626:, author Marie-Monique Robin describes how the substantial equivalence began with a 1992 policy statement by the FDA under the leadership of a former Monsanto lawyer, who, after working in the FDA, returned to Monsanto as vice president. Her story suggests that GM regulations were the product of a revolving-door system where regulators are former and/or future employees of the company being regulated (note that some argue Monsanto wanted excess regulations to keep out competitors, but that is not Robin's story). It is not hard to imagine a company rewarding lenient regulators with a nice job, and food activists have websites listing powerful government officials and their relation to Monsanto and other corporations. If this sounds like a conspiracy theory (a term not meant as a euphemism), it is.
481:, claiming that scientists had some kind of “hidden agenda” behind their claim, such as eagerness to just earn money from their patents on GMOs. It is imperative that communication on GMOs includes the underlying assumptions, the uncertainties and the probabilities associated with both best and worst case scenarios. This is a necessary condition to minimise misinformation on GMOs but may be insufficient to completely erase conspiracy theories from the minds of the public especially when scientists and government are perceived to be biased towards multinational corporations that are ostensibly preoccupied with making profits.
493:") is profitable to industry not only because it can be patented but because crop uniformity will eventually drive up pesticide demand. The charge that big food interests take advantage of poverty to open new markets for GM food is restated by conspiracy theorists, who describe a deliberate macroeconomic creation of food shortages in impoverished nations in order to open the door to GM food. The food industry's opposition to GM food labeling and precautionary measures fuels such suspicions.
55:
432:
development and promotion of GMOs was done by pesticide companies to cause crops to become more vulnerable to pests and therefore require more pesticides, while philosopher Juha Räikkä identified a conspiracy theory that claims the lack of any reliable scientific evidence that show harmful effects of GMOs is due not to a lack of evidence but rather to a conspiracy to hide that evidence.
521:
Another prototypical conspiratorial movement involves those opposed to genetically modified organisms (GMO), in essence a protest against the genetic engineering of food. Not everyone who opposes GMOs is a conspiracy theorist: reasonable people can disagree about research and fail to see small groups
840:
worldview, although sometimes almost paranoid, is legitimate. Yet, while I do not argue whether this attitude is good or bad, right or wrong, I maintain that the avowed anti-industrial struggle in the field of green biotechnologies not only fails to hit the supposed target, but benefits and supports
618:
There are some well-qualified dissenting scientists and a motivated group of food activists behind them, pushing back against GM food. They believe a GM crop is not substantially equivalent to traditional crops. Moreover, they believe that the FDA follows the substantial equivalence rule not because
505:
that fears about the consolidation of power by a few agrochemical companies over farmers is a main argument against new genetic engineering technology in agriculture: "At its extreme, this fear belongs to the conspiracy-theory genre and, to caricature somewhat, envisages powerless farmers forced to
823:
The same movement that drives marketers to source non-GMO ingredients also influences regulatory bodies around the world. Crops are kept from regions in Africa where drought is a major contributor to the complex causes of malnutrition, with researchers in
Tanzania forced to burn test fields of
780:—rice modified to contain high levels of beta carotene in order to compensate for the vitamin A deficiency which kills hundreds of thousands of children around the world and blinds many more every year—and drought resistant crops, which will become increasingly vital in the global south due to
662:
blogger
Barbara H. Peterson, a retired correctional officer and rancher, complained that Monsanto "has painted those of us attempting to shed light on the dangers of genetically modified/engineered organisms (GMOs) as 'conspiracy theorists'...." She went on to attack Monsanto's suggestion that
431:
found statistical evidence that linked conspiracy theorist ideation as being a significant factor in the rejection of scientific propositions about genetically engineered food. One GMO conspiracy theory was identified by biochemist Paul
Christou and horticulturalist Harry Klee as a claim that
589:
are working to undermine the health and safety of the general public by introducing and promoting GMOs in the food supply. One claim is that
Monsanto is deliberately hiding scientific evidence that GMOs are harmful. Some anti-GMO activists claimed that Monsanto infiltrated both the American
463:
promoted conspiracy theories "including the view that the West was using genetic engineering to establish global control over agriculture and that GM products were instruments for genocide". Likewise, a study of the rhetoric used in public policy debates about genetically modified food in
383:
Critics charge that GMO conspiracy theories are largely promulgated by those opposing the production and sale of GMOs, and instances of unsubstantiated conspiracy theories have lately occurred in the context of public health issues that are mostly unrelated to GMOs, including the
522:
of people covertly working against the common good. But most visible and vocal members of this movement, however, are conspiracy theorists. They believe that genetically modified foods are a corporate plot, led by the giant multinational
Monsanto, to profit off unhealthy food.
819:
And both lead to injustice....It may seem that surely the anti-GMO movement is benign albeit wrong, innocuous compared to anti-vaccine atrocities. It may appear that it all boils down to some harmless non-GMO labels on grocery items. But it turns out there is a human cost.
745:
certain commentators have implied that the outbreaks of food-borne illnesses were sabotage carried out by the biotech industry in retaliation over
Chipotle's removal of GMOs from their menu. The claims were identified as "unproven" by the debunking website
619:
of the science, but because the FDA was corrupted by corporate influence. This is not a belief that the authors' share, but there are smart people of high character who do believe this conspiracy theory, and their side of the story deserves to be heard.
1930:
1239:
Kangmennaang, Joseph; Osei, Lydia; Armah, Frederick A.; Luginaah, Isaac (October 1, 2016). "Genetically modified organisms and the age of (Un) reason? A critical examination of the rhetoric in the GMO public policy debates in Ghana".
422:(the founder and head of an advocacy organization dedicated to advancing the case in favor of genetic engineering in agriculture and biotechnology). Academics writing about bioethics and science communication have also taken note.
788:. But real progress has been stymied by the paranoid and misinformed, who clamor that GMOs, which are biologically no different than "natural" foods, are somehow poisonous. Behind it all is of course an evil corporation: Monsanto.
476:
Government and scientists were denying the claim that GMO was discriminatory and posed significant human health risk, as well as the call to action to do something about GMOs. Civil society adapted the counter rhetoric of
447:
identified a belief among the conservative political and religious figures who were opposed to GMOs that GMOs were "a conspiracy by Jewish
Multinational Companies and Israel for world domination" while a
657:
An example of
Monsanto-based conspiracy theorizing were the claims by some anti-GMO activists that Monsanto banned GMOs from their cafeterias while promoting them for sale and consumption by the public.
2010:
534:, identified GMO conspiracy theories as one of the "honorable mentions" appended to his list of the "five most dangerous conspiracy theories of 2016". He specifically singled-out candidates
400:
The existence of conspiracy theories relating to the fear over GMOs has been attested to by scientists, journalists, and skeptics who oppose much anti-GMO activism. Such commentators include
1922:
714:
1384:
372:, have suppressed data showing that GMOs cause harm, deliberately cause food shortages to promote the use of GM food, or have co-opted government agencies such as the United States
336:
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pay ever increasing amounts to anonymous international companies who profit from the cost of the crop seed and from the cost of the herbicides used to spray them."
452:
study showed that a segment of the population of that country believed that GMOs were part of a greater conspiracy theory to poison the population of the country.
485:
Social critic Margit Stange contextualized certain arguments adopted by GMO conspiracy theorists as being part of the larger controversy surrounding the subject:
443:
said that anti-GMO activists were claiming the retraction was a part of "a conspiracy to Hide the Truth™". A work seeking to explore risk perception over GMOs in
1196:
Yang, Jinjie; Xu, Kaibin; Rodriguez, Lulu (May 19, 2014). "The rejection of science frames in the news coverage of the golden rice experiment in Hunan, China".
725:—male mosquitoes (which do not bite) are genetically modified to be sterile, and released to mate with females, resulting in no offspring, thereby reducing the
1686:
894:
1818:
614:, the authors who are social scientists and food scientists trace the conspiracy theory relating in particular to Monsanto back to events in the early 1990s:
598:
which is why the two organizations have supported the scientific evidence for the safety of the genetically engineered food available for human consumption.
2005:
824:
drought-tolerant corn rather than feed starving local children. Disease-resistant crops languish due to ideological regulations, with bananas resistant to
1424:
Samory, Mattia; Mitra, Tanushree (November 2018). "'The
Government Spies Using Our Webcams': The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions".
832:
Philosopher
Giovanni Tagliabue argued that promoters of GMO conspiracy theories were being taken advantage of by anti-environmental corporate interests:
721:
that the virus was being spread by a genetically modified mosquito. The fears were based in part because of a new mosquito abatement initiative led by
329:
531:
1995:
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on April 9, 2015. Monsanto created a "standing denial" of the hoax on their "Myths About Monsanto" webpage, and tweeted a disclaimer prior to the
285:
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reported in February 2018 that Russian-backed disinformation campaigns were sowing public confusion about GMOs by promoting conspiracy theories.
385:
705:
in 2016, and on April 20, 2017, again tweeted "Happy 4-20. Time for our yearly reminder: Monsanto has not and is not working on GMO marijuana."
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wilt—which is threatening food security in Uganda and eastern Africa where it’s a staple crop—kept from farmers and people who need them....
439:, an incident that involved the retraction of a much-criticized paper which claimed harmful effects of GMOs in lab rats, American biologist
845:; in addition, and more importantly, opposing GMOs generates heavy collateral damage to public science, agricultural progress and the poor.
322:
435:
Conspiracy theories involving GMOs and their promoters have been invoked in a variety of contexts. For example, in commenting on the
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mosquito population that spreads tropical diseases such as Zika. The claims were identified as "unproven" by the debunking website
566:
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has aided proliferation and connection between conspiracy theories including those about GMOs. For example, computer scientists
167:
792:
Offering a similar critique Kavin Senapathy, a freelance writer and speaker who offers editorials from the perspective of the
185:
150:
1546:
684:
569:,” and “GMO,” for example, decry the corruption of health services while promoting the virtues of a “natural” lifestyle."
365:
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357:
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117:
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81:
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546:, specify that in terms of political ideology, "GMO conspiracy theories are embraced primarily by those on the
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linking genetically engineered crops with cancer, while ignoring the vast bodies of evidence against them....
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543:
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Like preventable childhood diseases, malnutrition is another great moral failing of our time. GMOs such as
768:, compared the conspiracy theories supported by some in the anti-GMO movement to those supported in the
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631:
389:
570:
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The corporate push for genetically modified food arouses great suspicion. Critics charge that GM food ("
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F. Bailey Norwood; Michelle S. Calvo-Lorenzo; Sarah Lancaster; Pascal A. Oltenacu (November 17, 2014).
418:(an environmental activist and writer who opposed GMOs for years and recently switched positions), and
1767:
1745:
1661:"Scientists Working to Prevent Monsanto from Monopolizing on Cannabis Strains, But Can They Stop It?"
956:
643:
558:
305:
1896:"Conspiracies against progress: why the rise of the modern conspiracy theory should concern us all"
410:
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45:
1923:"The Anti-Vaccine And Anti-GMO Movements Are Inextricably Linked And Cause Preventable Suffering"
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Paul Christou; Harry Klee (2004). "Chapter 50: Political and Social Risk Amplification of GMOs".
793:
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1742:"Happy 4-20. Time for our yearly reminder: Monsanto has not and is not working on GMO marijuana"
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sabotage could be a possible explanation for the discovery of a few plants of experimental
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945:"The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science"
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or "GMOs"). These conspiracy theories include claims that agribusinesses, especially
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found inexplicably growing on a farm in Oregon as being a conspiracy theory itself.
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1845:"Chipotle fans have a wacky conspiracy theory about the chain's E. coli outbreaks"
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1100:"Worldviews and discursive construction of GMO-related risk perceptions in Turkey"
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Belief that Monsanto is particularly problematic has inspired such actions as the
1519:
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969:
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Shermer, Michael. "Conspiracy Central." Scientific American 311.6 (2014): 94–94.
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a part of the industry whose products have a stronger environmental impact than
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490:
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1687:"What a Looming Patent War Could Mean for the Future of the Marijuana Industry"
1768:"A wacky conspiracy is circulating about Zika and GMOs — and it needs to stop"
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419:
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1633:"Fact Check: Monsanto Creates First Genetically Modified Strain of Marijuana"
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1819:"Publisher's Platform: Chipotle Must Denounce Mike Adam's Conspiracy Theory"
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988:
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1493:"The Misleading War on GMOs: The Food Is Safe. The Rhetoric Is Dangerous"
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639:
586:
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369:
1385:"Conspiracy Theories — How Can You Determine if They are True or False?"
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517:
summarized the people that have adopted GMO conspiracy theories thusly:
1962:
1945:
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1946:"OPINION PIECE Counterproductive consequences of 'anti-GMO' activism"
797:
748:
722:
718:
654:, and has been identified as a salient feature of anti-GMO activism.
635:
449:
444:
234:
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459:, China found that the news articles that were opposed to trials of
634:
and the singling out of Monsanto over other agribusinesses such as
808:, discredited, and retracted scientific studies, such as the 1998
651:
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A major aspect of many conspiracy theories is the fear that large
465:
456:
229:
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Lewandowsky, Stephan; Gignac, Gilles E.; Oberauer, Klaus (2013).
1602:
1297:
Improving Nature?: The Science and Ethics of Genetic Engineering
647:
503:
Improving Nature?: The Science and Ethics of Genetic Engineering
501:
and moral philosopher Roger Straughan who explain in their book
1038:
Räikkä, Juha (2009). "The Ethics of Conspiracy Theorizing".
542:
as promulgators. Michael Shermer and Pat Linse, writing for
1098:
Veltri, Giuseppe A.; Suerdem, Ahmet K. (February 1, 2013).
922:"Why GMOs? Challenging anti-technology conspiracy theories"
1715:"Marijuana Patents: Fear, Loathing, and Beating Monsanto"
1324:
Uscinski, Joseph E.; Parent, Joseph M. (August 5, 2014).
1270:
Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia
812:
study linking the MMR vaccine with autism, and the 2012
784:, have vast potential to help those who don't shop at
1074:"Belated retraction of Seralini's bad anti-GMO paper"
561:
and Mattia Samory found in a 2018 study that "pics “
1426:
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
1294:
Reiss, Michael J.; Straughan, Roger (May 21, 2001).
1165:"Belief in the paranormal and modern health worries"
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the FDA and many other countries. In the compendium
468:
showed that conspiracy theories were a feature of a
596:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
378:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2011:Science and technology-related conspiracy theories
1794:"MOSTLY FALSE: Zika Virus Caused by GMO Mosquitos"
1761:
1759:
1359:"The 5 Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theories of 2016"
1325:
1626:
1624:
1573:"Why We Shouldn't Waste Time on GMO Conspiracies"
895:"Time to call out the anti-GMO conspiracy theory"
1409:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1391:. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020
1319:
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717:were accompanied by claims first published on
330:
8:
1950:Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics
455:A study of media rhetorical devices used in
1900:Progressive Culture | Scholars & Rogues
1524:. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66.
1300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
1267:Margit Stange (2003). Peter Knight (ed.).
337:
323:
31:
1961:
1547:"Why Is Monsanto Evil, But DuPont Isn't?"
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1123:
978:
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1603:"Monsanto's GMO Wheat Conspiracy Theory"
1033:
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741:In the context of ongoing concerns over
532:2016 United States presidential election
876:
866:Genetically modified food controversies
553:Scholars have identified ways that the
286:Genetically modified food controversies
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244:
177:
142:
66:
43:
1871:"Chipotle Sabotaged by GMO Activists?"
1402:
425:A 2013 paper published in the journal
356:related to the production and sale of
743:food safety at Chipotle Mexican Grill
390:food safety at Chipotle Mexican Grill
7:
1933:from the original on March 22, 2020.
1357:Uscinski, Joseph (August 22, 2016).
694:. The hoax was created by satirical
497:This view was echoed by bioethicist
376:or scientific societies such as the
1944:Tagliabue, G (September 18, 2018).
1869:LaCapria, Kim (December 30, 2015).
1631:Mikkelson, David (April 15, 2015).
1521:Agricultural and Food Controversies
1332:. Oxford University Press. p.
612:Agricultural and Food Controversies
513:and Joseph M. Parent in their book
27:Conspiracy theories related to GMOs
2006:Health-related conspiracy theories
1792:LaCapria, Kim (January 29, 2016).
1713:Bricken, Hilary (April 29, 2016).
25:
1921:Senapathy, Kavin (May 18, 2017).
713:In January 2016, concerns over a
1685:Walters, Greg (April 20, 2016).
1163:Utinans, A.; Ancane, G. (2014).
53:
1659:Adams, Mike (August 25, 2015).
1468:"Russia wants you to hate GMOs"
1104:Public Understanding of Science
1004:Handbook of plant biotechnology
897:. marklynas.org. Archived from
836:This ideological and political
624:The World According to Monsanto
168:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
1996:Genetically modified organisms
1740:@MonsantoCo (April 20, 2017).
814:Gilles-Éric Séralini rat study
366:genetically modified organisms
68:Genetically modified organisms
1:
1383:Skeptic (November 11, 2014).
1254:10.1016/j.futures.2016.03.002
893:Mark Lynas (April 29, 2013).
606:as arguing that Monsanto has
509:Political science professors
1328:American Conspiracy Theories
1210:10.1080/13698575.2014.923092
1040:The Journal of Value Inquiry
970:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637
924:. geneticliteracyproject.org
861:Big Pharma conspiracy theory
604:American Conspiracy Theories
592:Food and Drug Administration
515:American Conspiracy Theories
374:Food and Drug Administration
1182:10.1051/shsconf/20141000048
920:Jon Entine (May 11, 2015).
386:2015–16 Zika virus outbreak
2027:
1198:Health, Risk & Society
665:genetically modified wheat
602:is identified in the book
358:genetically modified crops
253:Genetically modified crops
18:Monsanto GMO cannabis hoax
1545:Stephen D. Simpson, CFA.
1273:. ABC-CLIO. p. 310.
1052:10.1007/s10790-009-9189-1
1006:. John Wiley & Sons.
770:anti-vaccination movement
362:genetically modified food
1244:. SI: Futures for Food.
1116:10.1177/0963662511423334
679:purporting to show that
1248:(Supplement C): 37–49.
699:World News Daily Report
350:GMO conspiracy theories
291:GMO conspiracy theories
163:Substantial equivalence
1432:(CSCW): 152:1–152:24.
1169:SHS Web of Conferences
847:
830:
790:
632:March Against Monsanto
628:
530:in the context of the
526:Uscinski, writing for
524:
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143:History and regulation
1472:MIT Technology Review
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802:
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762:Scholars & Rogues
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571:MIT Technology Review
519:
487:
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404:(writer of a monthly
364:(also referred to as
1583:on September 6, 2013
901:on February 24, 2020
737:Chipotle food safety
685:genetically modified
306:StarLink corn recall
961:2013PLoSO...875637L
715:Zika virus outbreak
472:opposition to GMOs:
411:Scientific American
354:conspiracy theories
46:Genetic engineering
1012:10.1002/0470869143
794:skeptical movement
408:column series for
388:and concerns over
1991:Anti-GMO movement
1963:10.3354/esep00185
1902:. August 27, 2014
1571:Willy Blackmore.
1531:978-0-19-936842-6
1363:POLITICO Magazine
1280:978-1-57607-812-9
1021:978-0-471-85199-8
756:Ethical criticism
696:fake news website
692:cannabis industry
690:to supply to the
671:GMO cannabis hoax
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311:He Jiankui affair
191:Molecular cloning
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559:Tanushree Mitra
511:Joseph Uscinski
437:SĂ©ralini affair
402:Michael Shermer
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301:SĂ©ralini affair
196:Recombinant DNA
28:
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838:anti-corporate
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1735:
1725:November 19,
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1718:
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1690:
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1670:November 20,
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1664:
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1636:
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1566:
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1551:Investopedia
1540:
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1471:
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888:
879:
856:Brainwashing
835:
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348:
290:
265:Gene therapy
245:Applications
218:Transduction
213:Transfection
44:
29:
1906:February 2,
1803:January 31,
1777:January 31,
1587:January 31,
1556:January 31,
1503:February 2,
1083:January 31,
928:January 31,
905:January 31,
826:xanthomonas
804:Both cite
786:Whole Foods
778:golden rice
703:420 holiday
491:Frankenfood
479:insincerity
461:golden rice
1985:Categories
1665:High Times
1638:Snopes.com
1125:2381/28216
1078:Pharyngula
872:References
731:snopes.com
709:Zika virus
563:big pharma
540:Jill Stein
420:Jon Entine
416:Mark Lynas
186:Techniques
158:Regulation
118:Maize/corn
1972:1863-5415
1956:: 61–74.
1692:Vice News
1607:Farm Wars
1446:2573-0142
1405:cite news
1226:144936752
1218:1369-8575
1175:: 00048.
1134:0963-6625
1060:145662770
660:chemtrail
658:Anti-GMO/
2001:Monsanto
1931:Archived
1880:March 4,
1854:March 4,
1829:March 4,
1613:March 4,
1577:TakePart
1454:52213735
1150:22893955
1142:23833021
989:24098391
949:PLOS ONE
850:See also
688:cannabis
681:Monsanto
640:Syngenta
608:captured
594:and the
587:Monsanto
577:Monsanto
567:vaccines
555:internet
528:Politico
441:PZ Myers
428:PLOS ONE
370:Monsanto
77:Bacteria
37:a series
35:Part of
1750:Twitter
1477:May 20,
1395:May 20,
1389:Skeptic
1368:May 20,
1242:Futures
980:3788812
957:Bibcode
675:A 2015
450:Latvian
406:Skeptic
396:Context
178:Process
151:History
128:Soybean
104:Insects
94:Mammals
89:Animals
82:Viruses
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1927:Forbes
1875:snopes
1798:snopes
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749:Snopes
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719:Reddit
636:DuPont
445:Turkey
235:CRISPR
133:Potato
113:Plants
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1746:Tweet
1450:S2CID
1222:S2CID
1146:S2CID
1056:S2CID
800:that
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466:Ghana
457:Hunan
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