated the
53:Sikander al-Thani (Second
6171:Murdered Persian monarchs
5996:(1151-1152 and 1173–1215)
5979:
5762:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
4691:The Coming of the Mongols
3797:History of the Chāhamānas
2528:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji
2274:Campaign against Khokhars
2092:Alauddin Shah of Khwarezm
1611:The last stand of Rajputs
1320:is possibly blurred by a
1249:situated in west-central
540:on 15 March 1206, by the
232:(present-day Afghanistan)
203:(present-day Afghanistan)
65:
39:
6186:History of Ghor Province
2961:and name of his sibling
2730:and the collapse of the
2453:Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabi
1972:Struggle in Central Asia
808:
799:
80:and what is present-day
5948:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
5773:Early Chauhān Dynasties
5365:Biran, Michael (2005).
4799:Jackson, Peter (2003).
4655:. UNESCO. p. 171.
2963:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
2782:Second Battle of Tarain
2701:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
2593:According to Juzjani's
2445:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
2414:Muhammad II of Khwarezm
2280:Battle of Jhelum (1206)
1906:Siege of Gwalior (1196)
1765:Second Battle of Tarain
1615:Second Battle of Tarain
1602:Second Battle of Tarain
1596:Second Battle of Tarain
1520:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
1497:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
1391:where they were routed
1371:along with sacking the
613:Accession to the throne
416:along with most of the
412:, conquering the upper
354:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
319:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
309:, was a ruler from the
176:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
162:Bhungar II bin Chanesar
100:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
5791:Thomas, David (2018).
5605:. Three Essays Press.
5535:. Rupa & Company.
5532:A History of Rajasthan
2857:
2692:
2680:
2410:
2370:
2107:and reached as far as
1854:
1757:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani
1618:
1544:First Battle of Tarain
1538:First Battle of Tarain
1442:Siege of Lahore (1186)
220:(present-day Pakistan)
6019:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
5958:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
5735:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
5599:Kumar, Sunil (2002).
4874:The History of Bengal
3794:Singh, R. B. (1964).
2957:calligraphy with the
2843:
2690:
2589:Relations with slaves
2504:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
2497:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
2474:in the south and the
2368:
1992:in alliance with the
1841:"August, year 1262".
1810:
1609:
1355:. Before entering in
525:, where he brutually
410:uprooted them by 1186
280:معز الدین محمد بن سام
114:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
76:, for circulation in
5943:Sayf al-Din Muhammad
5903:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad
5741:. Orient Blackswan.
5650:. Aditya Prakashan.
5529:Hooja, Rima (2006).
5480:Habibullah, A. B. M.
3360:, pp. 106, 289.
2953:world, carried only
2736:rise of Genghis Khan
2659:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
2524:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
1276:started against the
1223:class=notpageimage|
628:Sayf al-Din Muhammad
150:Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha
6191:History of Khorasan
6024:Baha al-Din Sam III
6014:Ala al-Din Muhammad
5963:Baha al-Din Sam III
5642:Lal, Kishori Sharan
5626:. Scarecrow Press.
3784:, p. 109, 141.
3071:This Yildiz is not
2760:Indian Subcontinent
2752:Turkish adversaries
2738:who carved out the
2478:in the north-east.
2246:in the present-day
2177:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1882:Battle of Chandawar
1787:in east, Ajmer and
1781:Indian Subcontinent
1479:along with sacking
558:Indian Subcontinent
112:Ghor and Firuzkuh:
6071:Baha al-Din Sam II
6066:Abbas ibn Muhammad
6056:Fakhr al-Din Masud
5913:Muhammad ibn Abbas
5768:Sharma, Dasharatha
5419:. Orient Longman.
5207:, p. 115-116.
5150:on 30 October 2006
4944:A History of India
4939:Dietmar Rothermund
4912:, p. 116-117.
4741:, p. 198-199.
4597:, p. 145-146.
4546:, p. 209-210.
4449:, p. 212-213.
4329:, p. 133,153.
4288:, p. 132-133.
4117:, p. 117-118.
3813:, p. 199-202.
3742:, p. 145-146.
3718:, p. 110-111.
3622:, p. 141-142.
3531:, p. 157-158.
3372:, p. 106-107.
3324:, p. 168-169.
3256:, p. 135-136.
3122:, p. 155-156.
2973:to the mainstream
2858:
2806:Sultanate of Delhi
2693:
2493:Baha al-Din Sam II
2371:
2260:Baha al-Din Sam II
2197:Uthman ibn Ibrahim
2181:Uthman ibn Ibrahim
2145:Khwarezmian Empire
2137:Khwarezmian forces
2066:Trans-Caspian belt
2007:Indian expeditions
1900:Conquest of Bayana
1855:
1749:Khwarezmian Empire
1741:north Indian plain
1654:Prithviraj Chauhan
1619:
1562:Prithviraj Chauhan
1471:, subjugating the
1454:in 1181, although
1436:Conquest of Punjab
1415:by Muhammad), the
658:Fakhr al-Din Masud
445:Prithviraj Chauhan
437:Rajput Confederacy
156:Husain ibn Kharmil
118:Lahore and Delhi:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6101:
6049:
6004:Ala al-Din Husayn
5997:
5938:Ala al-Din Husayn
5933:Baha al-Din Sam I
5923:Izz al-Din Husayn
5918:Qutb al-din Hasan
5898:Muhammad ibn Suri
5886:
5885:(before 879–1215)
5804:978-1-74332-542-1
5748:978-81-7824-109-8
5727:978-1-000-00729-9
5681:978-92-3-103467-1
5657:978-81-85689-03-6
5633:978-0-8108-5503-8
5612:978-81-88394-00-5
5591:978-0-253-11671-0
5566:978-90-04-49199-1
5542:978-81-291-1501-0
5471:978-0-691-12594-7
5450:978-0-19-565114-0
5426:978-81-250-3226-7
5402:978-81-241-1064-5
5378:978-0-521-84226-6
5313:978-81-317-3202-1
4992:978-0-415-30786-4
4954:978-0-415-32919-4
4851:978-1-118-44064-3
4812:978-0-521-54329-3
4662:978-92-3-103467-1
4029:978-1-60606-616-4
3998:978-1-60606-616-4
3936:, p. 17,105.
3073:Taj al-Din Yildiz
3039:Samrat Prithviraj
3036:In the 2022 film
2996: deity
2863:Abdul Qadeer Khan
2848:in 1994-1995, in
2846:Abdul Qadeer Khan
2798:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2765:Jawami ul-Hikayat
2732:Šansabānī dynasty
2655:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2651:Taj al-Din Yildiz
2627:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2520:Bahauddin Tughril
2516:Taj al-Din Yildiz
2512:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2472:Zamindawar Valley
2463:to Ghazni by his
2437:Tarikh-i-Firishta
2294:Battle of Andkhud
2225:Battle of Andkhud
2179:under Taniku and
2169:Battle of Andkhud
2086:Battle of Andkhud
2046:A.B.M. Habibullah
1990:Ala al-Din Tekish
1943:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
1920:Bahauddin Tughril
1896:was also sacked.
1845:: Nagari legend:
1803:Further campaigns
1769:Bahauddin Tughril
1722:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
1405:Naddula Chahamana
1330:Battle of Andkhud
1245:from his capital
1085:
1070:
776:Invasion of India
639:Tarik-i-Firishtah
619:Ala al-Din Husayn
587:Baha al-Din Sam I
288:
269:
268:
254:Baha al-Din Sam I
215:(aged 61–62)
138:Bahauddin Tughril
126:Taj ad-Din Yildiz
120:Qutbu l-Din Aibak
50:al-Sultan al-Azam
44:Champion of Islam
16:(Redirected from
6208:
6113:
6106:Taj al-Din Zangi
6099:
6076:Jalal al-Din Ali
6047:
6029:Ala al-Din Atsiz
6009:Muhammad of Ghor
5995:
5985:
5968:Ala al-Din Atsiz
5953:Muhammad of Ghor
5928:Sayf al-Din Suri
5884:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5843:
5832:
5808:
5787:
5763:
5752:
5731:
5707:
5685:
5661:
5637:
5616:
5595:
5570:
5546:
5525:
5511:
5489:
5475:
5454:
5430:
5406:
5382:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5341:
5317:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5231:, p. 29-30.
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5195:, p. 49-50.
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5146:. Archived from
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5091:Dawn (newspaper)
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5013:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:Sarkar, Jadunath
4866:
4860:
4859:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4777:, p. 90-91.
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4753:, p. 83-84.
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4345:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4264:, p. 53-54.
4259:
4253:
4247:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4225:, p. 43-44.
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4105:, p. 41-42.
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3982:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:, p. 26-27.
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3298:
3297:, p. 21-22.
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3228:
3227:, p. 47-48.
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3098:, p. 38-39.
3093:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3060:
2938:
2918:
2902:
2678:
2623:Fakhr-i Mudabbir
2595:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
2567:Jalal al-Din Ali
2561:) or retired to
2549:Afterwards, the
2408:
2405:Tabakāt-i-Nāsirī
2312:they captured".
2028:on the banks of
2013:and Tajuddin of
1827:: Horseman with
1816:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1773:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1753:Fakhr-i Mudabbir
1613:, depicting the
1573:, 14 miles from
1524:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
1314:Kāmil fit-Tārīkh
1292:who installed a
1290:Mahmud of Ghazni
1217:
1215:
1201:
1186:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1012:
1002:
1000:
991:
989:
982:
980:
973:
971:
964:
962:
953:
951:
942:
940:
929:
927:
918:
916:
905:
903:
894:
892:
880:
867:
851:
840:
838:
827:
825:
813:
812:
804:
803:
797:
770:Lashkar-i Kuffar
647:Fakhruddin Masud
643:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
592:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
550:Shah Muhammad II
303:Muhammad of Ghor
300:
297:
293:
283:
281:
214:
144:Bakhtiyar Khalji
132:Jalal al-Din Ali
70:
35:Muhammad of Ghor
32:
21:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6166:Muslim monarchs
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6080:
6038:
5986:
5977:
5908:Abbas ibn Shith
5875:
5870:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5811:
5805:
5790:
5784:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5734:
5728:
5710:
5688:
5682:
5664:
5658:
5640:
5634:
5619:
5613:
5598:
5592:
5573:
5567:
5549:
5543:
5528:
5516:Habib, Mohammad
5514:
5494:Habib, Mohammad
5492:
5478:
5472:
5457:
5451:
5433:
5427:
5411:Chandra, Satish
5409:
5403:
5387:Chandra, Satish
5385:
5379:
5364:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5338:
5322:Bosworth, C. E.
5320:
5314:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4998:Muslim sultante
4993:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4955:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4872:, ed. (1973) .
4868:
4867:
4863:
4852:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4435:Habibullah 1957
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4348:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4211:Habibullah 1957
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4178:
4172:Habibullah 1957
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4145:Habibullah 1957
4143:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3999:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3334:Habibullah 1957
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3295:Habibullah 1957
3293:
3289:
3283:Habibullah 1957
3281:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3034:
3032:Popular culture
3008:. Similarly in
2945:
2939:
2930:
2919:
2910:
2909:and Afghanistan
2903:
2894:
2838:
2794:Delhi Sultanate
2790:Prithviraja III
2716:in present-day
2685:
2679:
2676:
2591:
2571:Šansabānī house
2536:Delhi Sultanate
2484:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2363:
2282:
2276:
2217:
2088:
2082:
2064:along with the
1974:
1908:
1902:
1831:legend around:
1823:
1805:
1604:
1598:
1577:in present-day
1556:in present-day
1546:
1540:
1532:Delhi Sultanate
1444:
1438:
1425:Arbuda Paramara
1417:Jalor Chahamana
1324:. Nonetheless,
1257:temples in the
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
987:
985:
983:
978:
976:
974:
969:
967:
965:
960:
958:
956:
954:
947:
945:
943:
937:
934:
932:
930:
923:
921:
919:
913:
910:
908:
906:
899:
897:
895:
888:
886:
884:
883:
882:
876:
871:
870:
869:
864:
861:
856:
855:
854:
852:
847:
841:
835:
832:
830:
828:
822:
819:
817:
815:
814:
806:
805:
789:
787:Early invasions
784:
778:
766:Lashkar-i Islam
751:
632:Oghuzs of Balkh
615:
579:
574:
566:Qutbuddin Aibak
562:Delhi Sultanate
298:
233:
216:
212:
199:
166:
84:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6161:Ghurid dynasty
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6103:
6092:Ala al-Din Ali
6088:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6034:Ala al-Din Ali
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5973:Ala al-Din Ali
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5873:Ghurid dynasty
5871:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5839:
5838:External links
5836:
5834:
5833:
5827:
5809:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5764:
5753:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5712:Ray, Aniruddha
5708:
5686:
5680:
5662:
5656:
5638:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5596:
5590:
5571:
5565:
5551:Jackson, Peter
5547:
5541:
5526:
5512:
5490:
5476:
5470:
5455:
5449:
5435:Eaton, Richard
5431:
5425:
5407:
5401:
5383:
5377:
5362:
5342:
5336:
5318:
5312:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5257:
5245:
5243:, p. 116.
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5183:, p. 104.
5173:
5171:, p. 103.
5161:
5130:
5103:
5077:
5065:
5063:, p. 164.
5053:
5041:
5029:
5014:
5002:
4991:
4964:
4953:
4926:
4924:, p. 132.
4914:
4902:
4900:, p. 144.
4890:
4861:
4850:
4830:
4828:, p. 207.
4818:
4811:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4701:978-1788312851
4700:
4680:
4668:
4661:
4647:C. E. Bosworth
4638:
4626:
4624:, p. 188.
4611:
4609:, p. 201.
4599:
4587:
4572:
4570:, p. 200.
4560:
4558:, p. 145.
4548:
4536:
4534:, p. 125.
4521:
4519:, p. 153.
4509:
4507:, p. 142.
4497:
4480:
4468:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4425:, p. 124.
4415:
4413:, p. 179.
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4365:, p. 134.
4346:
4344:, p. 178.
4331:
4319:
4307:
4305:, p. 184.
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4189:, p. 185.
4176:
4161:
4159:, p. 119.
4149:
4134:
4132:, p. 118.
4119:
4107:
4095:
4093:, p. 121.
4083:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4028:
4008:
3997:
3974:
3972:, p. 119.
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3924:, p. 117.
3914:
3902:
3890:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3849:, p. 100.
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3786:
3771:
3759:
3757:, p. 145.
3744:
3732:
3730:, p. 162.
3720:
3708:
3706:, p. 110.
3696:
3684:
3682:, p. 113.
3672:
3660:
3648:
3646:, p. 111.
3636:
3634:, p. 102.
3624:
3612:
3610:, p. 144.
3600:
3598:, p. 165.
3588:
3586:, p. 112.
3576:
3564:
3552:
3550:, p. 158.
3533:
3521:
3519:, p. 109.
3509:
3497:
3495:, p. 262.
3485:
3483:, p. 142.
3473:
3471:, p. 156.
3461:
3459:, p. 261.
3449:
3447:, p. 245.
3437:
3435:, p. 116.
3425:
3423:, p. 210.
3413:
3401:
3394:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3312:, p. 143.
3299:
3287:
3275:
3273:, p. 182.
3258:
3246:
3244:, p. 163.
3229:
3217:
3215:, p. 135.
3205:
3203:, p. 109.
3190:
3188:, p. 138.
3175:
3173:, p. 181.
3163:
3151:
3149:, p. 108.
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3033:
3030:
3026:northern India
2947:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2837:
2834:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2590:
2587:
2555:Zia al-Din Ali
2483:
2480:
2457:Heretic devote
2422:Mohammad Habib
2401:
2362:
2359:
2351:robe of honour
2278:Main article:
2275:
2272:
2256:Bamiyan Valley
2221:Husain Kharmil
2216:
2213:
2084:Main article:
2081:
2078:
2070:C. E. Bosworth
2068:. Conversely,
1973:
1970:
1916:Jadaun Rajputs
1904:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1804:
1801:
1716:garrison from
1698:Govindaraja IV
1639:Husain Kharmil
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1542:Main article:
1539:
1536:
1528:Ghurid dynasty
1440:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1430:northern India
1345:Northern India
1259:Gangetic Plain
1226:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1061:
1050:
1037:
1028:
1017:
1006:
1005:
1004:
993:
984:
975:
966:
955:
944:
931:
920:
907:
896:
885:
874:
873:
872:
859:
858:
857:
846:
844:
843:
842:
829:
816:
807:
798:
792:
791:
790:
788:
785:
780:Main article:
777:
774:
750:
747:
723:Nasrid dynasty
614:
611:
596:dark skin tone
578:
575:
573:
570:
433:Gangetic Plain
426:northern India
311:Ghurid dynasty
307:Muhammad Ghori
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
244:Ghurid dynasty
241:
235:
234:
228:
226:
222:
221:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
165:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
128:
122:
116:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
86:
85:
71:
63:
62:
59:
58:
51:
48:
47:Sultan-i-Ghazi
45:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Mohammed Ghori
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6213:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6196:Slave traders
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:Minor domains
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5783:9780842606189
5779:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:. Routledge.
5719:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5690:Nizami, K. A.
5687:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5666:Nizami, K. A.
5663:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:Richard Eaton
5572:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5337:0-521-06936-X
5333:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5219:, p. 30.
5218:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5162:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5104:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:Bosworth 1968
5057:
5054:
5051:, p. 22.
5050:
5045:
5042:
5039:, p. 84.
5038:
5033:
5030:
5027:, p. 48.
5026:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4935:Hermann Kulke
4930:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4789:, p. 92.
4788:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4765:, p. 86.
4764:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4729:, p. 77.
4728:
4723:
4720:
4717:, p. 47.
4716:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4681:
4678:, p. 65.
4677:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4636:, p. 17.
4635:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4585:, p. 64.
4584:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4481:
4478:, p. 73.
4477:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4437:, p. 63.
4436:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4401:, p. 70.
4400:
4395:
4392:
4389:, p. 29.
4388:
4383:
4380:
4377:, p. 69.
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4317:, p. 46.
4316:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4276:, p. 68.
4275:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4252:, p. 45.
4251:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4213:, p. 25.
4212:
4207:
4204:
4201:, p. 43.
4200:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:, p. 24.
4173:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4147:, p. 23.
4146:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4081:, p. 33.
4080:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3960:, p. 71.
3959:
3954:
3951:
3948:, p. 36.
3947:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3912:, p. 20.
3911:
3906:
3903:
3900:, p. 63.
3899:
3894:
3891:
3888:, p. 27.
3887:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3837:, p. 87.
3836:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:, p. 25.
3768:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3670:, p. 42.
3669:
3664:
3661:
3658:, p. 41.
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:Bosworth 1968
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3574:, p. 90.
3573:
3568:
3565:
3562:, p. 24.
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3507:, p. 68.
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3411:, p. 89.
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3348:, p. 94.
3347:
3342:
3339:
3336:, p. 22.
3335:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:Bosworth 1968
3318:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:, p. 21.
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:Bosworth 1968
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:, p. 59.
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:, p. 95.
3133:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3110:, p. 27.
3109:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:Nāgarī script
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:Sohawa Tehsil
2851:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:Rajput forces
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:Muhammad Aufi
2767:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2361:Assassination
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:, instead of
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:river Murgabh
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Ganges Valley
1860:
1852:
1851:Mohammed Sam
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1590:siege engines
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:Sea coast of
1466:
1462:
1457:
1456:Khusrau Malik
1453:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:) of jewels.
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1229:Ghurid Empire
1224:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1144:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1001:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
952:
950:
941:
939:
928:
926:
917:
915:
904:
902:
893:
891:
881:
879:
868:
866:
853:
850:
839:
837:
826:
824:
796:
786:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
612:
610:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
576:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Ghurid Empire
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:and captured
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Ghurid Empire
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:based in the
312:
308:
304:
292:
286:
277:
273:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:15 March 1206
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
163:
159:
157:
153:
151:
147:
145:
141:
139:
135:
133:
129:
127:
123:
121:
117:
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6201:Slave owners
6008:
5952:
5817:
5793:
5772:
5758:
5737:
5716:
5694:
5670:
5646:
5622:
5601:
5580:
5555:
5531:
5520:
5498:
5484:
5460:
5439:
5415:
5391:
5367:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:
5326:
5302:
5293:Bibliography
5278:. Retrieved
5269:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5148:the original
5143:
5133:
5121:. Retrieved
5116:
5106:
5094:. Retrieved
5090:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5049:Chandra 2006
5044:
5037:Chandra 2007
5032:
5010:Chandra 2007
5005:
4996:
4981:
4977:Ayesha Jalal
4967:
4958:
4943:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4885:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4840:
4833:
4826:Jackson 2000
4821:
4801:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4690:
4683:
4671:
4651:
4641:
4629:
4602:
4590:
4563:
4551:
4544:Jackson 2000
4539:
4512:
4500:
4490:
4483:
4476:Chandra 2007
4471:
4460:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4387:Chandra 2006
4382:
4370:
4322:
4310:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4152:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4018:
4011:
4002:
3987:
3965:
3958:Chandra 2007
3953:
3946:Chandra 2006
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3886:Chandra 2006
3873:, p. 9.
3866:
3859:Chandra 2006
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3796:
3789:
3767:Chandra 2006
3762:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3560:Chandra 2006
3555:
3524:
3512:
3505:Chandra 2007
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3421:Jackson 2000
3416:
3404:
3384:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3290:
3278:
3249:
3220:
3208:
3166:
3154:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3067:
3058:
3037:
3035:
3018:
2983:
2948:
2943:Hindu Shahis
2907:Central Asia
2830:
2814:
2784:against the
2763:
2726:
2724:(Pakistan).
2694:
2671:
2667:
2644:
2592:
2551:Khwarazmians
2548:
2543:
2508:Ganga Valley
2501:
2485:
2476:Yasin Valley
2469:
2449:Hasan Nizami
2434:
2411:
2392:
2389:emissaries.
2372:
2345:
2314:
2283:
2232:Central Asia
2229:
2218:
2209:Khwarezmians
2161:Qara Khitais
2157:Khwarezmians
2129:
2113:Qara Khitais
2089:
2023:
2019:Khwarezmians
1978:Khwarezmians
1975:
1940:
1909:
1867:Jamuna river
1856:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1824:
1822:1262 (1204).
1747:against the
1738:
1702:puppet ruler
1679:
1667:
1663:Hasan Nizami
1652:
1620:
1610:
1587:
1583:
1558:Punjab state
1547:
1509:
1485:dislodge the
1445:
1334:
1299:
1271:
1243:Khwarazmians
1236:
1210:
1196:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1140:
1128:
1117:
1096:
1079:
1065:
1054:
1041:
1021:
1009:
997:
948:
935:
924:
911:
900:
889:
877:
862:
848:
833:
820:
769:
765:
759:
752:
708:
655:
636:
616:
604:
580:
548:and enabled
531:
500:Qara Khitais
496:Khwarazmians
477:
465:Ganges delta
430:
388:through the
339:
331:Islamic rule
306:
302:
271:
270:
213:(1206-03-15)
78:Central Asia
40:
29:
6141:1206 deaths
6136:1144 births
6048:(1152–1215)
5813:Wink, Andre
5270:News Nation
5073:Nizami 1970
4973:Sugata Bose
4739:Nizami 1970
4676:Thomas 2018
4607:Nizami 1970
4583:Thomas 2018
4568:Nizami 1970
4447:Nizami 1970
4411:Nizami 1970
4342:Nizami 1970
4303:Nizami 1998
4187:Nizami 1998
4067:Nizami 1970
3898:Thomas 2018
3847:Sharma 1959
3835:Sharma 1959
3728:Nizami 1970
3548:Nizami 1970
3529:Nizami 1970
3469:Nizami 1970
3271:Nizami 1998
3225:Thomas 2018
3171:Nizami 1998
3159:Thomas 2018
3120:Nizami 1970
2826:Qara Khitai
2756:Transoxiana
2695:During the
2640:North India
2532:manumission
2418:Transoxiana
2268:Transoxiana
2252:Qara Khitai
2185:Qara Khitai
2173:Qara Khitai
2123:along with
2026:Sultan Shah
1994:Qara Khitai
1986:Sultan Shah
1878:Jayachandra
1849:"Lord Emir
1814:coinage of
1789:Ranthambore
1761:North India
1745:Transoxiana
1512:Indus Basin
1493:Gharchistan
1409:Kelhanadeva
1401:Mularaja II
1381:Thar Desert
1369:Kelhanadeva
1272:Muhammad's
1251:Afghanistan
1084:(RATNAPURA)
1022:GAHADAVALAS
849:QARA KHITAI
704:of Sanquran
697:Indus Delta
693:Transoxania
678:subdue the
554:Indus River
512:Transoxiana
439:led by the
422:Khyber Pass
414:Indus Plain
390:Thar Desert
378:Carmathians
358:Indus Delta
346:Oghuz Turks
321:ruled in a
315:Ghor region
299: 1144
264:Sunni Islam
96:Predecessor
82:Afghanistan
6130:Categories
5828:9004102361
5674:. UNESCO.
5280:3 December
5253:Kumar 2002
5241:Flood 2009
5229:Kumar 2002
5217:Kumar 2002
5205:Flood 2009
5193:Eaton 2000
5181:Flood 2009
5169:Flood 2009
5144:Asia Times
5119:. Pakistan
4922:Habib 1981
4898:Habib 1981
4787:Kumar 2006
4775:Kumar 2006
4763:Kumar 2006
4751:Kumar 2006
4715:Habib 1992
4595:Habib 1981
4556:Habib 1981
4532:Saran 2001
4517:Habib 1981
4505:Habib 1981
4423:Saran 2001
4399:Biran 2005
4375:Biran 2005
4363:Habib 1981
4327:Habib 1981
4315:Habib 1992
4286:Habib 1981
4274:Biran 2005
4250:Habib 1992
4235:Habib 1992
4223:Habib 1992
4199:Habib 1992
4157:Habib 1981
4130:Habib 1981
4115:Habib 1981
4103:Habib 1992
4091:Saran 2001
4055:Hooja 2006
3970:Saran 2001
3922:Habib 1981
3910:Kumar 2002
3871:Kumar 2002
3823:Eaton 2000
3811:Singh 1964
3680:Habib 1981
3584:Habib 1981
3493:Hooja 2006
3457:Hooja 2006
3409:Flood 2009
3395:0226742210
3370:Flood 2009
3358:Flood 2009
3346:Flood 2009
3254:Habib 1981
3213:Habib 1981
3201:Habib 1981
3147:Habib 1981
3132:Flood 2009
3083:References
3014:Nandi Bull
2971:Karramiyya
2927:Gahadavala
2885:Ghauri-III
2802:Illtutmish
2718:Bangladesh
2663:Illtutmish
2482:Succession
2407:, 1260 CE.
2355:manumitted
2248:Uzbekistan
2215:Final days
1874:Gahadavala
1859:Delhi doab
1838:bhadrapada
1799:in south.
1763:after the
1423:, and the
1375:temple in
1278:Qarmatians
1081:KALACHURIS
1066:KALACHURIS
1042:KACHCHAPA-
914:GHAZNAVIDS
901:CHAHAMANAS
890:CHAULUKYAS
834:KARAKHANID
821:South Asia
755:Qutb Minar
624:Gharjistan
572:Early life
523:Salt Range
508:Oxus River
492:at Andkhud
406:Ghaznavids
366:Gomal Pass
335:South Asia
6114:1200-1204
6100:1200-1204
5893:Amir Suri
5821:. BRILL.
5559:. Brill.
5356:5 January
5347:"GHURIDS"
4910:Khan 2008
4844:. Wiley.
4727:Khan 2008
4634:Khan 2008
4622:Wink 1991
4079:Khan 2008
3934:Khan 2008
3782:Wink 1991
3755:Wink 1991
3740:Wink 1991
3632:Khan 2008
3620:Khan 2008
3608:Wink 1991
3572:Khan 2008
3481:Wink 1991
3445:Wink 1991
3433:Khan 2008
3310:Wink 1991
3186:Wink 1991
3096:Khan 2008
3044:Manav Vij
2967:Caliphate
2923:Chahamana
2881:Ghauri-II
2836:Memorials
2714:Lakhnauti
2579:Iltutmish
2347:Iltutmish
2333:Iltutmish
2242:besieged
2201:Samarkand
2189:elephants
2139:captured
1962:Anhilwara
1941:In 1197,
1912:Rajasthan
1793:Rajasthan
1421:Kirtipala
1395:, by the
1389:Mount Abu
1383:south of
1357:Anhilwara
1353:Anhilwara
1213:SULTANATE
1129:KAMARUPAS
1118:NAGVANSIS
1069:(TRIPURI)
1055:CHANDELAS
949:KAKATIYAS
938:CHALUKYAS
925:PARAMARAS
448:at Tarain
441:Chahamana
398:Chaulukya
376:from the
285:romanized
130:Bamiyan:
106:Successor
55:Alexander
6096:Nishapur
5815:(1991).
5770:(1959).
5714:(2019).
5704:31870180
5644:(1992).
5578:(eds.).
5553:(2000).
5518:(1981).
5508:31870180
5482:(1957).
5437:(2000).
5413:(2007).
5389:(2006).
5274:Archived
5025:Ray 2019
4979:(2004).
4941:(2004).
4262:Ray 2019
4043:Ray 2019
3716:Lal 1992
3704:Lal 1992
3692:Roy 2004
3668:Ray 2019
3656:Roy 2004
3644:Lal 1992
3517:Lal 1992
3108:Lal 1992
3006:Sanskrit
2990:Sanskrit
2877:Ghauri-I
2828:forces.
2817:Khurasan
2675:—
2647:endogamy
2636:Khurasan
2613:for his
2489:Fīrūzkūh
2402:—
2387:Ismāʿīlī
2341:Khokhars
2321:Khokhars
2317:Khokhars
2310:Musalman
2306:Khokhars
2236:Khurasan
2165:Firuzkuh
2117:Nishapur
2097:Nishapur
2052:outside
2050:Khurasan
1999:Khurasan
1982:Khurasan
1954:Bhima II
1951:defeated
1945:invaded
1886:Varanasi
1706:Hariraja
1635:Ferishta
1575:Thanesar
1554:Bathinda
1530:and the
1501:Firuzkuh
1448:Peshawar
1363:(around
1326:Firishta
1247:Firuzkuh
1108:KARNATAS
1010:HOYSALAS
998:KADAMBAS
743:Khurasan
689:Firuzkuh
600:Khurasan
519:Khokhars
504:Khurasan
480:Firozkoh
452:Khurasan
402:Mularaja
327:Firozkoh
260:Religion
148:Multan:
142:Bengal:
136:Bayana:
124:Ghazni:
6110:Sarakhs
6045:Bamiyan
5154:28 July
5123:28 July
5096:28 July
3022:Rajputs
2998:Lakshmi
2979:Shafi'i
2951:Islamic
2867:Dhamiak
2850:Dhamiak
2774:khuṭbah
2754:in the
2705:Islamic
2697:dyarchy
2603:Qabacha
2544:khuṭbah
2461:Dhamiak
2375:Dhamiak
2286:Khokhar
2244:Tirmidh
2193:Juzjani
2149:Gurganj
2011:Bamiyan
1947:Gujarat
1928:Parihar
1924:Gwalior
1894:Sarnath
1880:in the
1843:Reverse
1825:Obverse
1700:as his
1659:Rajputs
1643:Ghurids
1617:in 1192
1579:Haryana
1505:Ghurids
1477:Sialkot
1473:Soomras
1465:Arabian
1463:on the
1397:Solanki
1349:Gujarat
1263:Juzjani
1239:dyarchy
1199:EMIRATE
1141:EASTERN
1032:GUHILAS
988:PANDYAS
936:WESTERN
836:KHANATE
823:1175 CE
719:Seljuks
715:Pushang
684:Qandhar
656:Later,
651:Bamiyan
607:Juzjani
546:Ghurids
542:Ismāīlī
486:of the
386:Gujarat
323:dyarchy
287::
276:Persian
160:Sindh:
154:Herat:
5993:Ghazni
5825:
5801:
5780:
5745:
5724:
5702:
5678:
5654:
5630:
5609:
5588:
5563:
5539:
5506:
5468:
5447:
5423:
5399:
5375:
5334:
5310:
4989:
4951:
4882:924890
4880:
4848:
4809:
4698:
4659:
4026:
3995:
3392:
2986:Bengal
2975:Hanafi
2955:Arabic
2744:Persia
2710:Gorgan
2683:Legacy
2619:Ghurid
2611:Sanjar
2607:Kerman
2599:slaves
2583:Tarain
2465:Vizier
2441:dagger
2430:castle
2428:whose
2426:Alamut
2383:Punjab
2379:Sohawa
2337:Jhelum
2329:Jhelum
2325:Chenab
2319:. The
2302:Lahore
2298:Lahore
2109:Gorgan
2062:Persia
2058:Tekesh
1958:Sirohi
1936:Bayana
1932:Sultan
1926:whose
1890:Kanauj
1871:Rajput
1834:samvat
1829:Nagari
1820:Samvat
1812:Bengal
1797:Ujjain
1783:up to
1777:Yildiz
1734:Tarain
1714:Ghurid
1694:Kohram
1690:Samana
1631:Afghan
1627:Khalji
1623:Ghurid
1571:Tarain
1489:Lahore
1481:Lahore
1452:Lahore
1419:ruler
1407:ruler
1399:ruler
1385:Marwar
1377:Kiradu
1365:Marwar
1337:Punjab
1310:Jhelum
1306:Chenab
1286:Multan
1211:MAKRAN
1197:SOOMRA
1169:MARYUL
1143:GANGAS
1044:GHATAS
979:CHERAS
970:CHOLAS
959:SHILA-
878:KUMAON
865:EMPIRE
863:GHURID
727:Sistan
701:Ghuzzs
675:Sistan
671:maliks
538:Damyak
484:Sultan
469:Bengal
443:ruler
418:Punjab
370:Multan
350:Ghazni
250:Father
230:Ghazni
225:Burial
218:Damyak
74:Ghazni
4462:Minor
3050:Notes
3010:Delhi
2994:Hindu
2959:qalma
2929:model
2892:Coins
2778:Assam
2768:, by
2722:Sindh
2615:Iqṭāʿ
2575:Delhi
2563:Delhi
2377:near
2290:Indus
2240:Balkh
2205:Balkh
2153:Herat
2133:Herat
2125:Herat
2080:Later
2054:Herat
2042:Herat
2034:Herat
2015:Herat
1876:king
1836:1262
1730:Ajmer
1726:Delhi
1718:Ajmer
1686:Hansi
1682:Sirsa
1675:Ajmer
1671:Sirsa
1647:Isami
1566:Tulak
1550:Sindh
1469:Sindh
1461:Debal
1428:into
1413:Nadol
1373:Shiva
1361:Nadol
1341:Indus
1294:Sunni
1255:Hindu
1182:LOHA-
1097:SENAS
961:HARAS
762:Islam
749:Title
739:Herat
735:Balkh
711:Herat
680:Oghuz
667:Herat
663:Balkh
577:Birth
534:Indus
516:Hindu
473:Bihar
400:king
382:Sindh
362:Indus
239:House
183:Reign
171:Reign
5882:Ghur
5823:ISBN
5799:ISBN
5778:ISBN
5743:ISBN
5722:ISBN
5700:OCLC
5676:ISBN
5652:ISBN
5628:ISBN
5607:ISBN
5586:ISBN
5561:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5504:OCLC
5466:ISBN
5445:ISBN
5421:ISBN
5397:ISBN
5373:ISBN
5358:2014
5332:ISBN
5308:ISBN
5282:2020
5156:2021
5125:2021
5117:Dawn
5098:2021
4987:ISBN
4960:army
4949:ISBN
4878:OCLC
4857:Sind
4846:ISBN
4807:ISBN
4696:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4024:ISBN
3993:ISBN
3390:ISBN
2977:and
2883:and
2657:and
2609:and
2559:Iran
2526:and
2451:and
2327:and
2284:The
2264:Oxus
2175:and
2141:Merv
2103:and
2101:Merv
2074:Merv
2038:Merv
2003:Ghor
1966:1178
1949:and
1775:and
1755:and
1692:and
1629:and
1516:Qāḍi
1308:and
1267:mann
1156:GUGE
912:LATE
713:and
665:and
583:Ghur
408:and
372:and
208:Died
201:Ghor
198:1144
195:Born
6043:In
5991:In
5880:In
2821:Tus
2796:by
2788:of
2653:to
2581:in
2199:of
2121:Tus
2105:Tus
1956:in
1934:in
1499:in
1351:in
1318:Uch
1302:Uch
1184:RAS
772:).
741:in
725:of
536:at
467:in
374:Uch
333:in
305:or
6132::
6112:,
6098:,
5349:.
5272:.
5268:.
5142:.
5115:.
5089:.
5017:^
4995:.
4975:;
4957:.
4937:;
4884:.
4854:.
4614:^
4575:^
4524:^
4349:^
4334:^
4293:^
4242:^
4179:^
4164:^
4137:^
4122:^
4001:.
3977:^
3878:^
3774:^
3747:^
3536:^
3302:^
3261:^
3232:^
3193:^
3178:^
3139:^
3042:,
3028:.
2879:,
2852:,
2665:.
2585:.
2522:,
2518:,
2514:,
2447:,
2258:,
2211:.
2099:,
2076:.
2021:.
1984:,
1968:.
1938:.
1853:".
1771:,
1688:,
1684:,
1625:,
1534:.
1507:.
1432:.
745:.
634:.
568:.
475:.
428:.
296:c.
294:;
282:,
278::
6116:)
6108:(
6102:)
6094:(
5865:e
5858:t
5851:v
5831:.
5807:.
5786:.
5751:.
5730:.
5706:.
5684:.
5660:.
5636:.
5615:.
5594:.
5569:.
5545:.
5510:.
5488:.
5474:.
5453:.
5429:.
5405:.
5381:.
5360:.
5340:.
5316:.
5284:.
5158:.
5127:.
5100:.
4815:.
4704:.
4665:.
4032:.
3398:.
2925:/
1791:(
1280:(
274:(
178:)
57:)
20:)
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