1308:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
109:
is experienced shortly after ascent to high altitude, chronic mountain sickness may develop only after many years of living at high altitude. In medicine, high altitude is defined as over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), but most cases of CMS occur at over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft).
621:
606:
74:). CMS typically develops after extended time living at high altitude (over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft)). It is most common amongst native populations of high altitude nations. The most frequent symptoms of CMS are headache, dizziness,
825:
157:) due to the low oxygen levels at altitude, which increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. The increased levels of erythrocytes causes increased blood viscosity and uneven blood flow through the lungs (
686:
210:
Although CMS generally affects people native to altitudes higher than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), it does not affect populations around the world equally. A 2013 study reviewed CMS
180:
Migration to low altitude is curative, though not immediate, as the body adapts to the normal oxygen level near sea-level and the haematocrit normalises. Alternatively, bloodletting (
679:
501:
Richalet, JP; Rivera, M; Bouchet, P; Chirinos, E; Onnen, I; et al. (1 December 2005). "Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness".
672:
845:
214:
around the world and found the highest rates were found in Andean countries of South
America and the lowest rates in people native to the
184:) can be performed to lower the haematocrit temporarily; when combined with volume replacement with fluids this can have a longer effect.
1382:
1162:
850:
1387:
955:
948:
202:
Oxygen therapy and training in slow breathing techniques has been shown to reduce symptoms through increasing blood oxygenation.
161:). However, CMS is also considered an adaptation of pulmonary and heart disease to life under chronic hypoxia at altitude.
975:
659:
1172:
981:
192:
820:
158:
1286:
1057:
870:
860:
763:
1239:
855:
840:
770:
748:
1167:
758:
1254:
1234:
943:
800:
215:
146:
1209:
1177:
1102:
931:
921:
374:"Whole-genome sequencing uncovers the genetic basis of chronic mountain sickness in Andean highlanders"
199:
and the resulting polycythaemia, which results in better arterial oxygenation and a lower heart rate.
66:) is a disease in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases (
1336:
1324:
1204:
98:
1348:
1291:
1199:
1152:
1026:
865:
625:
1355:
1261:
1214:
1123:
87:
51:
1312:
1244:
1224:
1118:
960:
891:
636:
569:
518:
483:
452:
403:
354:
331:
304:
106:
46:
1219:
1073:
790:
559:
549:
510:
442:
434:
393:
385:
296:
1360:
1187:
1093:
1042:
900:
225:
211:
538:"Prevalence of Chronic Mountain Sickness in high altitude districts of Himachal Pradesh"
1016:
835:
830:
696:
630:
564:
537:
447:
422:
398:
373:
283:
León-Velarde, F; Maggiorini, M; Reeves, JT; Aldashev, A; Asmus, I; et al. (2005).
253:
196:
322:
Wu, TY (20 January 2005). "Chronic mountain sickness on the
Qinghai-Tibetan plateau".
1376:
1271:
926:
470:
Zubieta-Castillo G, Sr; Zubieta-Calleja GR, Jr; Zubieta-Calleja, L (September 2006).
188:
150:
134:
67:
17:
1021:
936:
795:
785:
727:
722:
284:
154:
153:). CMS is believed to arise because of an excessive production of red blood cells (
83:
664:
472:"Chronic mountain sickness: the reaction of physical disorders to chronic hypoxia"
423:"Genetic variation in SENP1 and ANP32D as predictors of chronic mountain sickness"
372:
Zhou, D; Udpa, N; Ronen, R; Stobdan, T; Liang, J; et al. (5 September 2013).
1078:
1052:
1047:
753:
743:
238:
218:
of
Ethiopia. CMS prevalence rates reported from the study are summarised below:
169:
165:
138:
641:
389:
1276:
1229:
1157:
1083:
1000:
970:
916:
775:
615:
514:
181:
142:
826:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
554:
1281:
1249:
780:
71:
573:
522:
487:
456:
407:
335:
308:
300:
438:
358:
1130:
895:
660:
Online calculator illustrating blood oxygen carrying capacity at altitude
91:
79:
75:
349:
Monge, CC; Whittembury, J (December 1976). "Chronic mountain sickness".
172:> 65%, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 85% in both sexes.
1088:
875:
113:
It has recently been correlated with increased expression of the genes
598:
610:
244:
149:) can develop over time and in some cases progress to heart failure (
115:
285:"Consensus statement on chronic and subacute high altitude diseases"
421:
Cole, AM; Petousi, N; Cavalleri, GL; Robbins, PA (December 2014).
195:, has been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness by reducing
121:
471:
717:
102:
668:
164:
Consensus for clinical diagnosis of CMS use laboratory values:
70:) and there is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood (
105:
doctor who specialised in diseases of high altitude. While
503:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
542:
Indian
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
588:
1139:
1111:
1066:
1035:
1009:
993:
909:
884:
813:
736:
710:
703:
592:
45:
37:
32:
680:
8:
1331:
707:
687:
673:
665:
589:
29:
563:
553:
446:
397:
536:Sahota, I; Panwar, N (September 2013).
266:
168:in Males ≥ 21 g/dL; Females ≥ 19 g/dL,
476:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
145:; raised blood pressure in the lungs (
846:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
7:
1319:
427:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
289:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
1163:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
851:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
97:CMS was first described in 1925 by
378:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
351:The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1307:
1306:
949:Inner ear decompression sickness
1343:
86:, sleep disturbance, fatigue,
1:
1183:environmental skin conditions
976:High-altitude pulmonary edema
1173:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
982:High-altitude cerebral edema
193:carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
1195:frictional/traumatic/sports
821:Chronic radiation keratosis
137:(with subsequent increased
1404:
1383:Effects of external causes
1287:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
390:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.011
1388:Mountaineering and health
1302:
1058:Space adaptation syndrome
966:Chronic mountain sickness
871:Radiation recall reaction
861:Radiation-induced morphea
764:Warm water immersion foot
515:10.1164/rccm.200505-807OC
94:, and dilation of veins.
60:Chronic mountain sickness
33:Chronic mountain sickness
1240:Weathering nodule of ear
856:Radiation-induced keloid
841:Radiation-induced cancer
771:Non-freezing cold injury
749:Immersion foot syndromes
555:10.4103/0019-5278.130839
133:CMS is characterised by
1168:Sclerosing lymphangitis
759:Tropical immersion foot
324:Chinese Medical Journal
231:Indian Himalayas : 4–7%
107:acute mountain sickness
1255:Painful fat herniation
1235:Vibration white finger
944:Decompression sickness
801:Erythrocyanosis crurum
301:10.1089/ham.2005.6.147
216:East African Mountains
147:pulmonary hypertension
1210:Fissure of the nipple
1178:UV-sensitive syndrome
1103:Adverse drug reaction
932:Middle ear barotrauma
922:Arterial gas embolism
439:10.1089/ham.2014.1036
228:(Tibetans): 0.91–1.2%
1205:Equestrian perniosis
99:Carlos Monge Medrano
18:Monge's disease
1292:Narcotic dermopathy
1200:Black heel and palm
1153:Dermatosis neglecta
1027:Psychological abuse
866:Radiation poisoning
482:(Suppl 4): 431–42.
353:. 139 SUPPL: 87–9.
256:, Peru : 14.8–18.2%
1262:Uranium dermatosis
1215:Pulling boat hands
1124:Lightning injuries
52:Emergency medicine
1370:
1369:
1119:Electrical injury
961:Altitude sickness
809:
808:
651:
650:
237:Tibetan Plateau (
234:Kyrgyzstan : 4.6%
57:
56:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1395:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1146:physical factors
1142:skin conditions
1074:Hypersensitivity
791:Cold intolerance
708:
695:Consequences of
689:
682:
675:
666:
658:
590:
578:
577:
567:
557:
533:
527:
526:
498:
492:
491:
467:
461:
460:
450:
418:
412:
411:
401:
369:
363:
362:
346:
340:
339:
319:
313:
312:
280:
247:, Bolivia : 6–8%
212:prevalence rates
187:Medication with
88:loss of appetite
30:
21:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1298:
1188:Electrical burn
1145:
1144:resulting from
1143:
1141:
1135:
1107:
1094:Arthus reaction
1062:
1043:Motion sickness
1031:
1005:
989:
905:
901:Oxygen toxicity
880:
805:
732:
699:
697:external causes
693:
655:
652:
647:
646:
601:
587:
582:
581:
535:
534:
530:
509:(11): 1427–33.
500:
499:
495:
469:
468:
464:
420:
419:
415:
371:
370:
366:
348:
347:
343:
321:
320:
316:
282:
281:
268:
263:
226:Tibetan Plateau
208:
178:
131:
41:Monge's disease
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Wrestler's ear
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Surfer's knots
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1067:Adverse effect
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Physical abuse
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
990:
988:
987:
986:
985:
979:
973:
968:
963:
953:
952:
951:
941:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
913:
911:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
888:
886:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:Radiation burn
833:
831:Radiation acne
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
810:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
767:
766:
761:
756:
746:
740:
738:
734:
733:
731:
730:
725:
720:
714:
712:
705:
701:
700:
694:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
663:
662:
649:
648:
645:
644:
633:
618:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:Classification
586:
585:External links
583:
580:
579:
528:
493:
462:
413:
364:
341:
314:
265:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:Cerro de Pasco
251:
250:Bolivia: 8–10%
248:
242:
235:
232:
229:
223:
207:
204:
197:erythropoietin
177:
174:
130:
127:
80:breathlessness
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Skin pop scar
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Runner's rump
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
992:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:High altitude
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Aerosinusitis
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
812:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
661:
657:
654:
653:
643:
639:
638:
634:
632:
628:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
612:
608:
604:
603:
600:
595:
591:
584:
575:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
548:(3): 94–100.
547:
543:
539:
532:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
463:
458:
454:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
414:
409:
405:
400:
395:
391:
387:
384:(3): 452–62.
383:
379:
375:
368:
365:
360:
356:
352:
345:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:(2): 147–57.
294:
290:
286:
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
267:
260:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
222:Ethiopia : 0%
221:
220:
219:
217:
213:
205:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:acetazolamide
185:
183:
175:
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
151:cor pulmonale
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:polycythaemia
128:
126:
124:
123:
118:
117:
111:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
90:, confusion,
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:polycythaemia
65:
61:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1266:
1194:
1182:
1022:Sexual abuse
1010:Maltreatment
965:
937:Pneumothorax
796:Acrocyanosis
786:Aerosol burn
728:Heat syncope
723:Hyperthermia
656:
635:
620:
605:
545:
541:
531:
506:
502:
496:
479:
475:
465:
433:(4): 497–9.
430:
426:
416:
381:
377:
367:
350:
344:
330:(2): 161–8.
327:
323:
317:
292:
288:
209:
206:Epidemiology
201:
186:
179:
163:
159:V/Q mismatch
155:erythrocytes
132:
120:
114:
112:
96:
84:palpitations
63:
59:
58:
1079:Anaphylaxis
1053:Airsickness
1048:Seasickness
754:Trench foot
744:Hypothermia
704:Temperature
239:Han Chinese
170:haematocrit
166:haemoglobin
139:haematocrit
38:Other names
1377:Categories
1277:Skin track
1230:Tennis toe
1158:Pinch mark
1140:Ungrouped
1084:Angioedema
1001:Starvation
971:Death zone
917:Barotrauma
776:Chilblains
637:DiseasesDB
261:References
182:phlebotomy
143:hypoxaemia
1282:Slap mark
1250:Coral cut
814:Radiation
781:Frostbite
176:Treatment
129:Diagnosis
72:hypoxemia
47:Specialty
1337:Glossary
1313:Category
1131:Drowning
910:Pressure
896:Asphyxia
711:Elevated
574:24872667
523:16126936
488:17072074
457:25225945
408:23954164
336:15667803
309:16060849
103:Peruvian
92:cyanosis
76:tinnitus
1349:Outline
1325:Commons
1089:Allergy
892:Hypoxia
876:Sunburn
737:Reduced
565:4035612
448:4273201
399:3769925
359:1011412
241:): 5.6%
1361:Portal
1267:iv use
1036:Travel
984:(HACE)
978:(HAPE)
885:Oxygen
631:E902.0
572:
562:
521:
486:
455:
445:
406:
396:
357:
334:
307:
245:La Paz
141:) and
116:ANP32D
1112:Other
642:29615
616:T70.2
122:SENP1
994:Food
718:Burn
626:9-CM
570:PMID
519:PMID
484:PMID
453:PMID
404:PMID
355:PMID
332:PMID
305:PMID
191:, a
119:and
101:, a
622:ICD
607:ICD
560:PMC
550:doi
511:doi
507:172
443:PMC
435:doi
394:PMC
386:doi
328:118
297:doi
64:CMS
1379::
640::
629::
614::
611:10
568:.
558:.
546:17
544:.
540:.
517:.
505:.
480:57
478:.
474:.
451:.
441:.
431:15
429:.
425:.
402:.
392:.
382:93
380:.
376:.
326:.
303:.
291:.
287:.
269:^
125:.
82:,
78:,
894:/
688:e
681:t
674:v
624:-
609:-
599:D
576:.
552::
525:.
513::
490:.
459:.
437::
410:.
388::
361:.
338:.
311:.
299::
293:6
62:(
20:)
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