455:
3292:
40:
3337:
1648:"E.R. Cohen, T. Cvitas, J.G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H.L. Strauss, M. Takami, and A.J. Thor, "Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", IUPAC Green Book, 3rd Edition, 2nd Printing, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge (2008)"
652:
was exactly 1 g/mol. Thus, given the molecular mass or formula mass in daltons, the same number in grams gives an amount very close to one mole of the substance. For example, the average molecular mass of water is about 18.015 Da and the molar mass of water is about 18.015 g/mol. This
1235:
was the first to be discovered of many relationships between the number of atoms or molecules in a system and other physical properties of the system, apart from its mass. However, this was not sufficient to convince all scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules, many considered it simply
259:, and the molar mass of an isotope in grams per mole is approximately equal to the mass number (historically exact for carbon-12 with a molar mass of 12 g/mol). For example, a molecule of water has a mass of about 18.015 daltons on average, whereas a mole of water (which contains
962:
is dissolved in 100 g of water, the amounts of the two substances in the solution will be (20 g)/(58.443 g/mol) = 0.34221 mol and (100 g)/(18.015 g/mol) = 5.5509 mol, respectively; and the molar fraction of
892:(315 g, 6.85 mol) and 0.60 L of water. The amount concentration of ethanol is therefore (6.85 mol of ethanol)/(1 L of vodka) = 6.85 mol/L, not (6.85 mol of ethanol)/(0.60 L of water), which would be 11.4 mol/L.
958:) of a substance in a mixture (such as a solution), which is the number of moles of the compound in one sample of the mixture, divided by the total number of moles of all components. For example, if 20 g of
280:, it is often much more convenient to work with amounts of substances (that is, number of moles or of molecules) than with masses (grams) or volumes (liters). For example, the chemical fact "1 molecule of
380:. The latter may refer to other measurements such as mass or volume, rather than the number of particles. There are proposals to replace "amount of substance" with more easily-distinguishable terms, such as
1107:
The concept of atoms raised the question of their weight. While many were skeptical about the reality of atoms, chemists quickly found atomic weights to be an invaluable tool in expressing stoichiometric
1647:
1371:, the concept of atomic and molecular entities was generally accepted, but many questions remained, not least the size of atoms and their number in a given sample. The concurrent development of
334:
to form 2 moles of water". The same chemical fact, expressed in terms of masses, would be "32 g (1 mole) of oxygen will react with approximately 4.0304 g (2 moles of
2087:(1811). "Essai d'une maniere de determiner les masses relatives des molecules elementaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons".
1902:
1772:
1743:
1682:
104:
1897:
1852:
1822:
1767:
1738:
1706:
1677:
1504:
864:
685:
638:
1964:
830:
810:
774:
604:
584:
560:
3021:
2759:
1799:
1461:: Aston receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule".
2436:
994:, probably had some notion of amount of substance, but there are no surviving records of any generalization of the idea beyond a set of recipes. In 1758,
1654:
358:. For the same reasons, the concentrations of reagents and products in solution are often specified in moles per liter, rather than grams per liter.
1179:
that all atomic weights are integer multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The hypothesis is later abandoned given the observed atomic weight of
2822:
2428:
2389:
687:. For example, 100 g of water is about 5.551 mol of water. Other methods of determining the amount of substance include the use of the
413:
To avoid ambiguity, the nature of the particles should be specified in any measurement of the amount of substance: thus, a sample of 1 mol
640:. The amount of substance is given as the number of moles in the sample. For most practical purposes, the numerical value of the molar mass in
653:
allows for accurate determination of the amount in moles of a substance by measuring its mass and dividing by the molar mass of the compound:
2782:
1587:
502:, for which the SI unit kilogram per mole or gram per mole may be used. This is about 18.015 g/mol for water, and 55.845 g/mol for
901:, and denote it by the symbol "M" (both following the numeric value). Thus, for example, each liter of a "0.5 molar" or "0.5 M" solution of
938:, which is the mass of the substance of interest divided by the volume of the solution (about 35 g/L for sodium chloride in ocean water).
1455:: Soddy receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes".
1147:
hypothesizes that equal volumes of different gases (at same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of particles, now known as
3311:
1547:
482:
2776:
1911:
1781:
1752:
1691:
2210:
1249:
1225:
2499:"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen"
1294:
makes the first estimate of the size of gas molecules and hence of number of molecules in a given volume of gas, now known as the
3014:
2543:
2188:
369:
in a recipient of a given volume, at a given temperature, is directly related to the number of molecules in the gas (through the
1806:
998:
questioned the idea that mass was the only measure of the quantity of matter, but he did so only in relation to his theories on
1305:
1077:. Richter also notes that, for a given acid, the equivalent mass of the acid is proportional to the mass of oxygen in the base.
2872:
935:
1002:. The development of the concept of amount of substance was coincidental with, and vital to, the birth of modern chemistry.
931:
of the substance of interest in the solution. However, as of May 2007, these terms and symbols are not condoned by IUPAC.
1500:
1375:, starting in 1886, supported the concept of atomic and molecular mass and provided a tool of direct relative measurement.
195:
3369:
3347:
3306:
1389:
dispels any last doubts on the physical reality of atoms, and opens the way for an accurate determination of their mass.
376:
This technical sense of the term "amount of substance" should not be confused with the general sense of "amount" in the
3374:
3007:
2815:
1087:
1048:
277:
927:) in water contains 0.5 moles of that molecule. By extension, the amount concentration is also commonly called the
255:, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes) to the mass of one molecule or formula unit of the compound, in
2179:
1864:
1137:, stating an integer relationship between the volumes of reactants and products in the chemical reactions of gases.
1431:
receives the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for "his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements".
3204:
2937:
2907:
2132:(1810). "Forsok rorande de bestamda proportioner, havari den oorganiska naturens bestandsdelar finnas forenada".
1428:
1058:
2156:"On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms"
1090:
generalizes the concept of equivalent weights to all types of chemical reaction, not simply acid–base reactions.
2433:
1284:
debates the relation between "physical molecules", "chemical molecules" and atoms, without reaching consensus.
2361:
Account of the
Sessions of the International Congress of Chemists in Karlsruhe, on 3, 4, and 5 September 1860
3316:
2892:
2129:
2058:
1267:
1158:
1131:
884:
The denominator is the volume of the solution, not of the solvent. Thus, for example, one liter of standard
2480:
1074:
3340:
2808:
2373:
1468:
1291:
1194:
2719:
2701:
2686:
2637:
346:) hydrogen to make approximately 36.0304 g (2 moles) of water" (and the numbers would depend on the
3321:
2651:
2422:
2357:
1438:
1010:
395:
recommends that "amount of substance" should be used instead of "number of moles", just as the quantity
2386:
1446:
1190:
1176:
454:
350:
of the reagents). In terms of volume, the numbers would depend on the pressure and temperature of the
3064:
2608:
2538:
2510:
2332:
2290:
2160:
1619:
1574:
1396:
1204:
1104:, including a "Table of the relative weights of the ultimate particles of gaseous and other bodies".
78:
1931:
1915:
1785:
1756:
1695:
2973:
2877:
2183:
1134:
812:) of a specific substance (solute in a solution or component of a mixture), divided by the volume (
753:
649:
519:
355:
149:
85:
2763:
1017:, in which he demonstrates that the proportions of the "base component" and the "acid component" (
644:
per mole is the same as that of the mean mass of one molecule or formula unit of the substance in
3256:
2851:
2714:
2256:
2236:
1880:
1552:
1295:
1281:
789:
492:
488:
180:
1994:
Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes
2734:
1856:
2983:
2846:
2772:
1927:
1907:
1777:
1748:
1687:
1583:
1442:
1400:
1372:
1323:
1148:
1070:
1036:
995:
699:
248:
157:
3169:
2978:
2963:
2667:
2616:
2518:
2406:
2340:
2298:
2274:
2248:
1939:
1872:
1836:
1723:
1627:
1333:
1263:
1215:
1044:
1026:
975:
377:
835:
656:
609:
2947:
2927:
2566:
2494:
2453:
2440:
2393:
2320:
2316:
2278:
2232:
2084:
1973:
1810:
1414:
1386:
1382:
1351:
1315:
1271:
1245:
1144:
955:
878:
692:
184:
145:
2474:
2042:
2612:
2514:
2457:
2336:
2294:
2061:(1809). "Memoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres".
1623:
1523:: The mole is redefined in the SI as "the amount of substance of a system that contains
514:
per mole for liquid water and 7.092 mL/mol for iron at room temperature. From the
2968:
947:
815:
795:
759:
589:
569:
545:
362:
39:
243:
Historically, the mole was defined as the amount of substance in 12 grams of the
3363:
2988:
2902:
2592:
2260:
2151:
1803:
1418:
1232:
1172:
1121:
1101:
1084:
1066:
951:
645:
515:
370:
256:
1992:
1884:
1832:
1716:
1308:
demonstrates the similarities in behaviour between dilute solutions and ideal gases.
1218:
to be clarified, resolving several ambiguities in the calculation of atomic weights.
946:
Confusingly, the amount (molar) concentration should also be distinguished from the
498:
For example, the quotient of the mass of a sample by its amount of substance is its
3030:
2942:
2856:
1608:"What's in a Name? Amount of Substance, Chemical Amount, and Stoichiometric Amount"
1514:
991:
897:
688:
507:
203:
1340:
in solution, resolving one of the problems in the study of colligative properties.
2186:(1819). "Recherches sur quelques points importants de la Théorie de la Chaleur".
3246:
2922:
2831:
2360:
2114:
2071:
2038:
2012:
1827:
1711:
1632:
1607:
1337:
1211:
1097:
999:
870:
495:
of the substance, usually named by the prefix "molar" or the suffix "per mole".
459:
408:
199:
71:
45:
2126:
Berzelius' first atomic weight measurements were published in
Swedish in 1810:
2110:
2097:
2016:
2917:
2671:
2570:
2498:
2476:
The
Principles of Mathematical Chemistry: The Energetics of Chemical Phenomena
1161:
publishes the first of several tables of atomic weights based on the scale of
722:
707:
539:
511:
499:
463:
17:
2553:
2523:
2344:
2302:
1831:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1715:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2596:
2198:
2155:
1876:
1840:
1727:
1319:
1025:
in modern terminology) remain the same during reactions between two neutral
366:
244:
168:
112:
2621:
2252:
491:
physical quantity of a homogeneous sample by its amount of substance is an
1326:, a tool subsequently used to establish the masses of atoms and molecules.
3159:
2932:
2882:
1180:
877:(mol/L, equivalent to mol/dm). For example, the amount concentration of
703:
297:
1582:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
3276:
3051:
2897:
1938:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 224–33 – via
1410:
1208:
987:
889:
737:
706:
of each chemical element present in it. For example, the molar mass of
351:
347:
66:
2735:"Atomic Weights and the International Committee – A Historical Review"
1252:, in particular that "the chemical decomposing action of a current is
3221:
3194:
3187:
3110:
3100:
2999:
1018:
527:
418:
281:
124:
2655:
1065:(publication of subsequent volumes continues until 1802). The term "
873:, although more practical units are commonly used, such as mole per
3134:
2479:. (Transl. Livingston, J.; Morgan, R.). New York: Wiley. pp.
2378:
Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien
1490:
1486:
1022:
885:
874:
523:
392:
1857:"Glossary of Terms in Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry"
3144:
3085:
2887:
2800:
902:
641:
563:
503:
475:
471:
467:
396:
252:
183:
sampled may be specified using a subscript, e.g., the amount of
172:
3003:
2804:
2459:
Hand- und
Hilfsbuch zur ausfĂĽhrung physiko-chemischer Messungen
2021:
Memoirs of the
Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
433:) has a mass of about 32 grams, whereas a sample of 1 mol
273:
water molecules) has a total mass of about 18.015 grams.
176:
586:) of a sample of that substance to its amount of substance (
3174:
1063:
Stoichiometry or the Art of
Measuring the Chemical Elements
227:. Sometimes, the amount of substance is referred to as the
1471:, in part for his work in measuring the Avogadro constant.
895:
In chemistry, it is customary to read the unit "mol/L" as
483:
Intensive and extensive properties § Molar properties
2702:
Presentation Speech for the 1922 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry
2687:
Presentation Speech for the 1921 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry
978:
of each component is proportional to its molar fraction.
530:â‹…mol) for water and about 25.10 J/(Kâ‹…mol) for iron.
365:. For example, the pressure of a certain quantity of a
361:
The amount of substance is also a convenient concept in
2720:
Presentation Speech for the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics
2017:"On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids"
1936:
Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory
1274:
publishes an independent derivation the following year.
1932:"On the Relation of the Amount of Material and Weight"
698:
The molar mass of a substance depends not only on its
2638:
Statement regarding the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2541:(1909). "Mouvement brownien et réalité moléculaire".
2321:"Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen"
1193:
relating the atomic weight of a solid element to its
838:
818:
798:
762:
659:
648:, as the mole was historically defined such that the
612:
592:
572:
548:
88:
881:
in ocean water is typically about 0.599 mol/L.
3299:
3037:
2956:
2865:
2839:
1903:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
1773:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
1744:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
1683:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
179:, or ion pairs of a specified kind. The particular
77:
65:
53:
32:
3214:
2554:Extract in English, translation by Frederick Soddy
1069:" is used for the first time. The first tables of
858:
824:
804:
768:
679:
632:
598:
578:
554:
98:
48:amount of substance based on 12 grams of carbon-12
1898:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1853:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1768:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1739:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1678:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
206:. Since 2019, the value of the Avogadro constant
1505:International Committee for Weights and Measures
2241:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1499:: The mole is recommended for inclusion in the
1254:constant for a constant quantity of electricity
934:This quantity should not be confused with the
748:Amount (molar) concentration (moles per liter)
247:. As a consequence, the mass of one mole of a
3015:
2816:
1795:
1793:
1350:to describe a unit of amount of substance by
869:The standard SI unit of this quantity is mol/
8:
2760:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1800:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1322:in gas discharges, laying the foundation of
399:should not be called "number of kilograms".
2213:(1834). "Puissance motrice de la chaleur".
1965:Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
3042:
3022:
3008:
3000:
2823:
2809:
2801:
1906:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1776:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1747:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1686:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1481:: Unified atomic mass unit scale based on
752:Another important derived quantity is the
2620:
2571:"The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law"
2522:
1631:
1569:
1567:
1183:(approx. 35.5 relative to hydrogen).
848:
837:
817:
797:
761:
669:
658:
622:
611:
591:
571:
547:
409:Mole_(unit) § Nature_of_the_entities
194:. The unit of amount of substance in the
90:
89:
87:
1601:
1599:
942:Amount (molar) fraction (moles per mole)
453:
330:
323:
315:
3070:
2376:(1865). "Zur Grösse der Luftmoleküle".
2215:Journal de l'École Royale Polytechnique
1563:
2765:The International System of Units (SI)
2656:"The constitution of atmospheric neon"
2420:
506:. Similarly for volume, one gets the
91:
29:
2754:
2752:
2699:Söderbaum, H.G. (December 10, 1922).
2684:Söderbaum, H.G. (December 10, 1921).
2635:Söderbaum, H.G. (November 11, 1915).
562:) of a substance is the ratio of the
7:
2411:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
1236:being a useful tool for calculation.
1100:publishes his first paper on modern
969:0.34221/(0.34221 + 5.5509) = 0.05807
320:)" can also be stated as "1 mole of
2427:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
2044:A New System of Chemical Philosophy
1118:A New System of Chemical Philosophy
792:), defined as the amount in moles (
3312:International System of Quantities
2601:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2279:"GrundzĂĽge einer Theorie der Gase"
1828:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1712:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1548:International System of Quantities
702:, but also on the distribution of
25:
2771:(8th ed.), pp. 114–15,
1833:amount-of-substance concentration
1576:The International System of Units
1360:: First recorded use of the term
1346:: First recorded use of the term
778:amount of substance concentration
296:) will react with 2 molecules of
3336:
3335:
3290:
2544:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2189:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2109:Excerpts from Berzelius' essay:
2063:Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil
1934:. In Leicester, Henry M. (ed.).
1914:. p. 42 (n. 15).
1120:, containing the first table of
1041:Treatise of Elementary Chemistry
740:with the normal isotopic mix is
441:) has a mass of about 16 grams.
312:) to make 2 molecules of water (
38:
2788:from the original on 2021-06-04
1537:specified elementary entities".
1413:of non-radioactive elements by
1266:derives the ideal gas law from
1043:, introducing the concept of a
235:" in a given sample of matter.
2597:"Rays of positive electricity"
1813:. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
1513:: The mole is approved as the
1336:describes the dissociation of
1061:publishes the first volume of
832:) of the solution or mixture:
1:
2237:"On Electrical Decomposition"
1612:Journal of Chemical Education
1501:International System of Units
1369:turn of the twentieth century
522:, which is about 75.385
276:In chemistry, because of the
196:International System of Units
99:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {N}}}
3307:History of the metric system
721:, whereas the molar mass of
450:Molar quantities (per mole)
167:). The entities are usually
1991:Lavoisier, Antoine (1789).
1653:. p. 4. Archived from
1633:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00690
1485:(C) = 12 u adopted by
1088:Law of definite proportions
1049:Law of conservation of mass
990:, and especially the early
974:In a mixture of gases, the
327:will react with 2 moles of
278:law of multiple proportions
187:(NaCl) would be denoted as
27:Extensive physical property
3391:
2733:Holden, Norman E. (2004).
1606:Giunta, Carmen J. (2016).
1228:states the ideal gas law.
1116:: Publication of Dalton's
480:
406:
3330:
3288:
3205:thermodynamic temperature
3050:
3045:
2938:Thermodynamic temperature
2672:10.1080/14786440408636058
2392:February 7, 2006, at the
1354:in a university textbook.
888:contains about 0.40 L of
213:is defined to be exactly
37:
2524:10.1002/andp.19053220806
2462:. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
2345:10.1002/andp.18571760302
2303:10.1002/andp.18561751008
2059:Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
1445:, an updated version of
1403:and estimates its value.
1135:Law of combining volumes
510:, which is about 18.069
474:samples that have equal
231:or, informally, as the "
2739:Chemistry International
2134:Afh. Fys., Kemi Mineral
1877:10.1351/pac199668040957
1841:10.1351/goldbook.A00298
1728:10.1351/goldbook.A00297
1517:of amount of substance.
1051:for chemical reactions.
786:substance concentration
403:Nature of the particles
127:is defined as a ratio (
123:) in a given sample of
3322:Systems of measurement
2660:Philosophical Magazine
2622:10.1098/rspa.1913.0057
2253:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008
1469:Nobel Prize in Physics
1467:: Perrin receives the
1320:discrete particle rays
1195:specific heat capacity
860:
826:
806:
770:
691:or the measurement of
681:
634:
600:
580:
556:
478:
100:
2717:(December 10, 1926).
2180:Petit, Alexis Thérèse
2047:. Manchester: London.
1997:. Paris: Chez Cuchet.
1717:amount of substance,
861:
859:{\displaystyle c=n/V}
827:
807:
771:
682:
680:{\displaystyle n=m/M}
635:
633:{\displaystyle M=m/n}
601:
581:
557:
487:The quotient of some
457:
386:stoichiometric amount
101:
2473:Helm, Georg (1897).
2184:Dulong, Pierre-Louis
2161:Annals of Philosophy
1250:Laws of electrolysis
836:
816:
796:
782:amount concentration
760:
742:40.078(4) g/mol
657:
610:
590:
570:
546:
458:A diagram comparing
373:), not to its mass.
348:isotopic composition
86:
3370:Amount of substance
3232:amount of substance
2913:Amount of substance
2878:Molar concentration
2866:Physical quantities
2613:1913RSPSA..89....1T
2515:1905AnP...322..549E
2434:English translation
2387:English translation
2337:1857AnP...176..353C
2295:1856AnP...175..315K
2199:English translation
2098:English translation
2089:Journal de Physique
2072:English translation
1916:Electronic version.
1786:Electronic version.
1757:Electronic version.
1696:Electronic version.
1624:2016JChEd..93..583G
1075:acid–base reactions
1047:and clarifying the
1015:Lessons on Affinity
754:molar concentration
650:molar mass constant
520:molar heat capacity
150:elementary entities
117:amount of substance
33:Amount of substance
3375:SI base quantities
3257:luminous intensity
3031:SI base quantities
2873:Mass concentration
2852:Boltzmann constant
2503:Annalen der Physik
2439:2009-02-18 at the
2325:Annalen der Physik
2283:Annalen der Physik
1928:Lomonosov, Mikhail
1809:2008-08-29 at the
1804:Realising the mole
1553:Quantity of matter
1447:Prout's hypothesis
1296:Loschmidt constant
1282:Karlsruhe Congress
1073:are published for
1071:equivalent weights
936:mass concentration
856:
822:
802:
790:clinical chemistry
766:
677:
630:
596:
576:
552:
493:intensive property
479:
445:Derived quantities
96:
3357:
3356:
3285:
3284:
2997:
2996:
2847:Avogadro constant
2652:Aston, Francis W.
2407:Arrhenius, Svante
1589:978-92-822-2272-0
1443:whole number rule
1401:Avogadro constant
1373:mass spectrometry
1324:mass spectrometry
1216:chemical formulae
1124:(based on H = 1).
996:Mikhail Lomonosov
825:{\displaystyle V}
805:{\displaystyle n}
769:{\displaystyle c}
700:molecular formula
599:{\displaystyle n}
579:{\displaystyle m}
555:{\displaystyle M}
249:chemical compound
245:carbon-12 isotope
202:(symbol: mol), a
158:Avogadro constant
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
3382:
3339:
3338:
3294:
3293:
3268:
3238:
3216:
3211:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3170:electric current
3151:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3092:
3043:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2979:Combined gas law
2974:Gay-Lussac's law
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2730:
2724:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2567:Soddy, Frederick
2563:
2557:
2552:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2495:Einstein, Albert
2491:
2485:
2484:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2454:Ostwald, Wilhelm
2450:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2317:Clausius, Rudolf
2313:
2307:
2306:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2233:Faraday, Michael
2229:
2223:
2222:
2211:Clapeyron, Émile
2207:
2201:
2197:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2085:Avogadro, Amedeo
2081:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1940:Internet Archive
1924:
1918:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1865:Pure Appl. Chem.
1861:
1849:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1797:
1788:
1765:
1759:
1736:
1730:
1704:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1571:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1191:Dulong–Petit law
1045:chemical element
976:partial pressure
970:
966:
961:
926:
924:
923:
915:
914:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
831:
829:
828:
823:
811:
809:
808:
803:
788:, especially in
775:
773:
772:
767:
743:
735:
733:
730:
720:
718:
715:
686:
684:
683:
678:
673:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
605:
603:
602:
597:
585:
583:
582:
577:
561:
559:
558:
553:
440:
432:
431:
430:
378:English language
345:
344:
343:
333:
326:
319:
311:
310:
309:
295:
294:
293:
272:
270:
267:
264:
226:
224:
221:
218:
143:
105:
103:
102:
97:
95:
94:
61:
44:Approximately 1
42:
30:
21:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3326:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3236:
3209:
3188: I
3182:
3176:
3149:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3090:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3038:Base quantities
3033:
3028:
2998:
2993:
2952:
2948:Specific volume
2928:Particle number
2861:
2835:
2829:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2679:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2441:Wayback Machine
2419:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2394:Wayback Machine
2372:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2352:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2130:Berzelius, J.J.
2127:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2104:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:: 868–73. 1866.
1974:Pierre Larousse
1961:
1960:
1947:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1896:
1892:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1811:Wayback Machine
1798:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1705:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1409:: Discovery of
1399:coins the name
1387:Brownian motion
1316:Eugen Goldstein
984:
968:
964:
959:
956:amount fraction
944:
922:
919:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
906:
879:sodium chloride
834:
833:
814:
813:
794:
793:
776:) (also called
758:
757:
750:
741:
734:(27) g/mol
731:
728:
726:
719:(22) g/mol
716:
713:
711:
693:electric charge
655:
654:
608:
607:
588:
587:
568:
567:
544:
543:
536:
518:, one gets the
485:
452:
447:
438:
429:
426:
425:
424:
422:
411:
405:
342:
339:
338:
337:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
292:
289:
288:
287:
285:
268:
265:
262:
260:
241:
233:number of moles
229:chemical amount
222:
219:
216:
214:
212:
193:
185:sodium chloride
166:
142:
128:
84:
83:
59:
56:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3086:time, duration
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:Avogadro's law
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2748:
2725:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2643:
2628:
2584:
2558:
2530:
2486:
2465:
2445:
2398:
2365:
2350:
2308:
2289:(10): 315–22.
2275:Krönig, August
2266:
2224:
2202:
2171:
2152:Prout, William
2143:
2128:Hisinger, W.;
2119:
2102:
2076:
2050:
2030:
2023:. 2nd Series.
2004:
1983:
1945:
1919:
1890:
1844:
1815:
1789:
1760:
1755:. p. 46.
1731:
1699:
1670:
1639:
1595:
1588:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1518:
1508:
1494:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1432:
1422:
1404:
1390:
1376:
1365:
1355:
1341:
1327:
1309:
1299:
1285:
1275:
1268:kinetic theory
1257:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1205:Mitscherlich's
1198:
1184:
1175:publishes his
1166:
1152:
1149:Avogadro's law
1138:
1125:
1122:atomic weights
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:relationships.
1091:
1078:
1052:
1030:
983:
980:
948:molar fraction
943:
940:
920:
911:
855:
851:
847:
844:
841:
821:
801:
765:
749:
746:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
595:
575:
551:
535:
532:
451:
448:
446:
443:
427:
404:
401:
363:thermodynamics
340:
306:
290:
240:
237:
210:
191:
164:
144:) between the
140:
107:
106:
93:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
57:
55:Common symbols
54:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Molar quantity
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3387:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:2019 revision
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2990:
2989:Ideal gas law
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Charles's law
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Mass fraction
2906:
2904:
2903:Mole fraction
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2784:
2780:
2778:92-822-2213-6
2774:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2666:(6): 449–55.
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:(607): 1–20.
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Thomson, J.J.
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:Chemical News
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(8): 549–60.
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:(2): 395–413.
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:Loschmidt, J.
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(3): 353–79.
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:(23): 153–90.
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:0-632-03583-8
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:. p. 7.
1783:
1782:0-632-03583-8
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:0-632-03583-8
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:. p. 4.
1693:
1692:0-632-03583-8
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1660:on 2016-12-20
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:(4): 583–86.
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:proposes the
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:ideal gas law
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:atomic theory
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:stoichiometry
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
992:metallurgists
989:
981:
979:
977:
972:
957:
953:
952:mole fraction
950:(also called
949:
941:
939:
937:
932:
930:
904:
900:
899:
893:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
853:
849:
845:
842:
839:
819:
799:
791:
787:
783:
779:
763:
755:
747:
745:
739:
724:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
651:
647:
643:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
593:
573:
565:
549:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:heat capacity
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
484:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
449:
444:
442:
436:
420:
416:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
371:ideal gas law
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
299:
283:
279:
274:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
209:
205:
201:
197:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
58:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3346:
3334:
3262:
3231:
2943:Molar volume
2912:
2857:Gas constant
2790:, retrieved
2764:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2542:
2539:Perrin, Jean
2533:
2506:
2502:
2489:
2475:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2423:cite journal
2414:
2410:
2401:
2381:
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2368:
2353:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2105:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2043:
2039:Dalton, John
2033:
2024:
2020:
2013:Dalton, John
2007:
1993:
1986:
1969:
1963:
1935:
1922:
1901:
1893:
1871:: 957–1000.
1868:
1863:
1847:
1826:
1818:
1771:
1763:
1742:
1734:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1681:
1673:
1662:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1642:
1615:
1611:
1575:
1520:
1515:SI base unit
1510:
1503:(SI) by the
1496:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1434:
1424:
1406:
1392:
1378:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1329:
1311:
1301:
1287:
1277:
1259:
1253:
1241:
1221:
1214:allows many
1200:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1140:
1132:Gay-Lussac's
1127:
1117:
1113:
1093:
1080:
1062:
1054:
1040:
1032:
1014:
1006:
985:
973:
945:
933:
928:
896:
894:
883:
868:
785:
781:
777:
751:
697:
689:molar volume
537:
508:molar volume
497:
486:
464:molar masses
434:
415:of molecules
414:
412:
390:
385:
381:
375:
360:
275:
242:
232:
228:
207:
188:
161:
153:
137:
133:
129:
120:
116:
110:
67:SI unit
2969:Boyle's law
2923:Atomic mass
2715:Oseen, C.W.
2547:. 8 SĂ©rie.
2001:(in French)
1980:(in French)
1364:in English.
1338:electrolyte
1248:states his
1212:isomorphism
1000:gravitation
512:millilitres
437:of oxygen (
225:10 mol
3364:Categories
2918:Molar mass
2792:2021-12-16
2247:: 77–122.
2196:: 395–413.
1664:2019-05-24
1559:References
1383:Einstein's
1306:van't Hoff
1177:hypothesis
1165:(O) = 100.
1039:publishes
1013:publishes
988:alchemists
723:calcium-42
708:calcium-40
540:molar mass
534:Molar mass
500:molar mass
481:See also:
407:See also:
156:) and the
3065:Dimension
3046:Quantity
2840:Constants
2745:(1): 4–7.
2261:116224057
2168:: 321–30.
2027:: 271–87.
1972:. Paris:
1962:"Atome".
1385:paper on
1334:Arrhenius
1318:observes
1292:Loschmidt
1226:Clapeyron
1159:Berzelius
1155:1813/1814
1037:Lavoisier
736:, and of
489:extensive
367:noble gas
204:base unit
181:substance
169:molecules
113:chemistry
79:Dimension
3341:Category
3300:See also
3160:kilogram
2933:Pressure
2883:Molality
2834:concepts
2783:archived
2762:(2006),
2654:(1920).
2595:(1913).
2581:: 97–99.
2569:(1913).
2551:: 1–114.
2497:(1905).
2456:(1893).
2437:Archived
2409:(1887).
2390:Archived
2319:(1857).
2277:(1856).
2235:(1834).
2154:(1815).
2115:Part III
2095:: 58–76.
2041:(1808).
2015:(1805).
1930:(1970).
1900:(1993).
1885:95196393
1855:(1996).
1807:Archived
1770:(1993).
1741:(1993).
1680:(1993).
1542:See also
1429:Richards
1411:isotopes
1272:Clausius
1207:work on
1181:chlorine
1145:Avogadro
1085:Proust's
967:will be
929:molarity
704:isotopes
435:of atoms
382:enplethy
356:products
352:reagents
298:hydrogen
119:(symbol
3348:Outline
3277:candela
3179:
3175:
3126:, etc.
3080:symbol
3061:Symbol
3052:SI unit
2898:Density
2609:Bibcode
2511:Bibcode
2358:Wurtz's
2333:Bibcode
2291:Bibcode
2111:Part II
1620:Bibcode
1507:(CIPM).
1419:Thomson
1367:By the
1352:Ostwald
1246:Faraday
1209:crystal
1059:Richter
982:History
890:ethanol
738:calcium
646:daltons
257:daltons
198:is the
3222:kelvin
3215:Θ
3195:ampere
3111:length
3101:second
3067:symbol
2893:Volume
2775:
2417:: 631.
2259:
2140:: 162.
2069:: 207.
1910:
1883:
1780:
1751:
1690:
1593:p. 134
1586:
1397:Perrin
1280:: The
1264:Krönig
1098:Dalton
1019:cation
1011:Wenzel
727:41.958
712:39.962
476:masses
419:oxygen
282:oxygen
146:number
125:matter
115:, the
3135:metre
3075:name
3058:Name
2786:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2257:S2CID
1881:S2CID
1860:(PDF)
1823:IUPAC
1707:IUPAC
1658:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1525:6.022
1491:IUPAC
1487:IUPAP
1439:Aston
1415:Soddy
1173:Prout
1027:salts
1023:anion
898:molar
886:vodka
875:liter
784:, or
642:grams
460:moles
393:IUPAC
261:6.022
253:grams
251:, in
239:Usage
215:6.022
173:atoms
3251:mol
3247:mole
3145:mass
3078:Unit
3073:Unit
2957:Laws
2888:Mass
2832:Mole
2773:ISBN
2429:link
1908:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1521:2019
1511:1972
1497:1968
1489:and
1479:1960
1475:1959
1465:1926
1459:1922
1453:1921
1435:1920
1425:1914
1417:and
1407:1913
1393:1909
1379:1905
1362:mole
1358:1897
1348:mole
1344:1893
1330:1887
1312:1886
1302:1886
1288:1865
1278:1860
1260:1856
1242:1834
1231:The
1222:1834
1201:1819
1187:1819
1169:1815
1141:1811
1128:1809
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1021:and
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965:NaCl
960:NaCl
903:urea
564:mass
538:The
504:iron
472:gold
470:and
468:iron
462:and
397:mass
391:The
384:and
354:and
200:mole
192:NaCl
177:ions
3281:cd
3164:kg
2668:doi
2617:doi
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