3430:
3283:
3329:
3242:
3230:
2434:
experiments, a saturated surface dry condition is a premise that must be realize before the experiment. In saturated surface dry condition, the aggregate's water content is in a relatively stable and static situation where it would not be affected by its environment. Therefore, in experiments and tests where aggregates are in saturated surface dry condition, there would be fewer disrupting factors than in other three conditions.
3341:
3392:
3317:
3218:
31:
2296:(AD) is defined as the condition of an aggregate in which there are some water or moisture in the pores of the aggregate, while the outer surfaces of it is dry. This is a natural condition of aggregates in summer or in dry regions. In this condition, an aggregate will absorb water from other materials added to the surface of it, which would possibly have some impact on some characters of the aggregate.
1982:. Many recent scientific research efforts have aimed toward a predictive-understanding of water content over space and time. Observations have revealed generally that spatial variance in water content tends to increase as overall wetness increases in semiarid regions, to decrease as overall wetness increases in humid regions, and to peak under intermediate wetness conditions in temperate regions .
3365:
3418:
3406:
3442:
3353:
3466:
3382:
3305:
3206:
3454:
3254:
3045:
New practical guide to soil measurements explains the principles of operation of different moisture sensor types (independent of manufacturer), their accuracy, fields of application and how such sensors are installed, as well as subtleties of the data so obtained. Also deals with other crop-related
1942:
In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and "free" water — the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material. The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present
1286:
requires drying a sample (of soil, wood, etc.) in a special oven or kiln and checking the sample weight at regular time intervals. When the drying process is complete, the sample’s weight is compared to its weight before drying, and the difference is used to calculate the sample’s original moisture
2433:
Among these four moisture condition of aggregates, saturated surface dry is the condition that has the most applications in laboratory experiments, researches and studies, especially these related to water absorption, composition ratio or shrinkage test in materials like concrete. For many related
1938:
Moisture may be present as adsorbed moisture at internal surfaces and as capillary condensed water in small pores. At low relative humidities, moisture consists mainly of adsorbed water. At higher relative humidities, liquid water becomes more and more important, depending or not depending on the
1925:
Pin meters require driving two pins into the surface of the wood while making sure that the pins are aligned with the grain and not perpendicular to it. Pin meters provide moisture content readings by measuring the resistance in the electrical current between the two pins. The drier the wood, the
1901:
Satellite microwave remote sensing is used to estimate soil moisture based on the large contrast between the dielectric properties of wet and dry soil. The microwave radiation is not sensitive to atmospheric variables, and can penetrate through clouds. Also, microwave signal can penetrate, to a
2250:
One of the main complications which arises in studying the vadose zone, is the fact that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is a function of the water content of the material. As a material dries out, the connected wet pathways through the media become smaller, the hydraulic conductivity
1929:
Pinless meters emit an electromagnetic signal into the wood to provide readings of the wood’s moisture content and are generally preferred when damage to the wood's surface is unacceptable or when a high volume of readings or greater ease of use is required.
1902:
certain extent, the vegetation canopy and retrieve information from ground surface. The data from microwave remote sensing satellites such as WindSat, AMSR-E, RADARSAT, ERS-1-2, Metop/ASCAT, and SMAP are used to estimate surface soil moisture.
2424:(or wet) is defined as the condition of an aggregate in which water is fully permeated the aggregate through the pores in it, and there is free water in excess of the SSD condition on its surfaces which will become part of the mixing water.
892:
2290:(OD) is defined as the condition of an aggregate where there is no moisture within any part of the aggregate. This condition can be achieved in a laboratory by heating the aggregate to 220 °F (105 °C) for a period of time.
1132:
595:
2899:
Zaccardi, Y. A. Villagrán; Zega, C. J.; Carrizo, L. E.; Sosa, M. E. (2018-10-01). "Water absorption of fine recycled aggregates: effective determination by a method based on electrical conductivity".
1950:
Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as "water of crystallization", or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure.
1926:
more resistance to the electrical current, when measuring below the fiber saturation point of wood. Pin meters are generally preferred when there is no flat surface of the wood available to measure
525:
169:
2415:
1375:
1593:
265:
2155:
plants are no longer able to extract water. At this point they wilt and cease transpiring altogether. Conditions where soil is too dry to maintain reliable plant growth is referred to as
402:
2278:
and damp (or wet). Oven-dry and
Saturated surface dry can be achieved by experiments in laboratories, while Air-dry and damp (or wet) are aggregates' common conditions in nature.
1671:, the convention is to report moisture content on oven-dry basis (i.e. generally drying sample in an oven set at 105 deg Celsius for 24 hours or until it stops losing weight). In
1754:
745:
106:. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials'
1658:
1494:
1467:
1432:
1405:
936:
652:
3154:
1243:
1216:
1182:
1623:
1155:
1028:
627:
1536:
1319:
1263:
1059:
967:
797:
459:
432:
346:
319:
292:
199:
2607:
805:
2952:
Kawamura, Masashi; Kasai, Yoshio (2009-05-29). "Determination of saturated surface-dry condition of clay–sand mixed soils for soil–cement concrete construction".
2887:
707:
1817:
1797:
1777:
987:
4119:
3071:
1712:(American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards, the total evaporable moisture content in Aggregate (C 566) can be calculated with the formula:
1067:
267:
is equal to the total volume of the wet material, i.e. of the sum of the volume of solid host material (e.g., soil particles, vegetation tissue)
3147:
2630:
2546:
2513:
1872:
1939:
pore size can also be an influence of volume. In wood-based materials, however, almost all water is adsorbed at humidities below 98% RH.
2219:
Most soils have a water content less than porosity, which is the definition of unsaturated conditions, and they make up the subject of
2310:, they will neither absorb any of the mixing water added; nor will they contribute any of their contained water to the mix), but the
3172:
3140:
1876:
3064:
2240:
127:
2713:
4285:
3822:
3703:
3245:
3111:
2340:
1985:
There are four standard water contents that are routinely measured and used, which are described in the following table:
1327:
548:
2843:
1887:. Geophysical sensors are often used to monitor soil moisture continuously in agricultural and scientific applications.
478:
2239:
surface. The flow of water through and unsaturated zone in soils often involves a process of fingering, resulting from
1916:
In addition to the primary methods above, another method exists to measure the moisture content of wood: an electronic
4295:
4135:
2672:
Lakhankar, Tarendra; Ghedira, Hosni; Temimi, Marouane; Sengupta, Manajit; Khanbilvardi, Reza; Blake, Reginald (2009).
2562:
van
Genuchten, M.Th. (1980). "A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils".
1544:
204:
2648:"Relationships Between Electrical Properties (in Situ) and Water Content (in the Laboratory) of Some Soils in Turkey"
683:
To convert gravimetric water content to volumetric water content, multiply the gravimetric water content by the bulk
1660:, is the total volume of the wet material, which is fixed by simply filling up a container of known volume (e.g., a
3735:
3180:
3057:
2867:
4038:
3433:
2177:
Some agriculture professionals are beginning to use environmental measurements such as soil moisture to schedule
1856:
4114:
4104:
3976:
3966:
3796:
3534:
3332:
3163:
2105:
1880:
360:
3233:
3001:"Field Estimation of Soil Water Content: A Practical Guide to Methods, Instrumentation and Sensor Technology"
4300:
3954:
3929:
3869:
3549:
3490:
3344:
2057:
1864:
3320:
4217:
4028:
3842:
3678:
3653:
3574:
3504:
3483:
3375:
3101:
1694:
4305:
3904:
3713:
3221:
2474:
2464:
2303:
2275:
2255:
1842:
1718:
761:
715:
3368:
2274:
Generally, an aggregate has four different moisture conditions. They are Oven-dry (OD), Air-dry (AD),
4315:
4257:
4109:
4066:
3959:
3884:
3421:
3267:
3015:
2792:
2751:
2685:
2571:
1971:
1967:
1702:
1636:
1472:
1445:
1410:
1383:
4033:
4023:
3564:
3524:
3497:
3272:
3262:
3049:
2314:
are saturated with water. In this condition aggregates will not affect the free water content of a
900:
472:, is expressed in terms of the mass of water per unit mass of the moist specimen (before drying):
3308:
542:
require the gravimetric moisture content to be expressed with respect to the sample's dry weight:
4290:
3984:
3693:
3476:
3395:
2977:
2934:
2816:
2315:
2028:
1221:
1187:
1160:
3000:
2647:
2235:
conditions. Water content in the capillary fringe decreases with increasing distance above the
1601:
4081:
3827:
3718:
3539:
3031:
2969:
2926:
2808:
2781:"IoT Enabled Smart Irrigation and Cultivation Recommendation System for Precision Agriculture"
2626:
2542:
2509:
2459:
2454:
1868:
1684:
1833:
In addition to the direct and laboratory methods above, the following options are available.
1140:
1013:
887:{\displaystyle S_{w}={\frac {V_{w}}{V_{v}}}={\frac {V_{w}}{V\phi }}={\frac {\theta }{\phi }}}
4131:
4018:
3909:
3874:
3849:
3708:
3529:
3106:
3023:
2961:
2916:
2908:
2800:
2780:
2759:
2693:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2534:
2224:
2213:
1884:
1626:
684:
4164:
3429:
3282:
2505:
2496:
1514:
1297:
1248:
1037:
945:
775:
437:
410:
324:
297:
270:
177:
4247:
4071:
3989:
3924:
3919:
3817:
3683:
3554:
3409:
3328:
3241:
2259:
2151:
drops because the water is increasingly bound to the soil particles by suction. Below the
34:
2247:
processes and produces and unstable interface between saturated and unsaturated regions.
1697:), determining mass loss on heating (perhaps in the presence of an inert gas), or after
632:
3229:
3019:
2796:
2755:
2689:
2575:
2262:
of the porous medium. It is characteristic for different types of porous medium. Due to
1943:
in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of "free" and "bound" water, the
689:
607:
4310:
4194:
4086:
4003:
3807:
3569:
3559:
3445:
3340:
3096:
2674:"Non-parametric Methods for Soil Moisture Retrieval from Satellite Remote Sensing Data"
2469:
2035:
1979:
1944:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1802:
1782:
1762:
972:
757:
91:
3391:
3316:
3217:
4279:
4222:
4061:
3939:
3934:
2981:
2938:
2820:
2152:
2148:
1860:
1828:
1698:
86:
2625:(Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 646.
2621:
Dingman, S.L. (2002). "Chapter 6, Water in soils: infiltration and redistribution".
4242:
4237:
4227:
4207:
3894:
3837:
3668:
3385:
3085:
1959:
1184:
is the residual water content, defined as the water content for which the gradient
601:
539:
30:
4252:
3949:
3832:
3771:
2717:
2228:
2220:
2198:
2156:
1975:
1672:
535:
531:
17:
3364:
1438:
of the sample before and after drying in the oven. This gives the numerator of
4076:
4056:
3944:
3756:
3751:
3673:
3663:
3544:
3417:
3405:
3289:
3209:
2965:
2912:
2592:
2263:
2178:
2163:
1848:
1127:{\displaystyle \Theta ={\frac {\theta -\theta _{r}}{\theta _{s}-\theta _{r}}}}
3043:
Wessel-Bothe, Weihermüller (2020): Field
Measurement Methods in Soil Science.
3042:
3035:
3027:
2973:
2930:
2888:
ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/cst/TMS/400-A_series/pdfs/cnn403.pdf
2812:
2779:
Jesi, V. Elizabeth; Kumar, Anil; Hosen, Bappa; D, Stalin David (2022-04-24).
4232:
4212:
4098:
3914:
3899:
3515:
3457:
3441:
3356:
3257:
2538:
2171:
1963:
1690:
665:
110:
at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or mass (gravimetric) basis.
3352:
3132:
2804:
2608:"Gravimetric & Volumetric Soil Water Content | Edaphic Scientific"
3465:
3381:
3304:
4262:
4149:
3879:
3854:
3781:
3698:
3688:
3116:
2764:
2739:
2449:
2443:
2311:
2244:
2236:
2209:
2205:
939:
107:
3205:
1689:
Other methods that determine water content of a sample include chemical
4202:
4174:
3859:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3469:
3081:
2921:
2232:
2201:
2159:
1661:
95:
3453:
3253:
2698:
2673:
2646:
F. Ozcep; M. Asci; O. Tezel; T. Yas; N. Alpaslan; D. Gundogdu (2005).
4184:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4091:
3889:
3864:
3812:
3622:
2132:
2529:
R. Paul Singh; Dennis R. Heldman (2014). "Chapter 1: Introduction".
1922:. Pin and pinless meters are the two main types of moisture meters.
1003:
never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idealizations for engineering use.
3637:
2251:
decreasing with lower water content in a very non-linear fashion.
99:
77:
29:
1245:
is the saturated water content, which is equivalent to porosity,
4124:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3592:
3294:
2167:
2136:
1779:
is the fraction of total evaporable moisture content of sample,
1709:
1668:
1435:
1279:
465:
464:
For materials that change in volume with water content, such as
103:
81:
3136:
3053:
3014:(4), Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency: 131,
2326:) is defined in terms of the mass of saturated-surface-dry (M
2258:
is the relationship between volumetric water content and the
2266:, different wetting and drying curves may be distinguished.
2844:"Water-to-Cement Ratio and Aggregate Moisture Corrections"
2208:
spaces are filled with water (volumetric water content =
1061:) is a dimensionless value defined by van Genuchten as:
164:{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {V_{w}}{V_{\text{wet}}}}}
2504:(First ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
2497:"Chapter 3: Description of an Assemblage of Particles"
1278:
Water content can be directly measured using a drying
2343:
1805:
1785:
1765:
1721:
1639:
1604:
1547:
1517:
1475:
1448:
1413:
1386:
1330:
1300:
1251:
1224:
1190:
1163:
1143:
1070:
1040:
1016:
996:
can range from 0 (dry) to 1 (saturated). In reality,
975:
948:
903:
808:
778:
718:
692:
635:
610:
551:
481:
440:
413:
363:
327:
300:
273:
207:
180:
130:
2410:{\displaystyle A={\frac {M_{ssd}-M_{dry}}{M_{dry}}}}
4193:
4148:
4047:
4011:
4002:
3975:
3795:
3744:
3731:
3646:
3600:
3591:
3514:
3192:
3179:
1370:{\displaystyle m_{w}=m_{\text{wet}}-m_{\text{dry}}}
590:{\displaystyle u''={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{\text{dry}}}}}
2495:
2409:
2330:) sample and the mass of oven dried test sample (M
2306:in which the surfaces of the particles are "dry" (
2052:Soil moisture 2–3 days after a rain or irrigation
1811:
1791:
1771:
1748:
1652:
1617:
1587:
1530:
1488:
1461:
1426:
1399:
1369:
1313:
1257:
1237:
1210:
1176:
1149:
1126:
1053:
1022:
981:
961:
930:
886:
791:
739:
701:
646:
621:
589:
520:{\displaystyle u'={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{\text{wet}}}}}
519:
453:
426:
396:
340:
313:
286:
259:
193:
163:
2494:T. William Lambe & Robert V. Whitman (1969).
676:Values are often expressed as a percentage, i.e.
2740:"Soil moisture variability across climate zones"
1588:{\displaystyle V_{w}={\frac {m_{w}}{\rho _{w}}}}
260:{\displaystyle V_{\text{wet}}=V_{s}+V_{w}+V_{a}}
2738:Lawrence, J. E. & G. M. Hornberger (2007).
942:, in terms of the volume of void or pore space
1504:, respectively), depending on the discipline.
3148:
3065:
2078:Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts
1507:On the other hand, volumetric water content,
8:
1883:(GPR), and others that are sensitive to the
1855:soil water content. These methods include:
4008:
3741:
3597:
3189:
3155:
3141:
3133:
3072:
3058:
3050:
2166:management. Such conditions are common in
1970:, water content has an important role for
354:is expressed by mass (weight) as follows:
2920:
2763:
2697:
2591:
2393:
2376:
2357:
2350:
2342:
1804:
1784:
1764:
1728:
1720:
1644:
1638:
1609:
1603:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1480:
1474:
1453:
1447:
1418:
1412:
1391:
1385:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1250:
1229:
1223:
1197:
1189:
1168:
1162:
1142:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1077:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1015:
974:
953:
947:
920:
914:
902:
874:
855:
849:
838:
828:
822:
813:
807:
783:
777:
717:
691:
634:
609:
579:
569:
563:
550:
509:
499:
493:
480:
445:
439:
418:
412:
386:
376:
370:
362:
332:
326:
305:
299:
278:
272:
251:
238:
225:
212:
206:
185:
179:
153:
143:
137:
129:
27:Quantity of water contained in a material
2302:(SSD) is defined as the condition of an
1987:
1799:is the mass of the original sample, and
1511:, is calculated via the volume of water
397:{\displaystyle u={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{s}}}}
3008:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2584:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x
2564:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2486:
1851:methods available that can approximate
1294:, is calculated via the mass of water
969:and the total volume of the substance
57:oid (pores filled with water or air),
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
7:
2216:, pore spaces have air in them too.
2027:Fully saturated soil, equivalent to
1947:of a material should be considered.
2147:When a soil becomes too dry, plant
121:, θ, is defined mathematically as:
1749:{\displaystyle p={\frac {W-D}{W}}}
1071:
1017:
740:{\displaystyle \theta =u\times SG}
25:
3173:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2714:"Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture"
1877:electrical resistivity tomography
1157:is the volumetric water content;
654:are used and called respectively
468:, the gravimetric water content,
80:contained in a material, such as
3579:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3390:
3380:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3281:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
2868:"Aggregate Moisture in Concrete"
2531:Introduction to Food Engineering
2181:. This method is referred to as
2098:Remaining water at high tension
1675:, this is an important concept.
2322:The water adsorption by mass (A
2162:, and is a particular focus of
2131:which can range between 0.1 in
1954:Earth and agricultural sciences
1891:Satellite remote sensing method
2655:Geophysical Research Abstracts
2243:. This results mostly through
1873:amplitude domain reflectometry
1653:{\displaystyle V_{\text{wet}}}
1629:. This gives the numerator of
1489:{\displaystyle m_{\text{dry}}}
1462:{\displaystyle m_{\text{wet}}}
1427:{\displaystyle m_{\text{dry}}}
1400:{\displaystyle m_{\text{wet}}}
1:
3823:Mechanically stabilized earth
2231:is the dividing line between
931:{\displaystyle \phi =V_{v}/V}
3575:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2533:(Fifth ed.). Elsevier.
2094:
2085:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2039:
2023:
2014:
1885:physical properties of water
1442:; the denominator is either
4136:Stress distribution in soil
2999:Robinson, David A. (2008),
2276:Saturated surface dry (SSD)
2091:
2071:
2045:
2020:
1701:. In the food industry the
1290:Gravimetric water content,
1238:{\displaystyle \theta _{s}}
1211:{\displaystyle d\theta /dh}
1177:{\displaystyle \theta _{r}}
461:is the mass of the solids.
201:is the volume of water and
4332:
3286:Pore pressure measurement
2241:Saffman–Taylor instability
2112:, which is equivalent to:
1909:
1894:
1840:
1826:
1682:
656:moisture content wet basis
4039:Preconsolidation pressure
3434:Standard penetration test
3170:
3092:
2966:10.1617/s11527-009-9512-0
2913:10.1617/s11527-018-1248-2
2233:saturated and unsaturated
1906:Wood moisture measurement
1857:time-domain reflectometry
1823:Soil moisture measurement
1819:is mass of dried sample.
1618:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}}
434:is the mass of water and
352:Gravimetric water content
3535:California bearing ratio
3333:Rotary-pressure sounding
3164:Geotechnical engineering
3028:10.2136/sssaj2008.0016br
2954:Materials and Structures
2901:Materials and Structures
2446:, "water content" in air
2012:Saturated water content
1881:ground penetrating radar
1708:From the Annual Book of
1664:) when taking a sample.
1008:normalized water content
119:Volumetric water content
3955:Geosynthetic clay liner
3930:Expanded clay aggregate
3550:Proctor compaction test
3491:Crosshole sonic logging
3477:Nuclear densometer test
3234:Geo-electrical sounding
2870:. Concrete Construction
2539:10.1016/c2011-0-06101-x
2106:available water content
2083:Residual water content
2058:Permanent wilting point
1934:Classification and uses
1865:frequency domain sensor
1705:is also commonly used.
1150:{\displaystyle \theta }
1023:{\displaystyle \Theta }
4218:Earthquake engineering
4029:Lateral earth pressure
3654:Hydraulic conductivity
3505:Wave equation analysis
3484:Exploration geophysics
3376:Deformation monitoring
3345:Rotary weight sounding
3102:hydraulic conductivity
2805:10.1149/10701.5953ecst
2411:
1813:
1793:
1773:
1750:
1695:Karl Fischer titration
1654:
1619:
1589:
1532:
1490:
1463:
1428:
1401:
1371:
1315:
1259:
1239:
1212:
1178:
1151:
1128:
1055:
1024:
983:
963:
932:
888:
793:
741:
703:
648:
623:
591:
521:
455:
428:
398:
342:
315:
288:
261:
195:
165:
66:
3396:Settlement recordings
3321:Rock control drilling
3222:Cone penetration test
2475:Water retention curve
2465:Soil moisture sensors
2412:
2300:Saturated surface dry
2256:water retention curve
2002:Typical water content
1968:agricultural sciences
1910:Further information:
1895:Further information:
1843:Soil moisture sensors
1841:Further information:
1827:Further information:
1814:
1794:
1774:
1751:
1655:
1620:
1590:
1533:
1531:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
1491:
1464:
1429:
1402:
1372:
1316:
1314:{\displaystyle m_{w}}
1260:
1258:{\displaystyle \phi }
1240:
1213:
1179:
1152:
1129:
1056:
1054:{\displaystyle S_{e}}
1025:
984:
964:
962:{\displaystyle V_{v}}
933:
889:
794:
792:{\displaystyle S_{w}}
762:petroleum engineering
742:
704:
649:
624:
592:
522:
456:
454:{\displaystyle m_{s}}
429:
427:{\displaystyle m_{w}}
399:
343:
341:{\displaystyle V_{a}}
316:
314:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
289:
287:{\displaystyle V_{s}}
262:
196:
194:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
166:
33:
4286:Analytical chemistry
4258:Agricultural science
3960:Cellular confinement
2765:10.1029/2007GL031382
2341:
2312:inter-particle voids
1972:groundwater recharge
1803:
1783:
1763:
1719:
1637:
1602:
1545:
1515:
1473:
1446:
1411:
1384:
1328:
1298:
1249:
1222:
1188:
1161:
1141:
1068:
1038:
1032:effective saturation
1014:
973:
946:
901:
806:
776:
770:degree of saturation
716:
690:
633:
608:
549:
479:
438:
411:
361:
325:
298:
271:
205:
178:
128:
4150:Numerical analysis
4034:Overburden pressure
4024:Pore water pressure
3804:Shoring structures
3679:Reynolds' dilatancy
3580:Water content tests
3565:Triaxial shear test
3525:Soil classification
3498:Pile integrity test
3084:properties used in
3020:2009SSASJ..73.1437R
2797:2022ECSTr.107.5953J
2756:2007GeoRL..3420402L
2690:2009RemS....1....3L
2576:1980SSASJ..44..892V
2223:hydrogeology. The
1837:Geophysical methods
1633:; the denominator,
1218:becomes zero; and,
647:{\displaystyle u''}
76:is the quantity of
4296:Physical chemistry
4125:Slab stabilisation
4105:Stability analysis
2750:(L20402): L20402.
2744:Geophys. Res. Lett
2623:Physical Hydrology
2593:10338.dmlcz/141699
2407:
2334:) by the formula:
2316:composite material
2029:effective porosity
1847:There are several
1809:
1789:
1769:
1746:
1679:Laboratory methods
1650:
1615:
1585:
1528:
1486:
1459:
1424:
1397:
1367:
1311:
1255:
1235:
1208:
1174:
1147:
1124:
1051:
1020:
979:
959:
928:
884:
789:
752:Derived quantities
737:
702:{\displaystyle SG}
699:
644:
622:{\displaystyle u'}
619:
587:
517:
451:
424:
394:
338:
311:
284:
257:
191:
161:
67:
4273:
4272:
4144:
4143:
4120:Sliding criterion
4082:Response spectrum
3998:
3997:
3828:Pressure grouting
3727:
3726:
3587:
3586:
3540:Direct shear test
3246:Permeability test
3130:
3129:
2699:10.3390/rs1010003
2632:978-0-13-099695-4
2548:978-0-12-398530-9
2515:978-0-471-51192-2
2460:Moisture analysis
2455:Viscous fingering
2405:
2102:
2101:
1869:capacitance probe
1812:{\displaystyle D}
1792:{\displaystyle W}
1772:{\displaystyle p}
1744:
1703:Dean-Stark method
1693:(for example the
1685:Moisture analysis
1647:
1583:
1483:
1456:
1421:
1394:
1364:
1351:
1122:
982:{\displaystyle V}
882:
869:
844:
709:of the material:
664:moisture content
585:
582:
515:
512:
392:
215:
159:
156:
16:(Redirected from
4323:
4132:Bearing capacity
4019:Effective stress
4009:
3910:Land reclamation
3850:Land development
3745:Natural features
3742:
3709:Specific storage
3598:
3530:Atterberg limits
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3394:
3384:
3369:Screw plate test
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3285:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3190:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3046:soil parameters.
3039:
3005:
2986:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2791:(1): 5953–5967.
2785:ECS Transactions
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:. Archived from
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2491:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2367:
2351:
2225:capillary fringe
2214:capillary fringe
2204:, all available
2187:soil cultivation
2183:smart irrigation
1997:Suction pressure
1988:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1729:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1627:density of water
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
988:
986:
985:
980:
968:
966:
965:
960:
958:
957:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
918:
893:
891:
890:
885:
883:
875:
870:
868:
860:
859:
850:
845:
843:
842:
833:
832:
823:
818:
817:
799:, is defined as
798:
796:
795:
790:
788:
787:
766:water saturation
746:
744:
743:
738:
708:
706:
705:
700:
685:specific gravity
653:
651:
650:
645:
643:
628:
626:
625:
620:
618:
596:
594:
593:
588:
586:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
564:
559:
526:
524:
523:
518:
516:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
494:
489:
460:
458:
457:
452:
450:
449:
433:
431:
430:
425:
423:
422:
403:
401:
400:
395:
393:
391:
390:
381:
380:
371:
347:
345:
344:
339:
337:
336:
320:
318:
317:
312:
310:
309:
293:
291:
290:
285:
283:
282:
266:
264:
263:
258:
256:
255:
243:
242:
230:
229:
217:
216:
213:
200:
198:
197:
192:
190:
189:
170:
168:
167:
162:
160:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
138:
74:moisture content
35:Soil composition
21:
18:Moisture content
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4248:Earth materials
4189:
4151:
4140:
4049:
4043:
3994:
3971:
3925:Earth structure
3920:Erosion control
3818:Ground freezing
3808:Retaining walls
3791:
3733:
3723:
3684:Angle of repose
3642:
3583:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3470:Visible bedrock
3422:Simple sounding
3410:Shear vane test
3186:instrumentation
3185:
3183:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3131:
3126:
3088:
3078:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2993:Further reading
2990:
2989:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2440:
2431:
2389:
2372:
2353:
2352:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2284:
2282:Four Conditions
2272:
2260:water potential
2195:
2145:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2104:And lastly the
2089:
2069:
2065:
2043:
2018:
2003:
1998:
1956:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1780:
1761:
1760:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1687:
1681:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1573:
1563:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1284:oven-dry method
1276:
1271:
1247:
1246:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1186:
1185:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1139:
1138:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:, (also called
1012:
1011:
1001:
994:
971:
970:
949:
944:
943:
910:
899:
898:
861:
851:
834:
824:
809:
804:
803:
779:
774:
773:
754:
714:
713:
688:
687:
672:
661:
636:
631:
630:
611:
606:
605:
575:
565:
552:
547:
546:
505:
495:
482:
477:
476:
441:
436:
435:
414:
409:
408:
382:
372:
359:
358:
328:
323:
322:
301:
296:
295:
274:
269:
268:
247:
234:
221:
208:
203:
202:
181:
176:
175:
149:
139:
126:
125:
116:
45:ass, by phase:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Soil mechanics
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4195:Related fields
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Classification
4112:
4107:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4087:Seismic hazard
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3714:Shear strength
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Friction angle
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Oedometer test
3567:
3562:
3560:Sieve analysis
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3446:Total sounding
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3249:
3248:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:hydraulic head
3093:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2960:(4): 571–582.
2944:
2891:
2880:
2859:
2826:
2771:
2730:
2705:
2678:Remote Sensing
2664:
2638:
2631:
2613:
2599:
2570:(5): 892–898.
2554:
2547:
2521:
2514:
2502:Soil Mechanics
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:Water activity
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2194:
2191:
2174:environments.
2144:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:Field capacity
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1999:(J/kg or kPa)
1995:
1992:
1980:soil chemistry
1955:
1952:
1945:water activity
1935:
1932:
1919:moisture meter
1912:Moisture meter
1907:
1904:
1897:Remote sensing
1892:
1889:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1808:
1788:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1683:Main article:
1680:
1677:
1643:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1525:
1521:
1496:(resulting in
1479:
1452:
1417:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1308:
1304:
1275:
1274:Direct methods
1272:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1232:
1228:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1171:
1167:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1019:
999:
992:
978:
956:
952:
927:
923:
917:
913:
909:
906:
895:
894:
881:
878:
873:
867:
864:
858:
854:
848:
841:
837:
831:
827:
821:
816:
812:
786:
782:
758:soil mechanics
753:
750:
749:
748:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
698:
695:
670:
659:
642:
639:
617:
614:
598:
597:
578:
572:
568:
562:
558:
555:
528:
527:
508:
502:
498:
492:
488:
485:
448:
444:
421:
417:
405:
404:
389:
385:
379:
375:
369:
366:
335:
331:
308:
304:
281:
277:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
211:
188:
184:
172:
171:
152:
146:
142:
136:
133:
115:
112:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Geomorphology
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Consolidation
4065:
4063:
4062:Frost heaving
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:Geosynthetics
3938:
3936:
3935:Crushed stone
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Cut-and-cover
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Water content
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:Sample series
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:Investigation
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3123:
3122:water content
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3044:
3041:
3038:, IAEA-TCS-30
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2720:on 2007-09-29
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2610:. 9 May 2016.
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2270:In aggregates
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:In saturated
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:wilting point
2150:
2149:transpiration
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:neutron probe
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:Soil moisture
1822:
1820:
1806:
1786:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:freeze drying
1696:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1610:
1606:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1477:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1415:
1388:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1230:
1226:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1169:
1165:
1144:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1009:
1004:
1002:
995:
976:
954:
950:
941:
925:
921:
915:
911:
907:
904:
879:
876:
871:
865:
862:
856:
852:
846:
839:
835:
829:
825:
819:
814:
810:
802:
801:
800:
784:
780:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
712:
711:
710:
696:
693:
686:
681:
679:
674:
668:
667:
657:
640:
637:
615:
612:
603:
576:
570:
566:
560:
556:
553:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
506:
500:
496:
490:
486:
483:
475:
474:
473:
471:
467:
462:
446:
442:
419:
415:
387:
383:
377:
373:
367:
364:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
333:
329:
321:, and of air
306:
302:
279:
275:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
209:
186:
182:
150:
144:
140:
134:
131:
124:
123:
122:
120:
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
87:soil moisture
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Water content
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4306:Soil physics
4243:Biogeography
4238:Hydrogeology
4228:Soil science
4208:Geochemistry
3967:Infiltration
3895:Cut and fill
3838:Soil nailing
3704:Permeability
3669:Bulk density
3658:
3386:Inclinometer
3309:Ram sounding
3194:
3121:
3112:permeability
3086:hydrogeology
3011:
3007:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2862:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:the original
2708:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2530:
2524:
2501:
2489:
2432:
2421:
2321:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2273:
2253:
2249:
2218:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2157:agricultural
2146:
2130:
2103:
1984:
1960:soil science
1957:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1852:
1846:
1832:
1758:
1707:
1688:
1666:
1630:
1597:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1439:
1379:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1136:
1031:
1007:
1005:
997:
990:
989:. Values of
896:
769:
765:
755:
682:
677:
675:
663:
655:
602:food science
599:
540:soil science
529:
469:
463:
406:
351:
350:
173:
118:
117:
85:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
4316:Woodworking
4253:Archaeology
3977:Foundations
3950:Geomembrane
3833:Slurry wall
3772:Water table
3736:Interaction
3732:Structures
3719:Sensitivity
3516:Laboratory
3107:storativity
2922:11336/83159
2848:precast.org
2684:(1): 3–21.
2429:Application
2229:water table
2221:vadose zone
2212:). Above a
2199:groundwater
2193:Groundwater
2143:Agriculture
2135:and 0.3 in
2007:Conditions
1976:agriculture
1849:geophysical
1673:wood drying
1269:Measurement
536:geotechnics
532:woodworking
294:, of water
114:Definitions
4280:Categories
4110:Mitigation
4092:Shear wave
4077:Earthquake
4072:Compaction
4057:Permafrost
4048:Phenomena/
3945:Geotextile
3870:Embankment
3860:Excavation
3797:Earthworks
3757:Vegetation
3752:Topography
3674:Thixotropy
3664:Void ratio
3647:Properties
3545:Hydrometer
3290:Piezometer
3210:Core drill
2907:(5): 127.
2874:2018-11-08
2853:2018-11-18
2724:2007-08-22
2481:References
2264:hysteresis
2179:irrigation
2164:irrigation
2095:0.001–0.1
2075:0.01–0.25
2004:(vol/vol)
1691:titrations
41:olume and
4291:Hydrology
4233:Hydrology
4213:Petrology
4101:analysis
4099:Landslide
4004:Mechanics
3915:Track bed
3900:Fill dirt
3885:Terracing
3458:Trial pit
3273:Statnamic
3258:Load test
3080:Physical
3036:1018-5518
2982:137282443
2974:1359-5997
2939:139201161
2931:1871-6873
2821:248458443
2813:1938-5862
2370:−
2304:aggregate
2172:semi-arid
2049:0.1–0.35
1994:Notation
1964:hydrology
1735:−
1607:ρ
1575:ρ
1355:−
1287:content.
1253:ϕ
1227:θ
1195:θ
1166:θ
1145:θ
1113:θ
1109:−
1100:θ
1088:θ
1084:−
1081:θ
1072:Θ
1018:Θ
905:ϕ
880:ϕ
877:θ
866:ϕ
729:×
720:θ
666:dry basis
530:However,
132:θ
61:oil, and
4263:Agrology
4152:software
4050:problems
3880:Causeway
3855:Landfill
3782:Subgrade
3699:Porosity
3694:Cohesion
3117:porosity
2450:Moisture
2444:Humidity
2438:See also
2288:Oven-dry
2245:drainage
2237:phreatic
2210:porosity
2202:aquifers
2024:0.2–0.5
1434:are the
940:porosity
641:″
616:′
557:″
487:′
108:porosity
96:ceramics
84:(called
4203:Geology
4175:SVSlope
3985:Shallow
3905:Grading
3843:Tieback
3787:Subsoil
3777:Bedrock
3767:Topsoil
3762:Terrain
3555:R-value
3518:testing
3268:Dynamic
3195:in situ
3193:Field (
3082:aquifer
3016:Bibcode
2793:Bibcode
2752:Bibcode
2686:Bibcode
2572:Bibcode
2294:Air-dry
2227:of the
2160:drought
1859:(TDR),
1853:in situ
1662:tin can
1625:is the
938:is the
680:×100%.
604:, both
600:And in
4185:Plaxis
4180:UTEXAS
4170:SVFlux
4160:SEEP2D
4012:Forces
3865:Trench
3813:Gabion
3623:Gravel
3263:Static
3034:
2980:
2972:
2937:
2929:
2819:
2811:
2629:
2545:
2512:
2133:gravel
2072:−1500
1978:, and
1759:where
1598:where
1436:masses
1380:where
1282:. The
1137:where
897:where
662:) and
407:where
174:where
53:ater,
4311:Water
4165:STABL
3638:Loess
3601:Types
3004:(PDF)
2978:S2CID
2935:S2CID
2817:S2CID
2651:(PDF)
1991:Name
102:, or
100:crops
78:water
65:otal.
3990:Deep
3633:Loam
3628:Peat
3618:Sand
3613:Silt
3608:Clay
3593:Soil
3295:Well
3032:ISSN
2970:ISSN
2927:ISSN
2809:ISSN
2627:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2422:Damp
2308:i.e.
2206:pore
2170:and
2168:arid
2137:peat
2066:or θ
2046:−33
1966:and
1710:ASTM
1669:wood
1667:For
1407:and
1280:oven
1006:The
764:the
760:and
629:and
538:and
466:coal
104:wood
92:rock
82:soil
49:ir,
3875:Cut
3184:and
3024:doi
2962:doi
2917:hdl
2909:doi
2801:doi
2789:107
2760:doi
2694:doi
2588:hdl
2580:doi
2535:doi
2506:553
2332:dry
2328:ssd
2185:or
2126:pwp
2124:− θ
2120:≡ θ
2108:, θ
2092:−∞
2064:pwp
1958:In
1646:wet
1500:or
1482:dry
1469:or
1455:wet
1420:dry
1393:wet
1363:dry
1350:wet
1034:or
768:or
756:In
673:).
669:(MC
658:(MC
581:dry
511:wet
214:wet
155:wet
90:),
72:or
37:by
4282::
4134:*
3030:,
3022:,
3012:73
3010:,
3006:,
2976:.
2968:.
2958:43
2956:.
2933:.
2925:.
2915:.
2905:51
2903:.
2846:.
2829:^
2815:.
2807:.
2799:.
2787:.
2783:.
2758:.
2748:34
2746:.
2742:.
2692:.
2680:.
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