153:. When sterilizing in this way, samples are placed into a steam chamber on a shelf or raised floor, and the chamber is closed and heated so that steam forces air out of the vents or exhausts. Pressure is then applied so that the interior temperature reaches 121 °C (250 °F), and this temperature is maintained for between 15 and 30 minutes. This elevated temperature and pressure is sufficient to sterilize samples of any commonly encountered microbes or spores. The chamber is then allowed to cool slowly or by passive heat dissipation; it is rare for forced cooling to be applied, or for pressure to be vented deliberately. Pressure sterilization is the prevailing method used for medical sterilization of heat-resistant tools, and for sterilization of materials for microbiology and other fields calling for
137:, which uses three successive steam treatments to achieve sterilization over the course of three days. This works by killing vegetative cells, allowing germination of surviving spores, and killing the resulting vegetative cells before they have time to form further spores. Any surviving spores from the first treatment, or incidentally formed spores during the first incubation period, are killed in a third steaming cycle.
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are sterilized alongside a standard load, and are then incubated in sterile media (often contained within the sample in a glass ampule to be broken after sterilization). A color change in the media (indicating acid production by bacteria; requires the medium to be formulated for this purpose), or the
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may be employed. Flash techniques generally run for the minimum time, temperature, or pressure, and may sacrifice some safeguards, such as the abilities to validate with biological indicators or prevent contamination. Additional protocols are generally taken to mitigate the sacrifices; flash
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To facilitate efficient sterilization by steam and pressure, there are several methods of verification and indication used; these include color-changing indicator tapes and biological indicators. When using biological indicators, samples containing spores of heat-resistant microbes such as
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of macromolecules, primarily proteins. Destruction of cells by lysis may also play a role. While "sterility" implies the destruction of free-living organisms which may grow within a sample, sterilization does not necessarily entail destruction of infectious matter.
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techniques that use hot water vapor as a sterilizing agent. Heating an article is one of the earliest forms of sterilization practiced. The various procedures used to perform moist heat sterilization process cause destruction of micro-organisms by
114:(cloudiness indicating light scattering by bacterial cells) indicates that sterilization was not achieved and the sterilization cycle may need revision or improvement.
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practiced. Moist heat sterilization processes sterilize using hot air that is heavily laden with water vapor, which plays the most important role in the sterilization.
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are an example of an infectious agent that can survive sterilization by moist heat, depending on conditions.
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shortly thereafter and resume growth. Therefore, boiling is an insufficient method to achieve sterilization.
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A more commonly used method when extended heat is not a concern is to use an
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sterilization equipment is often kept in an operating room's
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In cases when items need to be sterilized for immediate use,
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Division of
Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) (2008).
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a sample for 30 minutes or more will kill virtually all
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Moist heat causes destruction of micro-organisms by
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83:Action on micro-organisms
27:Sterilization technique
319:"Flash Sterilization"
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51:of macromolecules.
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55:Description
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100:Validation
69:vegetative
42:describes
30:See also:
18:Moist heat
147:autoclave
112:turbidity
77:germinate
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173:See also
268:Bibcode
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65:Boiling
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260:Nature
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94:Prions
73:spores
296:S2CID
239:S2CID
38:Moist
286:ISBN
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