2162:
1041:
427:
443:
42:
1032:, a claim repeated by later writers. Nizami does not state this, and Elliot's guess appears to be based on the similarity of the words "Jatwan" and "Jat", and the rebellion's locality, where Jats can be found. According to S.H. Hodivala, "Jatwan" is a mistranscription of the "Chahwan" in the manuscript, and the rebel was probably a Chahamana (Chawhan or Chauhan) subordinate of Prithivraja. According to Rima Hooja, it is probably a corrupt form of the name "Jaitra".
2230:
1194:
2839:, p. 71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"
2306:. The tomb was built, in its present form, during the 1970s by the Department of Archaeology and Museums (Pakistan) which tried to emulate the Sultanate-era architecture. Before the modern construction, the Sultan's grave existed in a simple form and was enclosed by residential houses. Historians dispute whether a proper tomb ever existed over it (some historians claim that a marble dome did stand over it but was destroyed by the Sikhs).
1560:, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar, detained Ali Mardan and became the leader of the Khaljis in eastern India. Ali Mardan escaped to Delhi, where he persuaded Aibak to intervene in Khalji affairs. The Khaljis were not slaves of Muhammad Ghori, so Aibak had no legal authority in the matter. Nevertheless, he instructed his subordinate Qaimaz Rumi β the governor of Awadh β to march to Lakhnauti in Bengal, and assign suitable
434:
2280:. Consequently, the nobles appointed Iltutmish as Aram Shah's successor and married Aibak's daughter to him. Aram Shah challenged Iltutmish's claim to the throne but was decisively defeated and killed after a military conflict. Iltutmish subjugated the rebel governors and transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful
2894:
And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of
Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary
3413:
Mahmud of Ghazni, for example is said to have destroyed 10,000 temples in Kanauj and 1,000 in
Mathura, his grandson in Ibrahim 1,000 in Delhi doab and another 1,000 in Malwa. Aybek 1000 in Delhi, and Muhammad Ghuri another 1,000 temples in Benaras-figures that Hindu nationalists like Sita Ram Goel
2860:
In the winter of A.D. 1194β1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into
Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand
2088:
At the time of the Sultan's death, Aibak had his headquarters at Delhi. The citizens of Lahore requested him to assume sovereign power after the Sultan's death, and he moved his government to Lahore. He informally ascended the throne on 25 June 1206, but his formal recognition as a sovereign ruler
410:
for horse fodder, he was captured by Sultan Shah's scouts and was detained in an iron cage. After the
Ghurids defeated Sultan Shah, Muhammad Ghori ad-Din saw him in the cage and was deeply touched by his desperate condition. After he was released, the Sultan greatly favoured him. No information is
2138:
According to Minhaj, Aibak became complacent and devoted his time to pleasures and amusements in Ghazni. The people of Ghazni invited Yildiz to evict him from the city, and when Yildiz arrived in the vicinity of Ghazni, Aibak panicked and escaped to India via a narrow mountain pass called Sang-i
1127:
Meanwhile, taking advantage of Aibak's absence in India, Hariraja had regained control of a part of the former
Chahamana territory. After his return to Delhi, Aibak sent an army against Hariraja, who committed suicide when faced with certain defeat. Aibak subsequently placed Ajmer under a Muslim
3447:
We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on
Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the
2055:
Fakhr-i
Mudabbir, another contemporary chronicler, states that Muhammad Ghori formally appointed Aibak as the viceroy of his Indian territories only in 1206 when he was returning to Ghazni after suppressing the Khokhar rebellion. According to this chronicler, Aibak was promoted to the rank of
1336:
subjugated the petty
Gahadavala chiefs in eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bihar region. After his Bihar campaign, which involved the destruction of Buddhist monasteries, Khalji arrived in Badaun to greet Aibak, who had just concluded his successful campaign at Kalinjar. On 23 March 1203, Khalji
391:. After being admitted to the Sultan's slave-household, Aibak's intelligence and kind nature attracted the Sultan's attention. Once, when the Sultan bestowed gifts upon his slaves, Aibak distributed his share among the servants. Impressed by this act, the Sultan promoted him to a higher rank.
1316:
initiated negotiations with Aibak but died before a treaty could be finalized. The
Chandela chief minister Ajayadeva resumed hostilities but was forced to seek negotiations when the Ghurids cut off the water supply to the fort. As part of the truce, the Chandelas were forced to move to
2367:
to Delhi during Aibak's reign, characterizes Aibak as a devout Muslim who "uprooted idolatry" and "destroyed temples" at Kuhram. He also mentions that the Hindu temples at Meerut and
Kalinjar were converted into mosques during Aibak's reign; these included "a thousand temples" in
1575:, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar. Muhammad Shiran and other Khalji amirs disagreed with this decision and marched to Devkot. However, Rumi defeated them decisively, and Shiran was later killed in a conflict. Later, Aibak assigned Lakhnauti to Ali Mardan (see below).
2096:
ascend the throne. When Mahmud had consolidated his rule, Aibak and other slaves sent messengers to his court, seeking deeds of manumission and investiture for ruling over the various Ghurid territories. According to Minhaj, Aibak (unlike Yildiz) maintained the
2272:, a distinguished general, to take over the kingdom. Aibak had purchased Iltutmish sometime after the conquest of Anhilwara in 1197. According to Minhaj, Aibak looked upon Iltutmish as the next ruler: he used to call Iltutmish his son and had granted him the
2221:
Aibak's conquests involved the large-scale capture of people as slaves. According to Hasan Nizami, his Gujarat campaign resulted in the enslavement of 20,000 people; and his Kalinjar campaign resulted in the enslavement of 50,000 people. According to
1229:
in the south, the Mhers posed a serious threat to Aibak's control of the region. Aibak marched against them but was forced to retreat to Ajmer. The Mhers were forced to retreat after reinforcements from the Ghurid capital of Ghazni arrived in Ajmer.
2201:". Fakhr-i Mudabbir states that Aibak's soldiers β who included "Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis, and Hindustanis" β did not dare to forcibly take even a blade of grass or a morsel of food from the peasants. The 16th century
1253:
fled the city, which was plundered by the invaders. Minhaj characterizes Aibak's raid of Anhilwara as the "conquest of Gujarat", but it did not result in the annexation of Gujarat to the Ghurid Empire. The 16th-century historian
2213:
for "shedding innocent blood", but praises Aibak stating that "he achieved things, good and great". As late as the 17th century, the term "Aibak of the time" was used to describe generous people, as attested by the chronicler
2173:
After being recognized as the ruler of India, Aibak focused on consolidating his rule in the territories already under his control, rather than conquering new territories. In 1210, he fell down from a horse while playing
1209:
After the victory at Chandawar, Aibak turned his attention towards consolidating his position in Koil. Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni but came back to India in 1195β96 when he defeated Kumarapala, the Bhati ruler of
1170:
was also ravaged at that time. Although the Ghurids did not gain complete control over the Gahadavala kingdom, the victory provided an opportunity for them to establish military stations at many places in the region.
1262:
states that Aibak placed the newly-captured territory under Hindu vassals. Whatever the case, Ghurid control of the region did not last long, and the Chaulukyas regained control of their capital soon after.
2813:
The areas of Meerut, Baran (modern Buland sher) and Koli (modern Aligarh) in upper doab had been under the control of Dor Rajputs, had been occupied by the Turks shortly after the battle of Tarain
888:, where the Ghurids emerged victorious, he was in charge of the general disposition of the Ghurid army and kept close to Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who had placed himself at the centre of the army.
2104:
Yildiz, who was Aibak's father-in-law, sought to control the Ghurid territories in India. After Sultan Mahmud confirmed him as the ruler of Ghazni and manumitted him, Yildiz marched to
2149:, who had accompanied Aibak to Ghazni, was captured and imprisoned by Yildiz. He somehow secured his release and returned to India. Aibak dispatched him to Lakhnauti in Bengal, where
2394:
At some point, Aibak's army started recruiting Hindu soldiers. His army at the siege of Meerut (1192) is known to have included Hindu soldiers. Similarly, the "forces of Hindustan" (
2135:
was read and coins were struck in Aibak's name, but no other source corroborates this claim. No coins issued by him have been found, and no extant coins describe him as a "Sultan".
2085:β in positions of power. During his last years, the Sultan was disappointed in his family and his chiefs and trusted only his slaves, whom he thought of as his sons and successors.
2226:, Nizami's work is full of rhetoric and hyperbole, so these numbers seem to be exaggerated, however, the number of slaves collected must indeed have been vast and grew over time.
1536:
However, Ghurid control was not equally effective in all these areas. In some of these places, such as Gwalior and Kalinjar, Ghurid control had weakened or even ceased to exist.
2268:
Aram Shah ruled for no more than eight months, during which various provincial governors started asserting independence. Some Turkic officers then invited Aibak's former slave
2261:
as his successor. No details about Aram Shah's life are available before his ascension to the throne. According to one theory, he was a son of Aibak, but this is unlikely (see
944:, which Aibak had placed under his subordinate Qawamul Mulk. Aibak marched to Ranthambore, forcing Hariraja to retreat from Ranthambore as well as the former Chahamana capital
280:
in 1192, Muhammad Ghori made Aibak in charge of his Indian territories. Aibak expanded the Ghurid power in northern India by conquering and raiding several places in the
3747:
854:
3797:
426:
376:, purchased him. Aibak was treated affectionately in the Qazi's household and was educated with the Qazi's sons. He learned archery and horse-riding, besides
1022:- was the governor of Hansi in 1171 CE. Thus, Jatwan may have been a general of Bhima-simha, and may have tried to recover the fort on behalf of his master.
1544:
During Sultan Muhammad Ghori's reign, parts of the Bihar and Bengal area in eastern India had been conquered by the Khalji clan, led by the Ghurid general
2383:
Nizami's claim that the remains of the demolished Hindu temples were used to build mosques is corroborated by architectural remains, such as those at the
2153:
agreed to be his subordinate. Ali Mardan thus became the governor of Aibak's territories in eastern India and brought the whole region under his control.
2024:
1681:
2193:
All contemporary chroniclers praise Aibak as a loyal, generous, courageous, and just man. According to Minhaj, his generosity earned him the epithet
1364:
region, and then returned to Delhi. On 15 March 1206, Muhammad Ghori was assassinated: different sources variously attribute the act to Khokhars or
2077:
the Sultan's death through the use of diplomacy and military power. The Sultan's unexpected death left three of his main slave-generals β Aibak,
342:
Aibak was born in c. 1150. His name is variously transliterated as "Qutb al-Din Aybeg", "Qutbuddin Aibek", and "Kutb Al-Din Aybak". He came from
3777:
3772:
3727:
3588:
3564:
3506:
3406:
2918:
2887:
2806:
2466:
2044:, suggests that Muhammad Ghori appointed Aibak as his representative in India after his victory at Tarain. Hasan Nizami also states that the
326:, who transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful Delhi Sultanate. Aibak is known for having commissioned the
1390:
in the south. Minhaj states that at the time of Sultan Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, the Ghurids controlled the following areas in India:
1100:
finds Isami's account unreliable and theorizes that the Sultan may have sought Aibak's help in planning further Ghurid expansion in India.
2161:
1205:
was started by Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law Iltutmish in 1220. It is an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works
1162:, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad Ghori continued his advance to the east, with Aibek in the vanguard. The city of
3687:
3622:
3538:
2092:
Meanwhile, in and around Ghazni, the Sultan's slaves fought with his nobles for control of the Ghurid Empire and helped his nephew
1013:. Historian A.K. Majumdar adds that Firishta may have confused the Chaulukya ruler Bhima with Bhima-simha, who - according to the
3787:
1887:
1877:
1274:, which had slipped out of Ghurid control. In 1198β99, he captured Chantarwal (unidentified, possibly the same as Chandawar) and
1166:(Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of
2073:
theorizes that Sultan Muhammad Ghori never appointed Aibak as his successor in India: the slave-general acquired this position
1290:, in 1199β1200. However, no other historian refers to such a conquest; therefore, it is likely that Aibak merely raided Malwa.
3767:
3762:
3440:
2594:
1934:
1857:
3519:
Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians
2017:
1924:
1129:
2295:
or Slave dynasty; however, this term is a misnomer. Only Aibak, Iltutmish, and Balban were slaves, and seem to have been
1341:
region in the east. Bakhtiyar acted independently, and at the time of his death in 1206, was not a subordinate of Aibak.
1337:
presented Aibak with war booty, including 20 captured elephants, jewels, and cash. Aibak honoured Khalji, who went on to
406:, Aibak was responsible for the general maintenance of the horses, as well as their fodder and equipment. One day, while
3817:
3752:
347:
1040:
970:
commanded by Nusrat-ud-din, in the former Chahamana territory. Aibak marched to Hansi, forcing Jatwan to retreat to
3807:
3492:
2895:
purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth
2792:
1234:
1184:
195:
2347:. After her death, the second daughter was married to Qabacha as well. The third one was married to Aibak's slave
3598:
3574:
3432:
Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11thβ13th Centuries
2328:. However, this may have been an erroneous addition made by a careless scribe, as Alauddin Ata Malik-i-Juwayni's
2206:
2112:, and took control of Ghazni. Aibak then sent his representative Nizamuddin Muhammad to Mahmud's headquarters at
2109:
1338:
873:
747:
684:
530:
281:
2299:
before their ascension to the throne. The other rulers in this line were not slaves at any point in their life.
891:
After his victory at Tarain, Muhammad Ghori assigned the former Chahamana territory to Aibak, who was placed at
261:, where he learned archery and horse-riding among other skills. He was subsequently resold to Muhammad Ghori in
3812:
3606:
2131:, Mahmud styled Aibak as a "Sultan"; chronicler Hasan Nizami also calls him a "Sultan". Nizami states that the
2010:
1867:
1301:. After being reduced to a dire situation, the defenders approached Aibak and surrendered the fort to Aibak.
1088:
In 1193, Sultan Muhammad Ghori summoned Aibak to the Ghurid capital Ghazni. The near-contemporary chronicler
3802:
1353:
1180:
885:
710:
671:
565:
403:
277:
270:
199:
183:
985:(17th century), however, dates the rebellion to 1203, and states that Jatwan retreated to the frontiers of
3822:
3792:
2166:
1805:
1768:
1602:
1557:
881:
840:
412:
239:
179:
2853:
2584:
2418:
in Delhi started during Aibak's reign. Aibak was also a patron of literature. Fakhri Mudabbir, who wrote
1282:
in Rajasthan). According to the Persian chronicler Fakhr-i Mudabbir (c. 1157β1236), Aibak also conquered
2245:
Aibak, who died unexpectedly, had not appointed an heir apparent. After his death, the Turkic officers (
2150:
2093:
1572:
770:
695:
312:
299:
After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori in March 1206, Aibak fought with another former slave-general
1221:
Meanwhile, the Mher tribals, who lived near Ajmer, rebelled against the Ghurid rule. Supported by the
1080:
ruler as a vassal. In 1193, he deposed the Tomara ruler for treason and took direct control of Delhi.
303:
for control of Ghurid territories in north-western India. During this campaign, he advanced as far as
41:
3782:
3757:
2388:
2340:
2288:
2082:
1817:
1701:
1691:
1045:
383:
The Qazi or one of his sons sold Aibak to a merchant, who in turn, sold the boy to the Ghurid Sultan
331:
2422:- etiquettes of war - dedicated his book of genealogies to Aibak. The composition of Hasan Nizami's
1738:
1711:
1345:
1297:(also transliterated as Bahauddin Tughril) - another prominent Ghurid slave-general - besieged the
1242:
1151:
1141:
463:
399:
266:
187:
2384:
1827:
1661:
1155:
1025:
738:
651:
627:
2229:
2123:(ceremonial parasol) on Aibak, and issued a deed of investiture recognizing him as the ruler of
1218:, where the local Parihara ruler Sallakhanapala acknowledged his suzerainty after a long siege.
2108:, intending to take control of the region. Aibak marched against him, forced him to retreat to
1108:
Aibak stayed in Ghazni for about six months. After his return to India in 1194, he crossed the
3723:
3704:
3683:
3673:
3661:
3639:
3618:
3602:
3584:
3560:
3534:
3502:
3436:
3402:
2914:
2883:
2802:
2590:
2462:
2456:
2333:
2146:
2127:. He may have also issued a deed of manumission for Aibak at this time. According to Minhaj's
2078:
1641:
1611:
1549:
1349:
1305:
1294:
1258:
states that Aibak appointed a Muslim officer to consolidate Ghurid power in the region, while
1188:
1093:
1057:
998:
519:
300:
191:
3717:
3654:(1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
3578:
3552:
2908:
2877:
2796:
1525:
3392:
3359:
2332:
chronicle explicitly mentions that Aibak had no son. Contrarily, the 14th century historian
2316:
2210:
1971:
1758:
1671:
1545:
1382:
1333:
1309:
1259:
1193:
1096:
claims that some people had aroused the Sultan's suspicion about Aibak's loyalty. Historian
1015:
977:
The above-mentioned information about Jatwan's rebellion comes from the contemporary writer
941:
908:
578:
554:
384:
351:
350:
called Aibak. The word "Aibak", also transliterated as "Aibek" or "Aybeg", derives from the
227:
215:
91:
862:
invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).
3660:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
2426:, which was completed during the reign of Iltutmish, probably began during Aibak's reign.
2303:
2281:
2234:
1796:
1748:
1587:
957:
877:
618:
235:
153:
133:
60:
47:
1005:(where Jatwan was killed) with another area called Bagar near the Gujarat border, around
872:
Aibak was one of the generals of the Ghurid army that were defeated by the forces of the
1270:
in present-day Uttar Pradesh, and also re-took control of the former Gahadavala capital
3610:
2849:
2403:
2391:
in Ajmer. However, his other claims such as Aibak freeing Kol from idols are doubtful.
2049:
1905:
1729:
1405:
1377:
1287:
1246:
1089:
1077:
933:
926:
900:
826:
811:
662:
639:
507:
492:
231:
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2435:
2202:
1981:
1847:
1651:
1501:
896:
859:
609:
600:
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in 1206, around the same time Sultan Muhammad Ghori was assassinated. Subsequently,
3651:
2399:
2360:
2070:
2041:
1991:
1962:
1837:
1778:
1516:
1298:
1109:
1097:
978:
967:
918:
726:
273:; after the Ghurid victory, he was released and highly favoured by Muhammad Ghori.
1056:
After defeating Jatwan, he returned to Kuhram and made preparations to invade the
3698:
3677:
3655:
3633:
3528:
3517:
3496:
3430:
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364:). As a child, he was separated from his family and taken to the slave market of
17:
3548:
2296:
2223:
2062:
1159:
1121:
1065:
1002:
971:
477:
265:, where he rose to the position of the officer of the royal stables. During the
1245:
nearly two decades earlier. Aibak's army then marched to the Chaulukya capital
3426:
2415:
1914:
1198:
1113:
1069:
913:
541:
373:
327:
285:
75:
3708:
3665:
2348:
2339:
Minhaj refers to the three daughters of Aibak. The first one was married to
2325:
2269:
2258:
2124:
1944:
1631:
1621:
1471:
1326:
1313:
1238:
1222:
1018:
1010:
990:
589:
343:
323:
319:
289:
246:
117:
101:
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1068:(modern Bulandshahr), from where he would later launch attacks against the
230:. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after
2377:
2364:
2273:
2215:
2113:
1561:
1491:
1426:
1411:
1318:
1271:
1255:
1250:
1006:
994:
982:
937:
904:
758:
407:
398:, the officer of the royal stables. During the Ghurid conflicts with the
365:
311:. He nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of Muhammad Ghori's successor
293:
254:
141:
372:
Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi, a descendant of the noted Muslim theologian
2373:
2175:
1553:
1496:
1481:
1461:
1431:
1416:
1365:
1357:
1275:
1226:
1215:
1167:
1163:
1117:
986:
2798:
Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206β1526)
27:
General and ruler of the Delhi Sultanate (1150β1210) (ruled 1206β1210)
3657:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206β1526)
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2287:
Iltutmish was succeeded by his family members, and then by his slave
2277:
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2238:
2187:
2183:
2140:
2105:
2098:
1529:
1476:
1456:
1451:
1421:
1395:
1387:
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1322:
1279:
1267:
1211:
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1061:
963:
892:
798:
388:
308:
304:
262:
258:
223:
157:
137:
129:
81:
51:
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1352:, followed by several challenges to his authority. Aibak helped him
2398:) that accompanied him to Ghazni in 1206, included Hindu chiefs ("
2369:
2228:
2160:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1486:
1466:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1283:
1202:
1073:
1049:
945:
377:
2198:
2179:
1565:
1029:
785:
450:
369:
360:
250:
249:, Aibak was sold into slavery as a child. He was purchased by a
3617:. Vol. 5: Supplement (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1052:
was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
3559:. Vol. 1, c. 1200 β c. 1750. Cambridge University Press.
1400:
989:
after his defeat. He was later killed as a subordinate of the
2910:
Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
2879:
Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
3281:
3279:
3277:
2855:
Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2
2694:
2692:
2589:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147.
1146:
In 1194, Muhammad Ghori returned to India and crossed the
936:
as a Ghurid vassal. Sometime later, Prithviraja's brother
2372:
alone. He further claims that Aibak freed the whole Kol (
411:
available about Aibak's subsequent assignments until the
3719:
Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century
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3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3052:
3050:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1092:
does not elaborate why, but the 14th-century chronicler
932:
After the death of Prithviraja, Aibak appointed his son
307:, although he later retreated and set up his capital at
2566:
2564:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2480:
2478:
2116:, seeking to expedite his request for the investiture.
1386:, Aibak had conquered territory up to the frontiers of
974:, where the rebel was defeated and killed in a battle.
315:, who officially recognized him as the ruler of India.
1344:
In 1204, Muhammad Ghori suffered a defeat against the
3580:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
2324:("son of Aibak") to the name of Aibak's successor of
899:). The exact nature of this assignment is not clear:
858:
Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the
1329:
came under Ghurid control, governed by Hasan Arnal.
2801:. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. p. 27.
997:when Aibak invaded Gujarat. According to historian
175:
168:
148:
123:
111:
107:
97:
87:
74:
66:
58:
34:
2351:, who succeeded Aram Shah on the throne of Delhi.
2233:Tomb of Qutb al-Din Aibak (renovated in 1970) in
2139:Surkh. Subsequently, Aibak moved his capital to
222:; 1150 β 14 November 1210) was a general of the
3553:"Non-Agricultural Production and Urban Economy"
1241:, thus avenging Muhammad Ghori's defeat at the
1076:in 1192, where he initially retained the local
269:-Ghurid wars, he was captured by the scouts of
394:Aibak later rose to the important position of
322:, and then by his former slave and son-in-law
3555:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.).
2143:to safeguard his territories against Yildiz.
2018:
1312:kingdom of central India. The Chandela ruler
242:, which would rule the Sultanate until 1290.
234:'s assassination in 1206, he established the
8:
2186:, and died instantly when the pommel of the
1571:Qaimaz Rumi assigned the iqta' of Devkot to
1278:. Later, he captured Siroh (possibly modern
3356:"History: The Heritage of the Slave Sultan"
2871:
2869:
2861:idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.
2858:. People's Publishing House. p. 116.
2025:
2011:
1582:
1579:Recognition as the ruler of northern India
1548:. Bakhtiyar was killed by his subordinate
165:
40:
31:
2169:of the accident that caused Aibak's death
1150:with an army of 50,000 horses and at the
921:states that Aibak was made the governor (
442:
433:
3401:. Oxford University Press. p. 124.
3379:
3354:Shah, Dr Syed Talha (23 December 2018).
2734:
2710:
2698:
2671:
2461:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 473.
2336:stated Aaram Shah as Aibak's real son.
1321:. Their former strongholds of Kalinjar,
1192:
1039:
3557:The Cambridge Economic History of India
3516:Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormasji (1979).
3474:
3462:
3341:
3229:
3092:
2969:
2957:
2836:
2526:
2484:
2447:
1594:
1585:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3285:
3256:
3241:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3147:
3128:
3111:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2940:
2824:
2779:
2758:
2683:
2659:
2638:
2621:
2609:
2570:
2555:
2543:
2501:
2066:) of the Sultan's Indian territories.
3748:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
3448:latter to the worship of the true God
3268:
2746:
2722:
7:
3798:Slaves of the medieval Islamic world
2458:A World History of Political Thought
2101:and stuck's coins in Mahmud's name.
2089:happened much later, in 1208β1209.
219:
3682:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
3498:History of Medieval India:800β1700
3398:Essays on Islam and Indian History
2913:. Getty Publications. p. 74.
2882:. Getty Publications. p. 11.
2262:
1128:governor and moved Govindaraja to
419:As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate
25:
3716:Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (2010).
2119:In 1208β1209, Mahmud conferred a
1235:Aibak defeated the Chaulukya army
1072:kingdom. He also took control of
1028:thought Jatwan to be a leader of
1001:, Firishta may have confused the
962:In September 1192, a rebel named
2586:A Historical atlas of South Asia
2583:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1888:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
1878:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq
1332:Meanwhile, the Ghurid commander
441:
432:
425:
276:After the Ghurid victory in the
46:Grave of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, in
3632:Majumdar, Ashoke Kumar (1956).
2291:. This line of kings is called
868:Campaign against the Chahamanas
415:fought in India, in 1191β1192.
70:25 June 1206 β 14 November 1210
3583:. Cambridge University Press.
2040:, a contemporary chronicle by
1858:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
1060:. In 1192, he took control of
80:25 June 1206, Qasr-e-Humayun,
1:
2314:Some manuscripts of Minhaj's
2302:Today his tomb is located in
2060:and appointed heir apparent (
2048:(governorship) of Kuhram and
238:(1206β1526), and started the
3778:13th-century Indian monarchs
3773:12th-century Indian monarchs
2907:Asher, Frederick M. (2020).
2876:Asher, Frederick M. (2020).
1372:After Muhammad Ghori's death
1339:conquer a part of the Bengal
1266:In 1197β98, Aibak conquered
3414:have accepted at face value
1308:, an important fort in the
1154:defeated the forces of the
1136:War against the Gahadavalas
418:
3839:
3638:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
3615:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1214:. He then marched towards
1185:Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
1178:
1139:
955:
196:Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
127:14 November 1210 (aged 60)
3700:History of the ChΔhamΔnas
2343:, the Ghurid governor of
1036:Initial conquests in Doab
164:
39:
2414:The construction of the
2376:) region from idols and
2052:was entrusted to Aibak.
1868:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah
1348:and their allies at the
440:
431:
3788:People of Cuman descent
3679:Early ChauhΔn Dynasties
3522:. Islamic Book Service.
2455:J. Babb (25 May 2018).
1181:Siege of Gwalior (1196)
952:Campaign against Jatwan
895:(present-day Ghuram in
886:Second Battle of Tarain
318:Aibak was succeeded by
278:Second Battle of Tarain
200:Battle of Jhelum (1206)
184:Second Battle of Tarain
3533:. Rupa & Company.
3530:A History of Rajasthan
3435:. Brill. p. 333.
2410:Cultural contributions
2242:
2197:, literally "giver of
2170:
1806:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1769:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1573:Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji
1558:Muhammad Shiran Khalji
1206:
1053:
911:calls it a "command" (
882:First Battle of Tarain
413:First Battle of Tarain
296:, and other kingdoms.
180:First Battle of Tarain
3768:13th-century generals
3763:12th-century generals
3697:Singh, R. B. (1964).
3635:Chaulukyas of Gujarat
2232:
2164:
1371:
1249:: the defending king
1196:
1043:
3652:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
3527:Hooja, Rima (2006).
2389:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
2363:, who migrated from
2341:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
2330:Tarikh-i-Jahan-Gusha
2289:Ghiyas ud din Balban
2083:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
1818:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1702:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
1692:Ghiyas ud din Balban
1354:suppress a rebellion
1295:Baha' al-Din Toghril
1046:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
855:class=notpageimage|
346:, and belonged to a
332:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
3818:12th-century slaves
3753:12th-century births
3603:"Kutb Al-Din Aybak"
3327:, p. 208, 222.
3288:, pp. 206β207.
3244:, pp. 205β206.
3213:, pp. 200β201.
3189:, pp. 198β199.
3177:, pp. 197β198.
3044:, pp. 173β174.
2984:, pp. 170β171.
2827:, pp. 166β167.
2761:, pp. 167β168.
2713:, pp. 143β144.
2558:, pp. 204β205.
2167:artist's impression
1712:Shamsuddin Kayumars
1243:Battle of Kasahrada
1152:Battle of Chandawar
1142:Battle of Chandawar
903:describes it as an
188:Battle of Chandawar
3674:Sharma, Dasharatha
3501:. Orient Longman.
2396:Hasham-i Hindustan
2385:Qutb Minar complex
2243:
2190:pierced his ribs.
2171:
2094:Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
1828:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1662:Muiz ud din Bahram
1207:
1054:
1026:Henry Miers Elliot
354:words for "moon" (
330:in Delhi, and the
313:Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
3808:Founding monarchs
3729:978-81-908918-0-6
3609:; E. van Donzel;
3590:978-0-521-54329-3
3566:978-0-521-22692-9
3508:978-81-250-3226-7
3408:978-0-19-565114-0
2920:978-1-60606-616-4
2889:978-1-60606-616-4
2808:978-8-12411-064-5
2468:978-1-78643-553-8
2387:in Delhi and the
2334:Abdul Malik Isami
2320:append the words
2182:on horseback) in
2147:Ali Mardan Khalji
2079:Taj al-Din Yildiz
2035:
2034:
2000:
1999:
1953:
1952:
1896:
1895:
1787:
1786:
1720:
1719:
1682:Nasiruddin Mahmud
1642:Rukn ud din Firuz
1612:Qutb al-Din Aibak
1550:Ali Mardan Khalji
1350:Battle of Andkhud
1306:besieged Kalinjar
1189:Siege of Kalinjar
1084:Sojourn in Ghazni
1058:Ganga-Yamuna Doab
999:Dasharatha Sharma
884:in India. At the
717:
702:
301:Taj al-Din Yildiz
212:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
209:
208:
205:
204:
192:Siege of Kalinjar
170:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
35:QuαΉb ud-DΔ«n Aibak
18:Qutbu l-Din Aibak
16:(Redirected from
3830:
3733:
3722:. Primus Books.
3712:
3693:
3669:
3647:
3628:
3594:
3570:
3544:
3523:
3512:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2317:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
2304:Anarkali, Lahore
2211:Mahmud of Ghazna
2157:Death and legacy
2129:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
2027:
2020:
2013:
1972:Bahlul Khan Lodi
1968:
1967:
1911:
1910:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1759:Shihabuddin Omar
1735:
1734:
1672:Ala ud din Masud
1608:
1607:
1595:Ruling dynasties
1583:
1546:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1383:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
1334:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1016:Kharatara Gaccha
942:Ranthambore Fort
925:) of Kuhram and
909:Fakhr-i Mudabbir
849:
847:
833:
818:
803:
790:
777:
765:
763:
754:
752:
743:
741:
731:
721:
718:
715:
706:
704:
700:
691:
689:
680:
678:
667:
665:
658:
656:
644:
634:
632:
623:
621:
614:
612:
605:
603:
596:
594:
585:
583:
574:
572:
561:
559:
550:
548:
537:
535:
526:
524:
512:
499:
483:
472:
470:
459:
457:
445:
444:
436:
435:
429:
221:
166:
92:Muhammad of Ghor
44:
32:
21:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3813:Ghurid generals
3738:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3696:
3690:
3672:
3650:
3631:
3625:
3597:
3591:
3573:
3567:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3493:Chandra, Satish
3491:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3443:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3409:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2939:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2890:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2850:Habib, Mohammad
2848:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2508:
2500:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2412:
2357:
2312:
2282:Delhi Sultanate
2253:) stationed at
2235:Anarkali Bazaar
2159:
2151:Husamuddin Iwaz
2031:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1810:
1799:
1797:Tughlaq dynasty
1789:
1788:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1605:
1588:Delhi Sultanate
1581:
1542:
1534:
1374:
1304:In 1202, Aibak
1286:in present-day
1191:
1177:
1175:Other campaigns
1144:
1138:
1112:, and captured
1106:
1104:Return to India
1086:
1038:
960:
958:Battle of Bagar
954:
878:Prithviraja III
870:
865:
864:
863:
857:
851:
850:
844:
841:
839:
837:
836:
835:
830:
827:
822:
821:
820:
815:
812:
807:
806:
805:
799:
794:
793:
792:
786:
781:
780:
779:
774:
771:
766:
759:
757:
755:
748:
746:
744:
739:
737:
735:
734:
733:
727:
722:
714:
712:
709:
707:
699:
696:
694:
692:
685:
683:
681:
675:
672:
670:
668:
663:
661:
659:
652:
650:
648:
647:
646:
640:
635:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
615:
610:
608:
606:
601:
599:
597:
592:
590:
588:
586:
579:
577:
575:
569:
566:
564:
562:
555:
553:
551:
545:
542:
540:
538:
531:
529:
527:
520:
518:
516:
515:
514:
508:
503:
502:
501:
496:
493:
488:
487:
486:
484:
479:
473:
467:
464:
462:
460:
454:
451:
449:
447:
446:
438:
437:
421:
340:
236:Delhi Sultanate
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
171:
160:
154:Anarkali Bazaar
134:Delhi Sultanate
128:
116:
61:Sultan of Delhi
54:
48:Anarkali Bazaar
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Slave soldiers
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3713:
3703:. N. Kishore.
3694:
3688:
3670:
3648:
3629:
3623:
3611:Charles Pellat
3607:C. E. Bosworth
3599:Jackson, Peter
3595:
3589:
3575:Jackson, Peter
3571:
3565:
3545:
3539:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3452:
3441:
3418:
3407:
3393:Eaton, Richard
3384:
3372:
3346:
3329:
3317:
3315:, p. 208.
3305:
3303:, p. 207.
3290:
3273:
3261:
3259:, p. 206.
3246:
3234:
3215:
3203:
3201:, p. 199.
3191:
3179:
3167:
3165:, p. 197.
3152:
3150:, p. 203.
3133:
3131:, p. 202.
3116:
3114:, p. 201.
3097:
3095:, p. 146.
3085:
3083:, p. 179.
3073:
3071:, p. 178.
3061:
3059:, p. 198.
3046:
3034:
3032:, p. 173.
3022:
3020:, p. 172.
3010:
3008:, p. 170.
2998:
2996:, p. 171.
2986:
2974:
2962:
2945:
2943:, p. 169.
2926:
2919:
2899:
2888:
2865:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2807:
2793:Satish Chandra
2784:
2782:, p. 168.
2763:
2751:
2749:, p. 291.
2739:
2737:, p. 179.
2727:
2725:, p. 213.
2715:
2703:
2701:, p. 144.
2688:
2686:, p. 100.
2676:
2674:, p. 142.
2664:
2662:, p. 167.
2643:
2641:, p. 166.
2626:
2624:, p. 164.
2614:
2612:, p. 162.
2602:
2595:
2575:
2573:, p. 205.
2560:
2548:
2546:, p. 204.
2531:
2529:, p. 546.
2506:
2504:, p. 191.
2489:
2474:
2467:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2411:
2408:
2356:
2353:
2311:
2308:
2158:
2155:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1906:Sayyid dynasty
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1730:Khalji dynasty
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1606:
1603:Mamluk dynasty
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1564:to the Khalji
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1373:
1370:
1360:chiefs of the
1288:Madhya Pradesh
1176:
1173:
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1105:
1102:
1085:
1082:
1037:
1034:
956:Main article:
953:
950:
934:Govindaraja IV
869:
866:
853:
852:
838:
825:
824:
823:
810:
809:
808:
797:
796:
795:
784:
783:
782:
769:
768:
767:
756:
745:
736:
725:
724:
723:
708:
693:
682:
669:
660:
649:
638:
637:
636:
625:
616:
607:
598:
587:
576:
563:
552:
539:
528:
517:
506:
505:
504:
491:
490:
489:
478:
476:
475:
474:
461:
448:
439:
430:
424:
423:
422:
420:
417:
385:Muhammad Ghori
358:) and "lord" (
339:
336:
240:Mamluk dynasty
232:Muhammad Ghori
228:Muhammad Ghori
220:ΩΨ·Ψ¨βΨ§ΩΨ―ΫΩ Ψ§ΫΨ¨Ϊ©
207:
206:
203:
202:
177:
173:
172:
169:
162:
161:
152:
150:
146:
145:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3835:
3824:
3823:Indian slaves
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Turkic people
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3689:9780842606189
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3624:90-04-06167-3
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:9788129108906
3536:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:, p. 21.
3476:
3471:
3468:
3465:, p. 20.
3464:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3382:, p. 53.
3381:
3380:Siddiqui 2010
3376:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3344:, p. 44.
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:, p. 90.
3270:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3232:, p. 28.
3231:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2972:, p. 27.
2971:
2966:
2963:
2960:, p. 12.
2959:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:Hodivala 1979
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:Majumdar 1956
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:Majumdar 1956
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:Majumdar 1956
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:, p. 24.
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2436:1206 in India
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2424:Tajul-Ma'asir
2421:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2310:Personal life
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2263:personal life
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Tajul-Ma'asir
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:Sikandar Lodi
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:Muhammad Shah
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:Abu Bakr Shah
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:Razia Sultana
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:Eastern India
1539:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1376:According to
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
966:besieged the
965:
959:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:Punjab, India
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
861:
860:Ghurid Empire
856:
848:
846:
834:
832:
819:
817:
804:
802:
791:
789:
778:
776:
764:
762:
753:
751:
742:
732:
730:
720:
719:
705:
703:
690:
688:
679:
677:
666:
657:
655:
645:
643:
633:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
584:
582:
573:
571:
560:
558:
549:
547:
536:
534:
525:
523:
513:
511:
500:
498:
485:
482:
471:
469:
458:
456:
428:
416:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
213:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:(present-day
135:
131:
126:
122:
119:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3718:
3699:
3678:
3656:
3634:
3614:
3579:
3556:
3549:Habib, Irfan
3529:
3518:
3497:
3485:Bibliography
3475:Jackson 2003
3470:
3463:Jackson 2003
3446:
3431:
3421:
3412:
3397:
3387:
3375:
3365:24 September
3363:. Retrieved
3349:
3342:Jackson 2003
3320:
3308:
3264:
3237:
3230:Jackson 2003
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3093:Jackson 2003
3088:
3076:
3064:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2970:Jackson 2003
2965:
2958:Jackson 2003
2909:
2902:
2893:
2878:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2837:Chandra 2007
2832:
2820:
2812:
2797:
2787:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2679:
2667:
2617:
2605:
2585:
2578:
2551:
2527:Jackson 1982
2485:Jackson 2003
2457:
2450:
2423:
2420:Adab al-Harb
2419:
2413:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2361:Hasan Nizami
2358:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2286:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2220:
2194:
2192:
2172:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2071:K. A. Nizami
2068:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2042:Hasan Nizami
2037:
2036:
1992:Ibrahim Lodi
1963:Lodi dynasty
1925:Mubarak Shah
1838:Tughluq Khan
1779:Khusrau Khan
1586:
1570:
1543:
1535:
1381:
1375:
1346:Khwarazmians
1343:
1331:
1303:
1299:Gwalior Fort
1292:
1265:
1232:
1225:, who ruled
1220:
1208:
1145:
1126:
1110:Yamuna River
1107:
1098:K. A. Nizami
1087:
1055:
1024:
1014:
979:Hasan Nizami
976:
961:
940:invaded the
931:
922:
919:Hasan Nizami
912:
890:
871:
842:
828:
813:
800:
787:
772:
760:
749:
728:
711:
697:
686:
673:
653:
641:
629:
580:
567:
556:
543:
532:
521:
509:
494:
480:
465:
452:
396:Amir-i Akhur
395:
393:
382:
359:
355:
348:Turkic tribe
341:
317:
298:
275:
245:A native of
244:
211:
210:
176:Battles/wars
29:
3783:Polo deaths
3758:1210 deaths
3427:Wink, Andre
3325:Nizami 1992
3313:Nizami 1992
3301:Nizami 1992
3286:Nizami 1992
3257:Nizami 1992
3242:Nizami 1992
3211:Nizami 1992
3199:Nizami 1992
3187:Nizami 1992
3175:Nizami 1992
3163:Nizami 1992
3148:Nizami 1992
3129:Nizami 1992
3112:Nizami 1992
3081:Nizami 1992
3069:Nizami 1992
3057:Nizami 1992
3042:Nizami 1992
3030:Nizami 1992
3018:Nizami 1992
3006:Nizami 1992
2994:Nizami 1992
2982:Nizami 1992
2941:Nizami 1992
2825:Nizami 1992
2780:Nizami 1992
2759:Nizami 1992
2684:Sharma 1959
2660:Nizami 1992
2639:Nizami 1992
2622:Nizami 1992
2610:Nizami 1992
2571:Nizami 1992
2556:Nizami 1992
2544:Nizami 1992
2502:Nizami 1992
2359:Chronicler
2224:Irfan Habib
2209:criticizes
2205:chronicler
2195:lakh-bakhsh
2178:(a form of
2063:wali al-ahd
1293:Meanwhile,
1160:Jayachandra
1130:Ranthambore
1122:Dor Rajputs
1120:) from the
1003:Bagar tract
914:sipahsalari
716:(RATNAPURA)
654:GAHADAVALAS
481:QARA KHITAI
404:Sultan Shah
400:Khwarazmian
271:Sultan Shah
267:Khwarazmian
88:Predecessor
3742:Categories
3442:9004102361
3269:Habib 1982
2747:Hooja 2006
2723:Singh 1964
2596:0226742210
2442:References
2416:Qutb Minar
2297:manumitted
2265:section).
2257:appointed
2207:Abu'l-Fazl
2069:Historian
1915:Khizr Khan
1739:Jalaluddin
1427:Tabarhinda
1260:Ibn-i Asir
1223:Chaulukyas
1199:Qutb Minar
1179:See also:
1156:Gahadavala
1070:Gahadavala
1048:mosque in
968:Hansi Fort
713:KALACHURIS
698:KALACHURIS
674:KACHCHAPA-
546:GHAZNAVIDS
533:CHAHAMANAS
522:CHAULUKYAS
466:KARAKHANID
453:South Asia
374:Abu Hanifa
338:Early life
334:in Ajmer.
328:Qutb Minar
286:Gahadavala
76:Coronation
2349:Iltutmish
2326:Aram Shah
2322:bin Aibak
2270:Iltutmish
2259:Aram Shah
2165:A modern
2125:Hindustan
2114:Firuz Kuh
1996:1517β1526
1986:1489β1517
1976:1451β1489
1949:1445β1451
1945:Alam Shah
1939:1434β1445
1929:1421β1434
1919:1414β1421
1892:1394β1413
1882:1394β1398
1862:1390β1393
1852:1389β1390
1842:1388β1389
1832:1351β1388
1822:1325β1351
1811:1320β1325
1773:1316β1320
1753:1296β1316
1743:1290β1296
1706:1287β1290
1696:1266β1287
1686:1246β1266
1676:1242β1246
1666:1240β1242
1656:1236-1240
1636:1211β1236
1632:Iltutmish
1626:1210β1211
1622:Aram Shah
1616:1206β1210
1526:Lakhnauti
1327:Khajuraho
1314:Paramardi
1247:Anhilwara
1239:Mount Abu
1233:In 1197,
1019:Pattavali
1011:Dungarpur
991:Chaulukya
874:Chahamana
845:SULTANATE
761:KAMARUPAS
750:NAGVANSIS
701:(TRIPURI)
687:CHANDELAS
581:KAKATIYAS
570:CHALUKYAS
557:PARAMARAS
380:recital.
368:. There,
344:Turkestan
324:Iltutmish
320:Aram Shah
290:Chaulukya
282:Chahamana
247:Turkestan
118:Turkestan
102:Aram Shah
98:Successor
3709:11038728
3676:(1959).
3666:31870180
3613:(eds.).
3601:(1982).
3577:(2003).
3551:(1982).
3495:(2007).
3429:(1991).
3395:(2000).
2852:(1981).
2795:(2004).
2430:See also
2378:idolatry
2365:Nishapur
2355:Religion
2216:Firishta
2110:Kohistan
1749:Alauddin
1502:Kalinjar
1406:Nahrwala
1366:Ismailis
1319:Ajaigarh
1310:Chandela
1272:Varanasi
1256:Firishta
1251:Bhima II
1116:(modern
1007:Banswara
995:Bhima II
983:Firishta
938:Hariraja
740:KARNATAS
642:HOYSALAS
630:KADAMBAS
408:foraging
366:Nishapur
294:Chandela
255:Nishapur
226:emperor
142:Pakistan
3644:4413150
2404:thakurs
2402:" and "
2374:Aligarh
2176:chaugan
1497:Kannauj
1492:Banaras
1482:Gwalior
1472:Thankar
1447:Sursuti
1417:Sialkot
1412:Purshor
1408:(Patan)
1358:Khokhar
1356:by the
1276:Kannauj
1227:Gujarat
1216:Gwalior
1168:Sarnath
1164:Benares
1118:Aligarh
987:Gujarat
917:), and
880:at the
831:EMIRATE
773:EASTERN
664:GUHILAS
620:PANDYAS
568:WESTERN
468:KHANATE
455:1175 CE
216:Persian
3726:
3707:
3686:
3664:
3642:
3621:
3587:
3563:
3537:
3505:
3439:
3405:
2917:
2886:
2805:
2593:
2465:
2345:Multan
2293:Mamluk
2278:Badaun
2255:Lahore
2247:maliks
2239:Lahore
2203:Mughal
2188:saddle
2184:Lahore
2141:Lahore
2133:khutba
2106:Punjab
2099:khutba
2081:, and
2050:Samana
2046:iyalat
1562:iqta's
1554:Devkot
1530:Bengal
1517:Adwand
1477:Budaun
1457:Meerut
1452:Kuhram
1432:Tarain
1422:Lahore
1396:Multan
1388:Ujjain
1378:Minhaj
1362:Lahore
1325:, and
1323:Mahoba
1280:Sirohi
1268:Budaun
1212:Bayana
1187:, and
1148:Jamuna
1090:Minhaj
1078:Tomara
1062:Meerut
964:Jatwan
927:Samana
923:ayalat
901:Minhaj
893:Kuhram
876:ruler
843:MAKRAN
829:SOOMRA
801:MARYUL
775:GANGAS
676:GHATAS
611:CHERAS
602:CHOLAS
591:SHILA-
510:KUMAON
497:EMPIRE
495:GHURID
402:ruler
389:Ghazni
352:Turkic
309:Lahore
305:Ghazni
263:Ghazni
259:Persia
224:Ghurid
158:Lahore
149:Burial
138:Lahore
130:Lahore
82:Lahore
52:Lahore
3605:. In
2400:ranas
2370:Delhi
2274:iqta'
2251:amirs
2199:lakhs
2121:chatr
2075:after
2058:malik
1566:amirs
1521:Bihar
1512:Malwa
1507:Awadh
1487:Bhera
1467:Delhi
1442:Hansi
1437:Ajmer
1284:Malwa
1203:Delhi
1158:king
1094:Isami
1074:Delhi
1066:Baran
1050:Ajmer
993:king
972:Bagar
946:Ajmer
905:iqta'
814:LOHA-
729:SENAS
593:HARAS
378:Quran
67:Reign
3724:ISBN
3705:OCLC
3684:ISBN
3662:OCLC
3640:OCLC
3619:ISBN
3585:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3437:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3367:2019
3360:Dawn
2915:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2406:").
2249:and
2180:polo
1872:1393
1783:1320
1763:1316
1716:1290
1646:1236
1197:The
1114:Koil
1064:and
1044:The
1030:Jats
1009:and
788:GUGE
544:LATE
370:Qazi
251:Qazi
124:Died
115:1150
112:Born
59:1st
2276:of
2237:in
1552:at
1528:in
1462:Kol
1401:Uch
1380:'s
1237:at
1201:in
816:RAS
387:in
361:bek
257:in
253:at
50:in
3744::
3455:^
3445:.
3411:.
3358:.
3332:^
3293:^
3276:^
3249:^
3218:^
3155:^
3136:^
3119:^
3100:^
3049:^
2948:^
2929:^
2892:.
2868:^
2811:.
2766:^
2691:^
2646:^
2629:^
2563:^
2534:^
2509:^
2492:^
2477:^
2380:.
2284:.
2218:.
1568:.
1519:,
1368:.
1183:,
1132:.
1124:.
981:.
948:.
929:.
907:,
356:ai
292:,
288:,
284:,
218::
156:,
140:,
132:,
3732:.
3711:.
3692:.
3668:.
3646:.
3627:.
3593:.
3569:.
3543:.
3511:.
3369:.
2923:.
2599:.
2471:.
2241:.
2026:e
2019:t
2012:v
214:(
144:)
20:)
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