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was published in 1978, and its most striking feature was the use of a restricted defining vocabulary, which is now a standard feature of learners' dictionaries. There are currently six major MLDs for advanced learners. In addition to the Oxford and
Longman dictionaries, these are:
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Since the 1980s, the
English MLD has, arguably, been the most innovative area in the field of lexicography, in terms of both the way dictionaries are written and the aspects of language which dictionaries describe, in particular the use of software in combination with
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MLDs have been the subject of research into how people use dictionaries, as well as the subject of scholarly work. A standard book on the subject is Cowie 1999.
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Rundell, M. and
Kilgarriff, A., 'Automating the creation of dictionaries: where will it all end?', in Meunier F., De Cock S., Gilquin G. and Paquot M. (Eds),
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Kilgarriff, A. & Rundell, M. Lexical profiling software and its lexicographic applications – a case study. In
Braasch and Povlsen (Eds.)
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of just 1490 words. Since the end of World War Two, global sales of the MLD have run into the tens of millions, reflecting the boom in the
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in standard dictionaries are often written in difficult language, those in an MLD use a simple and accessible
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leading the way in 1993. More recently the six MLDs listed above have become available in
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generate language description - a radical innovation which was introduced by the
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The
Internet offers a range of online dictionary resources. Some, like the
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MLDs were among the first dictionaries to appear on CD-ROM, with the
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Nesi, H., 'Dictionaries in electronic form', in Cowie, A.P. (Ed.),
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Rundell, M., 'Recent trends in
English pedagogical lexicography',
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All of these dictionaries are available in hard copy and online.
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27:) is designed to meet the reference needs of people learning a
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to a monolingual one as they become more proficient in their
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Probably the best-known
English monolingual dictionary for
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Lew, R., Introduction to
Special Issue on Dictionary Use,
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and two collaborators. It was subsequently republished as
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and James
Endicott, a small dictionary using a restricted
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Merriam-Webster's
Advanced Learner's English Dictionary
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256:A Taste for Corpora. A tribute to Professor
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