396:
outside the body. It must, therefore, be in this or in a similar suctorial insect or insects that the first stages of the extracorporeal life of the malaria organism are passed... hypothesis I have ventured to formulate seems so well grounded that I for one, did circumstances permit, would approach its experimental demonstration with confidence. The necessary experiments cannot for obvious reasons be carried out in
England, but I would commend my hypothesis to the attention of medical men in India and elsewhere, where malarial patients and suctorial insects abound.
20:
191:
406:
183:. A German physician Johann Heinrich Meckel was the first to observed in 1847 the protozoan parasites which he recognised only as black pigment granules from the blood and spleen of a patient who died of malaria. But he did not understand the parasitic nature and significance of those granules in connection with malaria. In 1849 a German pathologist
106:, and the Roman scholars associated the disease with the marshy or swampy lands where the disease was particularly rampant. It was from those Romans the name "malaria" originated. They called it malaria (literally meaning "bad air") as they believed that the disease was a kind of miasma that was spread in the air, as originally conceived by
359:
at London in 1882. His attention was soon drawn towards malaria and began to realise the implications of his own discovery of filarial transmission on malaria. He strongly supported
Laveran's germ theory of malaria, which was not yet completely embraced by the entire medical community of the time. He
121:
in 1807, but it provoked no consequences. It was instead ridiculed as impossible, and his work has since been lost. An
American physician, Charles Earl Johnson, provided a systematic and elaborate arguments against miasmatic origin of malaria in 1851 before the Medical Society of North Carolina. Some
318:
with giant net to protect the city from malaria. His idea was ridiculed as inconceivable as scientist still believed malarial parasite was spread through inhalation or ingestion from air (still not far from the miasma theory). He did not give up, and instead formed a more elaborate argument which he
248:
In the early 1880s, Laveran's germ theory of malaria was generally accepted by the science community. However pivotal problems still remained, such as what transmit the malarial parasites and how. The scientific clue emerged when a
British medical officer Patrick Manson discovered for the first time
334:
King carefully selected his view in 19 points. To paraphrase his lengthy arguments: occurrence of malaria always coincided with conditions that are also ideal for mosquitos, such as in the time of day, geographical area, temperature, and climate. But the flaw in his proposition was that he believed
425:
After one and half years he made no significant progress. On 20 August 1897 he made a momentous discovery that some mosquitoes had malarial parasites in them. He had fed the blood of a malarial patient (Husein Khan) to different groups of mosquitoes four days before, and found that only one type
418:
investigation. But to the dismay of Ross it was not an easy task. His first detection of malarial parasite from patients came only after two months of hard work. The disappointed Ross had to be encouraged by Manson calling the study as the "Holy Grail" of malaria research, and that Ross was the "
417:
from blood samples. This would later prove to be the tool for experimental proof of his theory. Manson demonstrated to and taught Ronald Ross the technique from which Ross became convinced of
Laveran's germ theory. Trained and mentored by Manson, Ross returned to India in March 1895 to start his
395:
mosquito, having been shown to be the agent by which the filaria is removed from the human blood vessels, this or similar suctorial agent must be the agent which removes from the human blood vessels those forms of the malaria organism which are destined to continue the existence of this organism
80:
proposed the hypothesis that mosquitoes were the source of malaria. In the early 1890s Manson himself began to formulate the complete hypothesis, which he eventually called the mosquito-malaria theory. According to Manson, malaria was transmitted from human to human by a mosquito. The theory was
503:
However the practical importance of validating the theory, i.e. control of mosquito vector should be an effective management strategy for malaria, was not realised by the medical community and the public. Hence in 1900 Patrick Manson clinically demonstrated that the bite of infected
214:. On 6 November 1880 he observed from one patient's blood the actual living parasite, describing it as "a pigmented spherical body, filiform elements which move with great vivacity, displacing the neighboring red blood cells." He also observed the process of
329:
I now propose to present a series of facts... with regard to the so-called “malarial poison,” and to show how they may be explicable by the supposition that the mosquito is the real source of the disease, rather than the inhalation or cutaneous of a
93:
in 1902. Further experimental proof was provided by Manson who induced malaria in healthy human subjects from malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Thus the theory became the foundation of malariology and the strategy of control of malaria.
218:(which is now called exflagellation of microgametocytes). He meticulously examined 200 patients, and noted the cellular bodies in all 148 cases of malaria but never in those without malaria. He also found that after treatment with
432:) acquired the malarial parasites in its stomach. This was the first evidence for Manson's theory that mosquito did carry the malarial parasite, and Ross would later famously call 20 August as "Malaria Day" (now adopted as
512:, P. Thurburn Manson gave a detailed account of his malarial fevers and treatment after bitten by the mosquitoes. As he summarised, Manson's clinical trial showed that the practical solution to malaria infection was in:
1445:
Laveran, CL (1982). "Classics in infectious diseases: A newly discovered parasite in the blood of patients suffering from malaria. Parasitic etiology of attacks of malaria: Charles Louis
Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922)".
50:. The first scientific idea was postulated in 1851 by Charles E. Johnson, who argued that miasma had no direct relationship with malaria. Although Johnson's hypothesis was forgotten, the arrival and validation of the
313:
on 10 February 1882, under the title "The
Prevention of Malarial Disease Illustrating inter alia the Conservative Function of Ague". He went so far as to suggest the complete covering of Washington, DC along the
154:
in
Southeast Asia, a region known for epidemics, had luxuriant vegetation and agricultural fields, supplemented with hot and wet tropical climate, ideal for miasmatic disease, was but the healthiest part of
459:). He showed that the mosquitoes ingested the parasites from infected birds and could infect healthy birds. He further discovered that the parasites developed in the stomach wall and were later stored in
187:
realised that it could be those granules that were responsible for the disease. In 1879 an
Italian biologist Ettore Afanasiev further argued that the granules were definitely the causative agents.
222:, the parasites disappeared from blood. These findings clearly indicated that the parasite was the cause of malaria, and establishing the germ theory (nature) of malaria. He named the parasite
382:
in India. In
November 1894, he revealed to Ross with his hands on Ross' shoulders, saying, "Do you know, I have formed the theory that mosquitoes carry malaria just as they carry filaria."
2406:
491:, who discovered that human malarial parasite was transmitted by the actual biting (disproving one of Manson's hypotheses) of female mosquito. In 1899 they reported the infection of
2391:
1756:
Cobbold, T. Spencer (1878). "The Life-history of Filaria bancrofti, as explained by the Discoveries of Wucherer, Lewis, Bancroft, Manson, Sonsino, myself, and others".
289:. This was the first direct evidence that mosquitoes could transmit microscopic parasites in humans, further suggesting that the same could be true in case of malaria.
165:
On the other hand, the driest regions such as Guinea in Africa, Spain, Malta, Gibraltar, and several states of America, were frequented with malarial fevers.
2896:
2458:
Cook, GC (Jul–Aug 1997). "Ronald Ross (1857-1932): 100 years since the demonstration of mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp--on 20 August 1897".
1217:"An Address before the Medical Society of North Carolina, at Its Second Annual Meeting, in Raleigh, May 1851, by Charles E. Johnson, M.D.: Summary"
463:
of the mosquito. This was a conclusive evidence that malarial parasites were indeed transmitted by mosquitoes. In his report Ross concluded that:
378:, where it could be experimentally proven. But fortunately he met a British army surgeon Ronald Ross, who was on vacation while serving in the
237:
90:
2410:
2830:
2809:
2756:
2735:
2714:
1549:
672:
508:
invariably resulted in malaria. He acquired carefully reared infected mosquitoes from Bignami and Bastianelli in Rome. His volunteer at the
1889:
2520:
Katz, FF (1997). "On the centenary of Sir Ronald Ross's discovery of the role of the mosquito in the life cycle of the malaria parasite".
310:
2861:
509:
89:
in the late 1890s. Ross discovered that malaria was transmitted by the biting of specific species of mosquito. For this Ross won the
2856:
2775:
2563:
Rajakumar, K; Weisse, M (1999). "Centennial year of Ronald Ross' epic discovery of malaria transmission: an essay and tribute".
309:, who did not share the same opinion. Unfettered he developed the theory with proper justifications and presented it before the
2746:
1531:
409:
The page in Ross' notebook where he recorded the "pigmented bodies" in mosquitoes that he later identified as malaria parasites
1814:
Daniels, WB (1950). "Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1914); his theory as to the transmission of malaria by mosquitoes".
55:
2432:
2039:
Cook, GC (1994). "Manson's demonstration of the malaria parasite 100 years ago: the major stimulus for Ross' discovery?".
298:
77:
2886:
2881:
348:
426:(which he called "brown type" or more commonly "dappled-winged mosquitoes", not knowing the species, which in fact was
391:. Under the title "On the Nature and Significance of Cresenteric and Flagellated bodies in Malarial Blood", he stated:
321:
137:
were the healthiest people of working classes in spite of their constant exposure to swamps, and drinking swamp water.
1668:
352:
233:
2305:
Ross, R; Smyth, J (1997). "On some peculiar pigmented cells found in two mosquitoes fed on malarial blood. 1897".
1021:
Hassl, Andreas R. (2008). "Die Malaria im Römischen Kaiserreich: eine bemerkenswerte Textstelle in den Digesten".
901:
301:
developed a proposition that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. He revealed his idea in 1881 to his colleagues
374:
Manson was unfortunate that he could not investigate his theory as he was not in malaria endemic country such as
286:
114:
2846:
480:
596:
Nye, ER (2002). "Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922): discoverer of the malarial parasite and Nobel laureate, 1907".
439:
The second experimental evidence came in the mid-1898 when Ross demonstrated the transmission of bird malaria
1244:"An Address before the Medical Society of North Carolina, at Its Second Annual Meeting, in Raleigh, May 1851"
414:
387:
356:
215:
151:
110:. Since then, it was a medical consensus for centuries that malaria was spread due to miasma, the bad air.
455:
379:
259:
86:
51:
2891:
2385:
493:
264:
19:
874:
Nye, ER (1991). "Ronald Ross: discoverer of the role of the mosquito in the transmission of malaria".
1959:
1854:
488:
277:
113:
The first record of argument against the miasmatic nature of malaria was from Irish-American surgeon
73:
2822:
Explorers of the Body : Dramatic Breakthroughs in Medicine from Ancient Times to Modern Science
413:
In 1894 Patrick Manson devised an ingenious procedure for detecting malarial parasites at different
130:
was a recorded healthy place although it has a nearby river, ponds, marshes and much stagnant water.
1642:
445:
315:
228:
2545:
1928:
1721:
Chernin, E (1983). "Sir Patrick Manson's studies on the transmission and biology of filariasis".
1567:
1197:
1142:
1046:
687:
621:
499:
433:
419:
198:
A major discovery was made by a French Army physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran working in
2826:
2805:
2771:
2752:
2731:
2710:
2682:
2664:
2629:
2580:
2537:
2502:
2475:
2373:
2314:
2287:
2238:
2189:
2140:
2091:
2056:
2021:
1870:
1823:
1738:
1703:
1624:
1555:
1545:
1512:
1463:
1427:
1378:
1329:
1302:
1189:
1181:
1134:
1095:
1038:
1003:
949:
883:
856:
810:
770:
718:
644:
613:
575:
180:
127:
35:
1992:"The Jubilee of Sir Patrick Manson (1878-1938): A Tribute to his Work on the Malaria Problem"
1785:"On the Development of Filaria sanguinis hominis, and on the Mosquito considered as a Nurse*"
2876:
2672:
2619:
2611:
2572:
2529:
2467:
2363:
2353:
2345:
2277:
2269:
2228:
2220:
2179:
2171:
2130:
2122:
2083:
2048:
2011:
2003:
1967:
1920:
1862:
1796:
1765:
1730:
1614:
1606:
1537:
1502:
1494:
1455:
1417:
1409:
1368:
1360:
1292:
1282:
1173:
1126:
1085:
1077:
1030:
993:
983:
939:
846:
800:
760:
752:
605:
565:
555:
2160:"On the Nature and Significance of the Crescentic and Flagellated Bodies in Malarial Blood"
1579:
467:
These observations prove the mosquito theory of malaria as expounded by Dr Patrick Manson.
460:
211:
190:
2786:
2111:"On the Nature and Significance of Cresenteric and Flagellated bodies in Malarial Blood"
1963:
1858:
2851:
2677:
2624:
2599:
2368:
2333:
2282:
2257:
2233:
2208:
2184:
2159:
2135:
2110:
2016:
1991:
1800:
1769:
1619:
1594:
1507:
1482:
1422:
1397:
1373:
1348:
1297:
1270:
1066:"The spread of malaria to Southern Europe in antiquity: new approaches to old problems"
998:
971:
851:
834:
805:
788:
765:
740:
570:
543:
344:
184:
141:
134:
107:
69:
46:, in opposition to the centuries-old medical dogma that malaria was due to bad air, or
2471:
2052:
1541:
1090:
1065:
2870:
2798:
2576:
1398:"Alphonse Laveran's discovery 100 years ago and today's global fight against malaria"
1201:
639:
Garrec, MF (2003). "Alphonse Laveran, a life dedicated to the discovery of malaria".
484:
47:
2549:
1216:
1050:
625:
194:
Laveran's drawing of pigmented parasites and the exflagellation of male gametocytes
159:
148:
which were literally flooded with tropical swamps were free from malaria epidemics.
103:
2074:
Chernin, Eli (1988). "Sir Ronald Ross vs. Sir Patrick Manson: A Matter of Libel".
1784:
544:"Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000 years of changing perspectives on malaria"
2820:
2725:
2704:
2436:
1243:
1177:
162:, which should cause miasmatic diseases, was but a good source of drinking water.
38:
developed in the latter half of the 19th century that solved the question of how
1866:
405:
370:
humans are infected from contaminated water in which infected mosquito had died.
306:
82:
2533:
2258:"On some Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two Mosquitos Fed on Malarial Blood"
1413:
1364:
1162:"Malaria, a journey in time: in search of the lost myths and forgotten stories"
1160:
Neghina, Raul; Neghina, Adriana Maria; Marincu, Iosif; Iacobiciu, Ioan (2010).
709:
Eldridge, BF (1992). "Patrick Manson and the discovery age of vector biology".
609:
479:
Ross' scientific evidences were soon fortified by Italian biologists including
1734:
1081:
1034:
302:
236:
in Paris on 23 November and 28 December. For his discovery he was awarded the
207:
2087:
1185:
1138:
560:
449:) between larks and mosquitoes, which he called "grey mosquitos" (which were
2668:
2273:
2175:
2126:
2007:
1610:
1161:
944:
927:
505:
428:
268:
59:
2686:
2633:
2615:
2584:
2541:
2506:
2377:
2291:
2242:
2224:
2193:
2144:
2025:
1874:
1827:
1707:
1694:
Sundberg, C (2007). "Alphonse Laveran: the Nobel Prize for Medicine 1907".
1628:
1559:
1516:
1382:
1333:
1306:
1193:
1099:
1042:
1007:
953:
860:
814:
774:
756:
648:
617:
579:
2788:
Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and Its Solution
2479:
2349:
2318:
2095:
2060:
1742:
1498:
1467:
1431:
1287:
988:
887:
722:
673:"The making of modern malariology: from miasma to mosquito-malaria theory"
179:
The notion that malaria was due to miasma was negated by the discovery of
2648:
1250:. the University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1223:. the University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
516:
avoiding the neighborhood of native houses where mosquitoes are abundant,
385:
Manson formally published his theory in the 8 December 1894 issue of the
62:
43:
2358:
249:
that parasites were transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1877 while working in
1932:
1146:
1114:
219:
199:
39:
2800:
Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease
1911:
McCollom (1901). "The RĂ´le of Insects in the Propagation of Disease".
1972:
1947:
1271:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
972:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
250:
203:
145:
42:
was transmitted. The theory proposed that malaria was transmitted by
1924:
1842:
1459:
1130:
741:"Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897"
2460:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
404:
375:
189:
297:
Based on the report of Manson's discovery, an American physician
117:, who wrote an article "Mosquital Origin of Malarial Disease" in
2768:
Ronald Ross : Malariologist and Polymath : a Biography
2493:
Bynum, WF (1999). "Ronald Ross and the malaria-mosquito cycle".
2209:"Observations on Malaria Parasites made in Secunderabad, Deccan"
319:
published as a 15-page article in the September 1883 issue of
23:
Transmission of malaria parasites between mosquito and human.
2706:
The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria
475:
Q.E.D. and congratulate you on the mosquito theory indeed.
2727:
Tropical Medicine: an Illustrated History of The Pioneers
835:"Experimental proof of the mosquito-malaria theory. 1900"
54:
in the late 19th century began to shed new lights. When
367:
the protozoan is transmitted by mosquito, and (falsely)
2076:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1536:. Vol. 67. London: Academic Press. pp. 3–4.
928:"Portraits of science. Mosquitoes bite more than once"
335:
malaria was transmitted by mosquito through its eggs.
253:, a coastal town in China, he found that the mosquito
2709:. Maryland, US: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
711:
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
2334:"Malaria, mosquitoes and the legacy of Ronald Ross"
1487:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1115:"The RĂ´le of Insects in the Propagation of Disease"
2825:(2nd ed.). New York: iUniverse. p. 248.
2804:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2797:
2390:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1789:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
1758:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
2748:Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry
1643:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907"
1533:Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry
1320:Manson-Bahr, P (1948). "Milestones in malaria".
206:), he noticed spherical bodies from a patient's
473:
465:
327:
285:in 1878, and relayed by Spencer Cobbold to the
1985:
1983:
1816:The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
1843:"Dr. A. F. A. King on Mosquitoes and Malaria"
1064:Sallares, R; Bouwman, A; Anderung, C (2004).
965:
963:
202:, North Africa. At the hospital in BĂ´ne (now
65:in 1880, the miasma theory began to subside.
8:
1890:"Insects and disease—mosquitoes and malaria"
1483:"Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922)"
1353:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1166:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
828:
826:
824:
537:
535:
81:scientifically proved by Manson's confidant
2857:History of Malaria: Scientific Discoveries
2852:The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease
2407:"Ronald Ross and the treatment of malaria"
704:
702:
700:
519:destroying the habitats of mosquitoes, and
2676:
2623:
2367:
2357:
2338:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2281:
2232:
2183:
2134:
2015:
1971:
1618:
1506:
1421:
1372:
1296:
1286:
1089:
997:
987:
943:
850:
804:
764:
569:
559:
1402:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
921:
919:
839:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
793:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
364:malaria is caused by protozoan parasite,
58:discovered that malaria was caused by a
18:
2766:Nye, Edwin R.; Gibson, Mary E. (1997).
531:
244:Discovery of mosquito as disease vector
76:. Inferring from such novel discovery,
2383:
1575:
1565:
734:
732:
347:returned to England and worked at the
281:). His findings were published in the
238:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
91:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
72:in 1877 that mosquitos could transmit
2770:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc.
2409:. Wellcome Collection. Archived from
591:
589:
7:
2435:. Malaria No More UK. Archived from
232:) and reported his discovery to the
175:Disproof of miasma theory of malaria
311:Philosophical Society of Washington
68:An important discovery was made by
1801:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1878.tb01837.x
1770:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1878.tb01540.x
510:London School of Tropical Medicine
471:On 9 July 1898 Ross wrote Manson:
14:
2897:Insect vectors of human pathogens
1669:"Alphonse Laveran - Biographical"
542:Hempelmann, E; Krafts, K (2013).
140:South American countries such as
2862:The History of Malaria on Stamps
2577:10.1097/00007611-199906000-00004
1913:The American Journal of Nursing
1783:Manson, Patrick (August 1878).
1595:"Alphonse Laveran and his work"
1119:The American Journal of Nursing
876:The New Zealand Medical Journal
2649:"Report on the cultivation of
2600:"Pigmented cells in mosquitos"
1723:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1448:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1248:Documenting the American South
1221:Documenting the American South
1023:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
522:protection from mosquito bite.
122:of his important points were:
56:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1:
2472:10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90295-9
2307:Indian Journal of Malariology
2053:10.1016/s0163-4453(94)92243-8
1542:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6
789:"The mosquito-malaria theory"
325:, making an introduction as:
299:Albert Freeman Africanus King
102:Malaria was prevalent in the
78:Albert Freeman Africanus King
2703:Packard, Randall M. (2010).
2522:Journal of Medical Biography
1996:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1178:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181e7fe6c
745:Postgraduate Medical Journal
598:Journal of Medical Biography
283:China Customs Medical Report
2796:Haynes, Douglas M. (2001).
2653:, Labbé, in grey mosquitos"
1867:10.1126/science.41.1052.312
322:The Popular Science Monthly
2913:
2751:. London: Academic Press.
2534:10.1177/096777209700500403
1414:10.1177/014107688107400715
1365:10.1177/003591576105400202
1113:McCollom, John H. (1901).
610:10.1177/096777200201000205
234:French Academy of Medicine
216:maturation of the parasite
2847:Malaria: Past and Present
2332:Sinden, Robert E (2007).
1082:10.1017/s0025727300007651
1035:10.1007/s00508-008-1033-2
686:(1): 3–17. Archived from
349:Seamen's Hospital Society
287:Linnean Society in London
273:Filaria sanguinis hominis
2730:. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
2565:Southern Medical Journal
2041:The Journal of Infection
1396:Bruce-Chwatt LJ (1981).
1269:Cox, Francis EG (2010).
970:Cox, Francis EG (2010).
671:Lalchhandama, K (2014).
561:10.1186/1475-2875-12-232
481:Giovanni Battista Grassi
351:and also as lecturer on
128:delta of the Mississippi
2819:Lehrer, Steven (2006).
2745:Sherman, Irwin (2008).
2604:British Medical Journal
2352:(inactive 2024-09-04).
2274:10.1136/bmj.2.1929.1786
2262:British Medical Journal
2213:British Medical Journal
2176:10.1136/bmj.2.1771.1306
2164:British Medical Journal
2127:10.1136/bmj.2.1771.1306
2008:10.1136/pgmj.14.157.345
1990:Manson-Bahr, P (1938).
1894:Popular Science Monthly
1735:10.1093/clinids/5.1.148
1611:10.1136/bmj.1.3624.1145
1599:British Medical Journal
1530:Sherman, Irwin (2008).
1347:Manson-Bahr, P (1961).
1275:Parasites & Vectors
976:Parasites & Vectors
945:10.1126/science.1068205
388:British Medical Journal
74:human filarial parasite
52:germ theory of diseases
28:Mosquito-malaria theory
2791:. London: John Murray.
2657:Indian Medical Gazette
2616:10.1136/bmj.1.1939.550
2225:10.1136/bmj.1.1831.260
2088:10.1093/jhmas/43.3.262
1841:Howard, L. O. (1915).
1822:(9): 499–505, passim.
1675:. Nobel Media AB. 2013
757:10.1136/pmj.76.901.738
477:
469:
456:Culex quinquefasciatus
410:
398:
380:Indian Medical Service
338:
332:
292:
260:Culex quinquefasciatus
210:, free or adherent to
195:
87:Indian Medical Service
24:
2785:Ross, Ronald (1923).
2647:Ross, Ronald (1898).
2350:10.2471/blt.04.020735
1888:King, A.F.A. (1883).
1593:Sequeira, JH (1930).
1499:10.1136/jnnp.67.4.520
1288:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
989:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
926:Bynum, W. F. (2002).
902:"Ronald Ross - Facts"
506:anopheline mosquitoes
494:Plasmodium falciparum
408:
393:
193:
22:
2433:"World Mosquito Day"
1242:Johnson, Charles E.
1215:Malburne, Meredith.
489:Giuseppe Bastianelli
415:developmental stages
357:St George's Hospital
278:Wuchereria bancrofti
2887:Scientific theories
2882:History of medicine
2724:Cook, G.C. (2007).
1964:1941Natur.147T..85.
1859:1915Sci....41..312H
1349:"The malaria story"
833:Manson, P (2002) .
446:Plasmodium relictum
441:Proteosoma relictum
316:Washington Monument
229:Plasmodium malariae
224:Oscillaria malariae
2439:on 2 February 2014
2158:Manson, P (1894).
2109:Manson, P (1894).
1946:Anonymous (1941).
1481:Haas, L F (1999).
739:Cook, G C (2000).
500:Anopheles claviger
497:with the mosquito
453:, but now renamed
434:World Mosquito Day
411:
196:
170:Scientific grounds
158:A highly polluted
119:Baltimore Observer
25:
2832:978-0-595-40731-6
2811:978-0-81-223598-2
2758:978-0-0809-2183-9
2737:978-0-08-055939-1
2716:978-1-42-140175-1
1853:(1052): 312–315.
1551:978-0-0809-2183-9
353:tropical diseases
181:malarial parasite
36:scientific theory
16:Scientific theory
2904:
2836:
2815:
2803:
2792:
2781:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2598:Ross, R (1898).
2595:
2589:
2588:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:on 24 April 2014
2405:Gibson, Mary E.
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2268:(1929): 1786–8.
2256:Ross, R (1897).
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2207:Ross, R (1896).
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2170:(1771): 1306–8.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2121:(1771): 1306–8.
2106:
2100:
2099:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:10.1038/147085d0
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:. Nobel Media AB
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1605:(3624): 1145–7.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
991:
967:
958:
957:
947:
923:
914:
913:
911:
909:
904:. Nobel Media AB
898:
892:
891:
871:
865:
864:
854:
830:
819:
818:
808:
799:(2): 102. 2002.
785:
779:
778:
768:
751:(901): 738–740.
736:
727:
726:
706:
695:
694:
692:
677:
668:
653:
652:
636:
630:
629:
593:
584:
583:
573:
563:
539:
267:of the filarial
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2867:
2866:
2843:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2702:
2699:
2697:Further reading
2694:
2663:(11): 401–408.
2646:
2645:
2641:
2610:(1939): 550–1.
2597:
2596:
2592:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2382:
2344:(11): 821–900.
2331:
2330:
2326:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2219:(1831): 260–1.
2206:
2205:
2201:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2002:(157): 345–57.
1989:
1988:
1981:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1925:10.2307/3402517
1910:
1909:
1905:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1795:(75): 304–311.
1782:
1781:
1777:
1764:(76): 356–370.
1755:
1754:
1750:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1564:
1552:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1460:10.1093/4.4.908
1444:
1443:
1439:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1131:10.2307/3402517
1112:
1111:
1107:
1070:Medical History
1063:
1062:
1058:
1020:
1019:
1015:
969:
968:
961:
938:(5552): 47–48.
925:
924:
917:
907:
905:
900:
899:
895:
873:
872:
868:
832:
831:
822:
787:
786:
782:
738:
737:
730:
708:
707:
698:
690:
675:
670:
669:
656:
638:
637:
633:
595:
594:
587:
548:Malaria Journal
541:
540:
533:
529:
461:salivary glands
403:
360:proposed that:
341:
339:Manson's theory
295:
271:that he called
246:
226:(later renamed
212:red blood cells
177:
172:
100:
32:mosquito theory
17:
12:
11:
5:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2639:
2590:
2555:
2512:
2501:(1–3): 49–52.
2495:Parassitologia
2485:
2450:
2424:
2397:
2324:
2297:
2248:
2199:
2150:
2101:
2082:(3): 262–274.
2066:
2031:
1979:
1938:
1919:(3): 181–193.
1903:
1880:
1833:
1806:
1775:
1748:
1713:
1696:Parassitologia
1686:
1673:Nobelprize.org
1660:
1647:nobelprize.org
1634:
1585:
1576:|journal=
1550:
1522:
1473:
1437:
1408:(7): 531–536.
1388:
1339:
1312:
1261:
1234:
1207:
1172:(6): 492–498.
1152:
1125:(3): 181–193.
1105:
1056:
1013:
959:
915:
893:
882:(919): 386–7.
866:
820:
780:
728:
696:
693:on 2014-04-27.
680:Science Vision
654:
631:
585:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
517:
451:Culex fatigans
402:
399:
372:
371:
368:
365:
345:Patrick Manson
340:
337:
294:
291:
255:Culex fatigans
245:
242:
185:Rudolf Virchow
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
156:
149:
142:British Guiana
138:
135:North Carolina
131:
108:ancient Greeks
99:
98:Early concepts
96:
70:Patrick Manson
30:(or sometimes
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2909:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2777:0-312-16296-0
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(6): 567–71.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:"Albert King"
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:(1): 148–66.
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1702:(4): 257–60.
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:(4): 908–11.
1453:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:(2): 91–100.
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Medical Times
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:(3): 311–28.
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:(S4): 11–14.
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
916:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
858:
853:
848:
845:(2): 107–12.
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
781:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
717:(3): 215–20.
716:
712:
705:
703:
701:
697:
689:
685:
681:
674:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
635:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
536:
532:
526:
521:
518:
515:
514:
513:
511:
507:
502:
501:
496:
495:
490:
486:
485:Amico Bignami
482:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:
423:
421:
416:
407:
400:
397:
392:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
369:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
331:
326:
324:
323:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:King's theory
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
186:
182:
174:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:Labourers of
132:
129:
125:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:John Crawford
111:
109:
105:
97:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2892:Parasitology
2821:
2799:
2787:
2767:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2528:(4): 200–4.
2525:
2521:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2466:(4): 487–8.
2463:
2459:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2400:
2386:cite journal
2359:10665/269872
2341:
2337:
2327:
2313:(2): 47–55.
2310:
2306:
2300:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2047:(3): 333–4.
2044:
2040:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1958:(3716): 85.
1955:
1951:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1532:
1525:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1026:
1022:
1016:
979:
975:
935:
931:
906:. Retrieved
896:
879:
875:
869:
842:
838:
796:
792:
783:
748:
744:
714:
710:
688:the original
683:
679:
640:
634:
601:
597:
551:
547:
498:
492:
478:
474:
470:
466:
454:
450:
444:
440:
438:
427:
424:
412:
394:
386:
384:
373:
342:
333:
330:marsh-vapor.
328:
320:
296:
282:
276:
272:
258:
254:
247:
227:
223:
197:
178:
160:River Thames
118:
112:
104:Roman Empire
101:
67:
31:
27:
26:
1328:(11): 463.
643:(677): 31.
604:(2): 81–7.
420:Sir Galahad
307:L.O. Howard
152:Java Island
83:Ronald Ross
2871:Categories
2651:Proteosoma
1900:: 644–658.
1493:(4): 520.
908:31 January
554:(1): 232.
527:References
303:C.V. Riley
263:) was the
208:blood film
44:mosquitoes
1578:ignored (
1568:cite book
1202:205747078
1186:1538-2990
1139:0002-936X
429:Anopheles
275:(but now
269:roundworm
240:in 1907.
60:protozoan
2687:29001935
2669:63606142
2634:20757668
2585:10372849
2550:32233983
2542:11619711
2507:10697833
2443:24 April
2417:24 April
2378:18038083
2292:20757493
2243:20755993
2194:20755205
2145:20755205
2026:21313134
1875:17789057
1828:15438311
1708:18689237
1679:23 April
1653:23 April
1629:20775532
1560:18940418
1517:10486402
1383:13766295
1334:18100626
1307:20205846
1281:(1): 5.
1254:22 April
1227:22 April
1194:20601857
1100:16021928
1051:27800762
1043:19066765
1008:20205846
982:(1): 5.
954:11778027
861:12230309
815:12230307
775:11060174
649:12929603
626:39278614
618:11956550
580:23835014
343:In 1889
63:parasite
34:) was a
2877:Malaria
2678:5141207
2625:2410758
2480:9373663
2369:2636258
2319:9293695
2283:2408186
2234:2406240
2185:2405325
2136:2405325
2096:3063748
2061:7916371
2017:2477395
1960:Bibcode
1933:3402517
1855:Bibcode
1847:Science
1743:6131527
1620:2313558
1508:1736558
1468:6750753
1432:7021827
1423:1439072
1374:1870294
1298:2825508
1147:3402517
999:2825508
932:Science
888:1681486
852:2588736
806:2588730
766:1741788
723:1402856
571:3723432
220:quinine
200:Algeria
85:of the
40:malaria
2829:
2808:
2774:
2755:
2734:
2713:
2685:
2675:
2667:
2632:
2622:
2583:
2548:
2540:
2505:
2478:
2376:
2366:
2317:
2290:
2280:
2241:
2231:
2192:
2182:
2143:
2133:
2094:
2059:
2024:
2014:
1952:Nature
1931:
1873:
1826:
1741:
1706:
1627:
1617:
1558:
1548:
1515:
1505:
1466:
1430:
1420:
1381:
1371:
1332:
1305:
1295:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1137:
1098:
1091:547919
1088:
1049:
1041:
1006:
996:
952:
886:
859:
849:
813:
803:
773:
763:
721:
647:
624:
616:
578:
568:
487:, and
265:vector
204:Annaba
146:Brazil
48:miasma
2546:S2CID
1929:JSTOR
1198:S2CID
1143:JSTOR
1047:S2CID
691:(PDF)
676:(PDF)
641:Soins
622:S2CID
443:(now
401:Proof
376:India
257:(now
155:Asia.
2827:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2683:PMID
2665:OCLC
2630:PMID
2581:PMID
2538:PMID
2503:PMID
2476:PMID
2445:2014
2419:2014
2392:link
2374:PMID
2315:PMID
2288:PMID
2239:PMID
2190:PMID
2141:PMID
2092:PMID
2057:PMID
2022:PMID
1871:PMID
1824:PMID
1739:PMID
1704:PMID
1681:2014
1655:2014
1625:PMID
1580:help
1556:PMID
1546:ISBN
1513:PMID
1464:PMID
1428:PMID
1379:PMID
1330:PMID
1303:PMID
1256:2014
1229:2014
1190:PMID
1182:ISSN
1135:ISSN
1096:PMID
1039:PMID
1004:PMID
950:PMID
910:2014
884:PMID
857:PMID
811:PMID
771:PMID
719:PMID
645:PMID
614:PMID
576:PMID
305:and
251:Amoy
144:and
126:The
2673:PMC
2620:PMC
2612:doi
2573:doi
2530:doi
2468:doi
2364:PMC
2354:hdl
2346:doi
2278:PMC
2270:doi
2229:PMC
2221:doi
2180:PMC
2172:doi
2131:PMC
2123:doi
2115:BMJ
2084:doi
2049:doi
2012:PMC
2004:doi
1968:doi
1956:147
1921:doi
1863:doi
1797:doi
1766:doi
1731:doi
1615:PMC
1607:doi
1538:doi
1503:PMC
1495:doi
1456:doi
1418:PMC
1410:doi
1369:PMC
1361:doi
1293:PMC
1283:doi
1174:doi
1170:340
1127:doi
1086:PMC
1078:doi
1031:doi
1027:120
994:PMC
984:doi
940:doi
936:295
880:104
847:PMC
801:PMC
761:PMC
753:doi
606:doi
566:PMC
556:doi
436:).
422:".
355:in
2873::
2681:.
2671:.
2661:33
2659:.
2655:.
2628:.
2618:.
2606:.
2602:.
2579:.
2569:92
2567:.
2544:.
2536:.
2524:.
2499:41
2497:.
2474:.
2464:91
2462:.
2388:}}
2384:{{
2372:.
2362:.
2342:95
2340:.
2336:.
2311:34
2309:.
2286:.
2276:.
2264:.
2260:.
2237:.
2227:.
2215:.
2211:.
2188:.
2178:.
2166:.
2162:.
2139:.
2129:.
2117:.
2113:.
2090:.
2080:43
2078:.
2055:.
2045:28
2043:.
2020:.
2010:.
2000:14
1998:.
1994:.
1982:^
1966:.
1954:.
1950:.
1927:.
1915:.
1898:23
1896:.
1892:.
1869:.
1861:.
1851:41
1849:.
1845:.
1820:19
1818:.
1793:14
1791:.
1787:.
1762:14
1760:.
1737:.
1725:.
1700:49
1698:.
1671:.
1645:.
1623:.
1613:.
1601:.
1597:.
1572::
1570:}}
1566:{{
1554:.
1544:.
1511:.
1501:.
1491:67
1489:.
1485:.
1462:.
1450:.
1426:.
1416:.
1406:74
1404:.
1400:.
1377:.
1367:.
1357:54
1355:.
1351:.
1326:76
1324:.
1301:.
1291:.
1277:.
1273:.
1246:.
1219:.
1196:.
1188:.
1180:.
1168:.
1164:.
1141:.
1133:.
1121:.
1117:.
1094:.
1084:.
1074:48
1072:.
1068:.
1045:.
1037:.
1025:.
1002:.
992:.
978:.
974:.
962:^
948:.
934:.
930:.
918:^
878:.
855:.
843:75
841:.
837:.
823:^
809:.
797:75
795:.
791:.
769:.
759:.
749:76
747:.
743:.
731:^
713:.
699:^
684:14
682:.
678:.
657:^
620:.
612:.
602:10
600:.
588:^
574:.
564:.
552:12
550:.
546:.
534:^
483:,
2835:.
2814:.
2780:.
2761:.
2740:.
2719:.
2689:.
2636:.
2614::
2608:1
2587:.
2575::
2552:.
2532::
2526:5
2509:.
2482:.
2470::
2447:.
2421:.
2394:)
2380:.
2356::
2348::
2321:.
2294:.
2272::
2266:2
2245:.
2223::
2217:1
2196:.
2174::
2168:2
2147:.
2125::
2119:2
2098:.
2086::
2063:.
2051::
2028:.
2006::
1976:.
1970::
1962::
1935:.
1923::
1917:2
1877:.
1865::
1857::
1830:.
1803:.
1799::
1772:.
1768::
1745:.
1733::
1727:5
1710:.
1683:.
1657:.
1631:.
1609::
1603:1
1582:)
1562:.
1540::
1519:.
1497::
1470:.
1458::
1452:4
1434:.
1412::
1385:.
1363::
1336:.
1309:.
1285::
1279:3
1258:.
1231:.
1204:.
1176::
1149:.
1129::
1123:2
1102:.
1080::
1053:.
1033::
1010:.
986::
980:3
956:.
942::
912:.
890:.
863:.
817:.
777:.
755::
725:.
715:8
651:.
628:.
608::
582:.
558::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
