Emergency contraception - Knowledge (XXG)

1146:, and abortion services. Since the late 1990s, due to rights given by specific policies, the dispensation of emergency contraceptives on issues of religious and moral objections of providing care has extended from doctors, nurses, and hospitals to pharmacies and individual pharmacists. Furthermore, many states have insurance policies that cover contraceptives alongside all other prescription drugs, but may have exemptions for employers or private insurers on religious grounds. Different state legislatures have taken different routes in broadening access to emergency contraceptives. In some states, if a woman has been sexually assaulted, it is mandatory to provide her access to EC. In other states, women have been allowed various amounts of access, including the ability to access EC without a prescription from a physician, creation of policies limiting the ability of pharmacists to deny EC on religious and moral grounds, and creation of policies discouraging pharmacists from denying to fill contraceptive prescriptions. One state even requires all pharmacies to stock and fill every method of contraception. However, other states have restricted access of emergency contraception from state 1158:

cost to the people. In October 2017, however, the Trump administration made it easier for employers that offer health care plans to exclude contraceptive coverage. The two regulations that allow employers to reject contraceptive coverage are religious and moral objection, but the courts have blocked the enforcement of these regulations. As of today, 29 states require that if insurance covers prescription drugs, it has to provide FDA-approved prescription contraceptive drugs and devices. 10 states prohibit the restriction and delay by insurers or medical management techniques to access contraceptives, and 8 states do not permit refusal on religious or moral grounds by any employers or insurerers. However, 21 states do allow the refusal to comply with the contraceptive coverage mandates, and 14 states prohibit cost sharing for contraceptives.

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religious or moral beliefs, it can affect public health and set a dangerous precedent with respect to "critical, life-saving preventative care". The court denied the claim, stating that all pharmacies, even if the owner has a religious objection, must provide all prescribed medication, including EC. The pharmacy in question tried to appeal the case to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was rejected, leaving the lower court's ruling in place. Wal-Mart, the third largest U.S. pharmacy chain, refused to carry EC from 1997 to 2006, which shows that accessibility may still be an issue in areas dependent on single pharmacies with no alternatives.

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contribute to efficacy... The pharmacodynamics of ulipristal acetate depends on the timing of administration in the menstrual cycle. Administration in the mid-follicular phase causes inhibition of folliculogenesis and reduction of estradiol concentration. Administration at the time of the luteinizing hormone peak delays follicular rupture by 5 to 9 days. Dosing in the early luteal phase does not significantly delay endometrial maturation but decreases endometrial thickness by 0.6 ± 2.2 mm (mean ± SD).

402:(in the United States) but were withdrawn after more effective dedicated progestin-only (levonorgestrel) emergency contraceptive pills with fewer side effects became available. If other more effective dedicated emergency contraceptive pills (levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, or mifepristone) are not available, specific combinations of regular combined oral contraceptive pills can be taken in split doses 12 hours apart (the Yuzpe regimen), effective up to 72 hours after intercourse. 47: 523:, thus delaying menstruation by a few days. Mifepristone, if taken before ovulation, may delay ovulation by 3–4 days (delayed ovulation may result in a delayed menstruation). These disruptions only occur in the cycle in which ECPs were taken; subsequent cycle length is not significantly affected. If a woman's menstrual period is delayed by two weeks or more, it is advised that she take a 375:(also known as RU-486) is available in five countries as a low-dose or mid-dose emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse. Low-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in Armenia, Russia, Ukraine, and Vietnam and from a pharmacist without a prescription in China. Mid-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in China and Vietnam. 3821:

effective than the single 1.5 mg dose of levonorgestrel when used within 72 hours after sexual intercourse and even between 72 h and 120h. ... Progesterone receptor modulators like ulipristal acetate and mifepristone suppress ovarian follicular growth and also delay endometrial maturation, manifested in a delay in menstruation after treatment. Ovulation can be temporarily postponed.

665:(AAP) stated: "Despite multiple studies showing no increased risk behaviour and evidence that hormonal emergency contraception will not disrupt an established pregnancy, public and medical discourse reflects that personal values of physicians and pharmacists continue to affect emergency-contraception access, particularly for adolescents." 3811:

dose of levonorgesterel administered postcoitally once fertilization had occurred. The evidence indicates that a postfertilization effect does not contribute to the efficacy of emergency contraception. Clinicians, pharmacists, and patients can be reassured that treatment with emergency contraception is not an abortifacient.

429:... these numbers do not translate into a pregnancy rate of 25 percent. Rather, they mean that if 1,000 women have unprotected intercourse in the middle two weeks of their menstrual cycles, approximately 80 will become pregnant. Use of emergency contraceptive pills would reduce this number by 75 percent, to 20 women. 357:(OTC) in many countries (e.g. Australia, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, India, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, United States), from a pharmacist without a prescription, and available with a prescription in some other countries. 4722:"Since the United Kingdom approved emergency contraceptive pills in 1984, more than 4 million prescriptions have been recorded. However, the actual use is much greater because providers have found it less expensive to provide tablets of identical drugs taken from products packaged as combined oral contraceptives." 815:

and had been withdrawn from marketing in New Zealand in 1997 to prevent it being sold over-the-counter. Regular combined oral contraceptive pills (which were less expensive and more widely available) were more commonly used for the Yuzpe regimen even in countries where dedicated products were available.

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When taken immediately before ovulation is to occur, ella postpones follicular rupture. The likely primary mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception is therefore inhibition or delay of ovulation; however, alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also

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The precise mode of action of Levonelle One Step is not known. At the recommended regimen, levonorgestrel is thought to work mainly by preventing ovulation and fertilisation if intercourse has taken place in the preovulatory phase when the likelihood of fertilisation is the highest. It may also cause

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To make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs—like the birth control pill, patch, ring, shot, and implant, and even like breastfeeding—prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization, but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the

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There is strong evidence that treatment with emergency contraception acts primarily by preventing or delaying ovulation and by preventing fertilization. Studies have indicated that emergency contraception does not prevent implantation. Experiments in monkeys and rats could detect no effect of a high

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When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. This

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a manufacturer obtained an approved ANDA that provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in February 1975. To discourage off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive, in February 1975 the FDA ordered DES 25 mg (and higher) tablets removed from

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is to prevent fertilization by inhibition or delay of ovulation. One clinical study found that post-ovulatory administration of ulipristal acetate altered the endometrium, but whether the changes would inhibit implantation is unknown. The European EMA-approved labels for ulipristal acetate emergency

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Insertion of an IUD is more effective than the use of emergency contraceptive pills – pregnancy rates when used as emergency contraception are the same as with normal IUD use. Unlike emergency contraceptive pills, which work by delaying ovulation, the copper-T IUD works by interfering

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of certain brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills in 1997. As of 2014, there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available in the United States that can be used in the emergency contraceptive Yuzpe regimen, when none of

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LNG ECPs do not interrupt an established pregnancy or harm a developing embryo. The evidence available to date shows that LNG ECP use does not prevent a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterine lining. The primary mechanism of action is to stop or disrupt ovulation; LNG ECP use may also prevent

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was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists which said: "FDA has not yet given approval for any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive. The Agency, however, will approve this indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provides patient labeling

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The Yuzpe regimen became the standard course of treatment for postcoital contraception in many countries in the 1980s. The first prescription-only combined estrogen-progestin dedicated product, Schering PC4 (ethinylestradiol and norgestrel), was approved in the UK in January 1984 and first marketed

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For 10 mg of mifepristone taken up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse, the combined estimate from three trials was an effectiveness of 83%. A review found that a moderate dose of mifepristone is better than LNG or Yuzpe, with delayed return of menstruation being the main adverse effect of

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Ulipristal acetate is an orally-active synthetic selective progesterone receptor modulator which acts via high-affinity binding to the human progesterone receptor. The primary mechanism of action is inhibition or delay of ovulation. Pharmacodynamic data show that even when taken immediately before

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It is believed that the main mechanism of action of high-dose progestin emergency contraception is inhibition of ovulation, but other mechanisms may be involved... Taken together, these data are highly supportive of the concept that levonorgestrel emergency contraception has little or no effect on

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Ulipristal Acetate. Ulipristal acetate (ellaOne) has similar biologic effects as mifepristone and is approved for emergency contraception in Europe and is expected to become available in the U.S.in a single oral dose of 30 mg. Randomized trials demonstrated that ulipristal acetate is slightly more

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Copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). Copper is toxic to the ovum and sperm and thus the copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is effective immediately after insertion and works primarily by inhibiting fertilisation. A systematic review on mechanisms of action of IUDs showed that both

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Early studies of emergency contraceptives did not attempt to calculate a failure rate; they simply reported the number of women who became pregnant after using an emergency contraceptive. Since 1980, clinical trials of emergency contraception have first calculated probable pregnancies in the study

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dedicated prescription-only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries: the UK (Schering PC4), New Zealand (Schering PC4), South Africa (E-Gen-C), Germany (Tetragynon), Switzerland (Tetragynon), Denmark (Tetragynon), Norway (Tetragynon), Sweden (Tetragynon) and Finland (Neoprimavlar);

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Beginning in the 1960s, women who had been sexually assaulted were offered diethylstilbestrol (DES). Currently, the standard of care is to offer ulipristal or prompt placement of a copper IUD which is the most effective form of EC. However, adherence to these best practices varies by the emergency

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HRA Pharma changed its packaging information for Norlevo (levonorgestrel 1.5 mg, which is identical to many other EHCs) in November 2013 warning that according to studies the drug loses effectiveness in women who weigh more than 75 kg (165 lb) and is completely ineffective for women

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Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills contain levonorgestrel, either as a single tablet (or historically, as a split dose of two tablets taken 12 hours apart), effective up to 72 hours after intercourse. Progestin-only ECPs are sold under many different brand names. Progestin-only

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Ulipristal, also known as CDB-2914, has been studied as an emergency contraceptive pill... In 2009, European regulatory approval was granted for a 30-mg tablet of ulipristal (under the brand name of EllaOne) as an emergency contraceptive pill for use up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse. An

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Another method of emergency contraception is the insertion of a copper IUD, anytime during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and up to 5 days after ovulation. The failure rate (in a small number of studies) is very low, 0.1%. This method definitely prevents implantation, but it is not

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of 2010 has guaranteed coverage of contraceptives, applying to most private health plans nationwide. The provision has also specifically required coverage for 18 methods of contraception used by women, related counselling and services, and requires the coverage provided not to be an out-of-pocket

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challenged Washington state regulations on providing all lawfully prescribed pharmaceuticals, including EC. They were challenging Washington state regulations on providing all lawfully prescribed pharmaceuticals. Courts have been warned that if pharmacists are allowed to deny EC prescriptions on

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Emergency contraceptives are the most common prescription drug denied due to of religious or moral beliefs. There have been cases where hormones, drugs and devices used to treat human immunodeficiency virus and diabetic medication have also been denied. This topic continues to be fought upon on

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The precise mode of action of Norlevo 1.5 mg is not known. At the used regimen, levonorgestrel is believed to suppress ovulation thus preventing fertilization if the intercourse has taken place in the preovulatory phase when the likelihood of fertilization is the highest. It could also prevent

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In 1999, a meta-analysis of eight studies of the combined (Yuzpe) regimen concluded that the best point estimate of effectiveness was 74%. A 2003 analysis of two of the largest combined (Yuzpe) regimen studies, using a different calculation method, found effectiveness estimates of 47% and 53%.

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Emergency contraceptive pills are not effective if a woman is already pregnant. Plan B One-Step is believed to act as an emergency contraceptive principally by preventing ovulation or fertilization (by altering tubal transport of sperm and/or ova). In addition, it may inhibit implantation (by

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changes that discourage implantation. Daily use of regular oral contraceptive pills can alter the endometrium (although this has not been proven to interfere with implantation), but the isolated use of a levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill does not have time to alter the endometrium.

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Mifepristone. In randomized trials, 10 mg mifepristone was as effective as 25, 50, or 600 mg. preventing about 80–85% of expected pregnancies (the same efficacy and side effects as with the levonorgestrel method), with a slight decrease in efficacy when treatment was delayed to 5 days after

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In 2020, Japan announced it would consider easing regulations on the sale of emergency contraceptive pills without a prescription. Non-profit groups submitted a petition to the health ministry calling for prescription-free access to the pill. They had collected more than 100,000 signatures.

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Calculation of effectiveness, and particularly the denominator of the fraction, involves many assumptions that are difficult to validate. The risk of pregnancy for women requesting ECPs appears to be lower than assumed in the estimates of ECP efficacy, which are consequently likely to be

4049:• The fact that LNG ECPs have no demonstrated effect on implantation explains why they are not 100% effective in preventing pregnancy and are less effective the later they are taken. Women should be given a clear message that LNG ECPs are more effective the sooner they are taken. 1041:

On March 23, 2009, a US judge ordered the FDA to allow 17-year-olds to acquire Plan B without a prescription. This now changes the August 24, 2006, ruling and Plan B is now available "behind the counter" for men and women. There is a prescription method available for girls under

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WHO Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation (August 1998). "Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation".

826:, "played a pioneering role in emergency contraception" by "confirming the effectiveness of levonorgestrel." After the WHO conducted a large trial comparing Yuzpe and levonorgestrel in 1998, combined estrogen-progestin products were gradually withdrawn from some markets ( 345:. Combined estrogen and progestin pills are no longer recommended as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills (because this regimen is less effective and caused more nausea), but certain regular combined oral contraceptive pills (taken 2–5 at a time in what was called "the 2553:

In 2002, a judicial review ruled that pregnancy begins at implantation, not fertilisation. The possible mechanisms of action should be explained to the patient as some methods may not be acceptable, depending on individual beliefs about the onset of pregnancy and

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The progestin-only regimen (using levonorgestrel) has an 89% effectiveness. As of 2006, the labeling on the U.S. brand Plan B explained this effectiveness rate by stating, "Seven out of every eight women who would have gotten pregnant will not become pregnant."

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suitable for women who are not candidates for intrauterine contraception, e.g., multiple sexual partners or a rape victim. The use of a copper IUD for emergency contraception is expensive, but not if it is retained as an ongoing method of contraception.

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department. Before these EC options were available (in 1996), pregnancy rates among females of child-bearing age who had been raped were around 5%. Although EC is recommended following sexual assault, room for improvement in clinical practice remains.

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measure taken to reduce the risk of pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or when other regular contraceptive measures have not worked properly or have not been used correctly. It is intended to be used occasionally and is not the same as

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with sperm motility. Therefore, the copper IUD is equally effective as emergency contraception at all weight ranges. IUDs may be left in place following the subsequent menstruation to provide ongoing contraception for as long as desired (12+ years).

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In September 1973, the FDA published a proposed rule specifying patient labeling and special packaging requirements for any manufacturer seeking FDA approval to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive, inviting manufacturers to submit abbreviated

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The primary mechanism of action of progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pills is to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation. The best available evidence is that they do not have any post-fertilization effects such as the prevention of

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On August 24, 2006, the FDA approved nonprescription behind-the-counter access to Plan B from pharmacies staffed by a licensed pharmacist for women 18 or older; a prescription-only form of Plan B was made available for younger females aged 17 and

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Making ECPs more widely available does not increase sexual risk-taking. While they are effective for individuals who use them in a timely fashion, the availability of EC pills does not appear to decrease abortion rates at the population level.

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ECPs do not cause abortion or harm an established pregnancy. Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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Placebo-controlled trials that could give a precise measure of the pregnancy rate without treatment would be unethical, so the effectiveness percentage is based on estimated pregnancy rates. These are currently estimated using variants of the

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saying it had concluded that the Yuzpe regimen was safe and effective for off-label use as postcoital EC, was prepared to accept NDAs for COCPs labeled as ECPs, and listed 6 then available COCPs (there are now 22) that could be used as

249:(IUDs) – usually used as a primary contraceptive method – are sometimes used as the most effective form of emergency contraception. However, the use of IUDs for emergency contraception is relatively rare. 932:

was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved, under restricted conditions, postcoital contraceptive use of DES. (In February 1975, the FDA Commissioner testified that the only error in the May 1973

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Espinós JJ, Rodríguez-Espinosa J, Senosiain R, Aura M, Vanrell C, Gispert M, et al. (October 1999). "The role of matching menstrual data with hormonal measurements in evaluating effectiveness of postcoital contraception".

549:(AAP) and experts on emergency contraception have concluded that progestin-only ECPs are preferable to combined ECPs containing estrogen for all women, and particularly those with a history of blood clots, stroke, or migraine. 956:, the largest U.S. manufacturer of DES, discontinued its DES 25 mg tablets and in March 1974 sent a letter to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists telling them it did not recommend use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive. 511:. Side effects generally resolve within 24 hours, although temporary disruption of the menstrual cycle is commonly experienced. If taken before ovulation, the high doses of progestogen in levonorgestrel treatments may induce 715:(FIGO) issued a statement that: "review of the evidence suggests that LNG ECPs cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling." In June 2012, a 1134:

allowed women to have parental control over childrearing, including the use of contraception for reproductive autonomy. After this, women became more informed about contraceptives and began requesting them more often.

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is much less common and unusual with levonorgestrel-only ECPs (5.6% of levonorgestrel-only users vs 18.8% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users in 1998 WHO trial; 1.4% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in the 2002 WHO trial).

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von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, Chen J, Song S, Bártfai G, et al. (December 2002). "Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial".

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In February 1975, the FDA said it had not yet approved DES as a postcoital contraceptive, but would after March 8, 1975, permit marketing of DES for that indication in emergency situations such as rape or incest

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Intrauterine insertion of a copper IUD within 5 to 10 days of midcycle coitus is a very effective method of preventing continuation of the pregnancy... The LNG-IUS should not be used for emergency contraception.

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BE USED AS A POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVE" in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton

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monkeys, respectively. A few different drugs were studied, with a focus on high-dose estrogens, and it was originally hoped that postcoital contraception would prove viable as an ongoing contraceptive method.

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Regulation of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1975: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, 94th Congress, 1st Session on S. 963, February 27,

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On June 10, 2013, the Obama administration ceased trying to block over-the-counter availability of the pill. With this reversal it means that any person will be able to purchase the Plan B One-Step without a

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One study found that about half of women who used levonorgestrel ECPs experienced bleeding within 7 days of taking the pills. If levonorgestrel is taken after ovulation, it may increase the length of the

763:. The very high effectiveness of copper-releasing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies that they must also prevent some pregnancies by post-fertilization effects such as prevention of implantation. 1412:

endometrium. However, women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events.

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in terms of safety, as there is no known harm to the woman, the course of her pregnancy, or the fetus if progestin-only or combined emergency contraception pills are accidentally used, but EC is not

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The effectiveness of emergency contraception is expressed as a percentage reduction in pregnancy rate for a single use of EC. Using an example of "75% effective", the effectiveness calculation thus:

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The F.D.A. now acknowledges that the emerging data suggest the morning-after pill, often called Plan B, does not inhibit implantation. It should remove that unsupported suggestion from the label.

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On September 1, 1998, the FDA approved the prescription Yuzpe regimen Preven Emergency Contraception Kit (which contained a urine pregnancy test and 4 COCPs). Preven was discontinued in May 2004.

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contraceptive pills do not mention an effect on implantation, but the U.S. FDA-approved label says: "alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy."

325:) pills. Progestin-only and anti-progestin pills are available as specifically packaged pills for use as emergency contraceptive pills. Emergency contraceptive pills originally contained higher 949:(ANDAs) for that indication, and notifying manufacturers that the FDA intended to order the withdrawal of DES 25 mg tablets (which were being used off-label as postcoital contraceptives). 1575:

Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E (June 2022). "Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre".

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pills was marketed as an ongoing method of postcoital contraception. However, with typical use, failure rates are expected to be higher than with the use of other birth control methods.

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The antiprogestin ulipristal acetate is available as a micronized emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse. Ulipristal acetate ECPs developed by

3891:"How the morning-after pill works (interview with Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson, MD, Professor and Chair, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden)" 1038:

announced that its subsidiary, Duramed Pharmaceuticals, had initiated shipment of dual-label Plan B OTC/Rx and it would be available in pharmacies across the U.S. by mid-November 2006.

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are not routinely recommended with levonorgestrel-only ECPs. If a woman vomits within 2 hours of taking a levonorgestrel-only ECP, she should take a further dose as soon as possible.

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is torn during sex. However, for women facing reproductive coercion, who are not able to use regular birth control, repeated use of EC pills may be the most viable option available.

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and special packaging. To discourage 'morning after' use of DES without patient labeling, FDA has removed from the market the 25 mg tablets of DES, formerly used for this purpose."

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overestimates. Yet, precise estimates of efficacy may not be highly relevant to many women who have had unprotected intercourse, since ECPs are often the only available treatment.

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resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 ruling to legalize abortion, both Federal and State laws were created to allow medical professionals and institutions the right to deny

712: 5485: 4047:• Review of the evidence suggests that LNG ECPs cannot prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg. Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling. 1420:

One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation.... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown.

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editorial called on the FDA to remove from the label the unsupported suggestion that levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills inhibit implantation. In November 2013, the

457:, the statement was deleted from the leaflet. The agency communicated that levonorgestrel is safe and effective method of emergency contraception, regardless of body weight. 441:

For both the progestin-only and Yuzpe regimens, the effectiveness of emergency contraception is highest when taken within 12 hours of intercourse and declines over time. The

1913: 6237: 4087:"New birth control label counters lawsuit claim; European authorities found that a drug like Plan B One-Step cannot prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the womb" 5743: 3865:

postovulation events but is highly effective when taken before ovulation. Levonorgestrel emergency contraception does not affect implantation and is not abortifacient.

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family planning eligibility expansions or contraceptive coverage mandates, or by allowing the refusal of providing contraceptive services by healthcare professionals.

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was as effective at emergency contraception as the copper IUD, though it is not offered by clinicians at the moment due to the lack of research done into the subject.

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Over time, interest in progestin-only treatments increased. The Special Program on Human Reproduction (HRP), an international organization whose members include the

5803: 5437: 4133: 4051:• LNG ECPs do not interrupt a pregnancy (by any definition of the beginning of pregnancy). However, LNG ECPs can prevent abortions by reducing unwanted pregnancies. 1965:"Status of Emergency Contraceptives in Europe One Year after the European Medicines Agency's Recommendation to Switch Ulipristal Acetate to Non-Prescription Status" 1087: 972:

the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses (5 mg and lower) of DES still approved for other indications be changed to state: "THIS DRUG PRODUCT SHOULD

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Levonorgestrel (LNG). The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to work primarily by inhibition of ovulation.

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Jensen JT, Mishell Jr DR (2012). "Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination". In Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL (eds.).

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Holmes MM, Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Best CL (August 1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women".

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in endometrial thickness from a baseline of 10.2 ± 3.2 mm to 11.5 ± 4.1 mm with placebo administration) which the authors hypothesized could hamper implantation.

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in October 1984. Schering introduced a second prescription-only combined product, Tetragynon (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) in Germany in 1985. By 1997,

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Trussell J, Ellertson C, von Hertzen H, Bigrigg A, Webb A, Evans M, et al. (April 2003). "Estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills".

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group if no treatment were given. The effectiveness is calculated by dividing observed pregnancies by the estimated number of pregnancies without treatment.

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Piaggio G, Heng Z, von Hertzen H, Bilian X, Linan C (December 2003). "Combined estimates of effectiveness of mifepristone 10 mg in emergency contraception".

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Brief of American Academy of Pediatrics in Support of Respondents, Zubik v Burwell (Nos. 14–1418, 14–1453, 14–1505, 15–35, 15–105, 15–119, and 15-191) 2016.

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Raymond EG, Goldberg A, Trussell J, Hays M, Roach E, Taylor D (April 2006). "Bleeding patterns after use of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills".

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pre- and postfertilisation effects contribute to efficacy. If fertilisation has already occurred, it is accepted that there is an anti-implantation effect,

913: 870:) must be excluded from such calculations. Even for women included in the calculation, the limitations of calendar methods of fertility determination have 645:

ECPs are generally recommended for backup or "emergency" use – for example, if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a

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by preventing pregnancies and there is no increase in the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who become pregnant after using progestin-only ECPs.

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in 1974; progestin-only postcoital contraception was investigated (1975); and the copper IUD was first studied for use as emergency contraception (1975).

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Post-ovulatory early luteal phase administration of 10–100 mg of ulipristal acetate resulted in a statistically significant dose-dependent 0.6 ± 2.2 mm

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A study by the WHO reported that use of a single tablet of 10 mg of mifepristone was an effective emergency contraceptive with a pregnancy rate of 1.2%.

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FDA (February 5, 1975). "Certain estrogens for oral use or parenteral use. Drugs for human use; drug efficacy study implementation; follow-up notice".

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Progestogen-only emergency contraceptive does not appear to affect the function of the fallopian tubes or increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies.

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one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale from a

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There are different forms of EC. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), sometimes simply referred to as emergency contraceptives (ECs), or the

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Trussell J, Rodríguez G, Ellertson C (March 1999). "Updated estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception".

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in France) in favor of progestin-only EC, although prescription-only dedicated Yuzpe regimen products are still available in some countries.

5524: 3236:"Science Update: Hormonal IUD as effective as a copper IUD at emergency contraception and with less discomfort, NICHD-funded study suggests" 6149: 5857: 615:. Some studies have found it to be effective up to 10 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. A 2021 study found that the 4664: 1427:

Early treatment with ECPs containing only the progestin levonorgestrel has been shown to impair the ovulatory process and luteal function.

422:

Ulipristal acetate, and mid-dose mifepristone are both more effective than levonorgestrel, which is more effective than the Yuzpe method.

5650: 3116:

UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) (March 25, 2010).

1941: 6641: 5827: 5796: 4845:

Dixon GW, Schlesselman JJ, Ory HW, Blye RP (September 1980). "Ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens as postcoital contraceptives".

1367:

Trussell J, Schwarz EB (2011). "Emergency contraception". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

2132: 3341: 1488: 1434:

Several clinical studies have shown that combined ECPs containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel can inhibit or delay ovulation.

5961: 2458: 1873:. Princeton: Office of Population Research at Princeton University, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Archived from 1783:. Princeton: Office of Population Research at Princeton University, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Archived from 1407:

very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization.

364:

are available over the counter in Europe and by prescription in over 50 countries under the brand names ellaOne, ella (marketed by

5378: 5346: 3472: 3415: 963:, ever submitted (in January 1974) an ANDA for use of DES as an emergency postcoital contraceptive, and the FDA never approved it. 491:

Other common side effects (each reported by less than 20% of levonorgestrel-only users in both the 1998 and 2002 WHO trials) were

6223: 5946: 4799: 3953:

endometrial changes that discourage implantation. Levonelle One Step is not effective once the process of implantation has begun.

1669:"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions" 700: 342: 200:

Yuzpe regimen (combined estrogen/progestin pills at higher doses) is no longer recommended unless other options are not available

4086: 2440: 599:) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP, and a larger dose may be required, especially in women who weigh more than 165 lbs. 6636: 5847: 3947: 899: 568:

are conditions where the advantages of using emergency contraceptive pills generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.

293:

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception (EHC). They are taken after

4694: 3743:

Stewart FH, Trussell J (November 2000). "Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: a neglected preventive health measure".

1867: 806:

was tested in the early 1980s in the hopes that it would have fewer side effects than Yuzpe, but was found to be ineffective.

5976: 5789: 3509: 1777: 1667:

Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J, et al. (Cochrane Editorial Unit) (October 2019).

1046: 991:

DES is no longer commercially available in the U.S.; Eli Lilly, the last U.S. manufacturer, ceased production in spring 1997.

662: 639: 546: 145: 2592: 5308: 5078:

FDA (February 26, 1975). "Estrogens for oral or parenteral use. Drugs for human use; drug efficacy study; amended notice".

3379:

Gottardi G, Spreafico A, de Orchi L (December 1986). "The postcoital IUD as an effective continuing contraceptive method".

309:

A variety of emergency contraceptive pills are available, including combined estrogen and progestin pills; progestin-only (

5966: 5735: 5283: 3517: 924:

In May 1973, in an attempt to restrict off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive to emergency situations such as

5441: 4137: 4124:

NorLevo works by stopping your ovaries from releasing an egg. It cannot stop a fertilized egg from attaching to the womb.

3966: 266:. Emergency contraception is offered to women who do not wish to conceive but have had unprotected sex on any day of the 5415: 5383: 5316: 5205:

Hatcher, Robert A.; Stewart, Gary K.; Stewart, Felicia; Guest, Felicia; Schwartz, David W.; Jones, Stephanie A. (1980).

4672: 3785:

Speroff L, Darney P (2011). "Special uses of oral contraception: emergency contraception, the progestin-only minipill".

688: 565: 406: 5097:

FDA (September 26, 1973). "Certain estrogens for oral use. Notice of withdrawal of approval of new drug applications".

2091: 6560: 4064: 2625: 684: 5749: 2941: 5620: 3008: 2639: 278:. Emergency contraception measures include tablets taken by mouth or the insertion of a copper intrauterine device. 6171: 6136: 5578: 2575:"Question 20. What can a woman do to prevent nausea and vomiting when taking emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)?" 561: 2476: 921:, led to off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive becoming prevalent at many university health services. 6049: 5994: 5503:"FDA approves Plan B One-Step emergency contraceptive without a prescription for women 15 years of age and older" 2315: 1262:"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience" 1163: 823: 722: 692: 545:(WHO) lists no medical condition for which the risks of emergency contraceptive pills outweigh the benefits. The 542: 454: 442: 4880:

Trussell J, Ellertson C, Stewart F (1996). "The effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception".

6421: 6392: 6275: 5902: 5550:"Emergency contraception sales fall by more than 50% as pandemic causes 'disruption' to sexual health services" 4712:

FDA (February 25, 1997). "Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception".

2008: 1139: 1049:' Plan B One-Step for sale without a prescription to anyone age 15 or over who can show proof of age such as a 988:

In the 1980s, off-label use of the Yuzpe regimen superseded off-label use of DES for postcoital contraception.

638:

Like all hormonal methods, postcoital high-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive pills do not protect against

611:(IUD) which is generally recommended up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse or up to 5 days after probable 538:

for a woman with a known or suspected pregnancy because it is not effective in women who are already pregnant.

2561:

Ulipristal acetate (UPA). UPA's primary mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition or delay of ovulation.

159:

ECP may disrupt next menstrual period by a couple of days. IUDs may make menstruation heavier and more painful

4281: 4180:"Endometrial effects of a single early luteal dose of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914" 4019:"Mechanism of action: How do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs) prevent pregnancy?" 2335: 6064: 5230:

Hatcher, Robert A.; Stewart, Gary K.; Stewart, Felicia; Guest, Felicia; Josephs, Nancy; Dale, Janet (1982).

3890: 1130: 780: 5711: 5502: 866:. Women with irregular cycles for any reason (including recent hormone use such as oral contraceptives and 445:(WHO) suggested that reasonable effectiveness may continue for up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse. 6591: 6387: 6270: 6246: 6144: 5936: 5927: 5891: 5599: 1309:

Leung VW, Levine M, Soon JA (February 2010). "Mechanisms of action of hormonal emergency contraceptives".

918: 871: 783:, reported the successful use of oral high-dose estrogen pills as post-coital contraceptives in women and 4596: 4264:

ovulation is scheduled to occur, ulipristal acetate is able to postpone follicular rupture in some women.

3993: 6550: 6026: 5989: 5883: 953: 883:

In 1999, hormonal assay was suggested as a more accurate method of estimating fertility for EC studies.

535: 354: 334: 5727: 4528:"Copper IUD, inserted after coitus averts pregnancy and provides continuing contraceptive protection". 4665:"Medical Officer Review of NDA 21,045: Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg tablets (2) for Emergency Contraception" 1525:(80 ed.). BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2020 – March 2021. pp. 838–839. 1096:

was reported to have caused "significant disruption" to contraceptive services in the United Kingdom.

6054: 5739: 4474:

Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI (August 1974). "Post coital contraception--A pilot study".

3521: 3480: 1035: 946: 776: 584: 4619:"Effect of various 6-hydroxydopamine treatments during development on growth and ingestive behavior" 6516: 6506: 6372: 6318: 6313: 6179: 6154: 5956: 5868: 5056:

FDA (September 26, 1973). "Diethylstilbestrol. Use as postcoital contraceptive; patient labeling".

4045:• Inhibition or delay of ovulation is LNG ECPs principal and possibly the only mechanism of action. 3211: 2971: 2608:"Question 21. What can a woman do if she vomits after taking emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)?" 2522: 1154: 1117: 1050: 608: 386:) pills used to be available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills under several brand names: 326: 246: 240: 4310: 1549: 46: 6586: 6323: 6308: 6298: 6204: 6159: 6079: 5832: 5148:

FDA (February 5, 1975). "Diethylstilbestrol as postcoital oral contraceptive; patient labeling".

4897: 4781: 4646: 4545: 4448: 3948:"Summary of Product Characteristics: Levonelle One Step 1500 mcg; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties" 3435: 3359: 2919: 2387: 2270: 1839: 1600: 1334: 1176: 904: 792: 772: 744: 717: 496: 318: 221: 5237: 5231: 4134:"NorLevo 1.5 mg tablet Summary of Product Characteristics: 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties (SPC)" 3235: 4677: 3256:

Turok DK, Gero A, Simmons RG, Kaiser JE, Stoddard GJ, Sexsmith CD, et al. (January 2021).

2750:"Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception" 6565: 6215: 6184: 5657: 5273: 5241: 5210: 5128: 5017: 4976: 4941: 4905: 4862: 4773: 4638: 4553: 4510: 4483: 4456: 4413: 4378: 4340: 4222:

in endometrial thickness from a baseline of 10.3 ± 2.3 mm to 9.7 ± 1.8 mm (vs. a 1.3 ± 2.3 mm

4209: 3848: 3790: 3760: 3725: 3690: 3641: 3614: 3573: 3443: 3396: 3347: 3337: 3287: 3203: 3173: 3093: 3055: 2982: 2911: 2871: 2817: 2771: 2730: 2681: 2615: 2582: 2533: 2422: 2379: 2327: 2297: 2262: 2219: 2184: 2103: 2072: 1986: 1831: 1722: 1698: 1649: 1592: 1526: 1494: 1484: 1390: 1382: 1372: 1326: 1291: 1237: 1054: 572: 553: 5684:"Beyond the Issue of Pharmacist Refusals: Pharmacies That Won't Sell Emergency Contraception" 3191:

RCOG Faculty of Sexual; Reproductive Healthcare; Clinical Effectiveness Unit (January 2012).

3117: 3014:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. pp. 107–115. Archived from 2521:

RCOG Faculty of Sexual; Reproductive Healthcare; Clinical Effectiveness Unit (January 2012).

755:(IUDs) as emergency contraceptives is to prevent fertilization because of copper toxicity to 6328: 5007: 4968: 4933: 4889: 4854: 4825: 4765: 4630: 4537: 4440: 4405: 4370: 4199: 4191: 3752: 3717: 3680: 3672: 3604: 3563: 3427: 3388: 3277: 3269: 3163: 3155: 3085: 2907: 2903: 2861: 2853: 2807: 2761: 2720: 2712: 2673: 2414: 2371: 2254: 2211: 2176: 2143: 2062: 2054: 1976: 1823: 1688: 1680: 1639: 1631: 1620:"Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1584: 1318: 1281: 1273: 1227: 1219: 1125: 1005: 845:

In 2002, China became the first country in which mifepristone was registered for use as EC.

588: 531: 379: 282: 263: 31: 5410: 3118:"Fact sheet on the safety of levonorgestrel-alone emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs)" 1023:

On July 28, 1999, the FDA approved the prescription progestin-only Plan B (two 750 μg

6265: 5731: 5718: 4753: 4002:

altering the endometrium). It is not effective once the process of implantation has begun.

3661:"Testing and Treatment After Adolescent Sexual Assault in Pediatric Emergency Departments" 908: 863: 799: 752: 552:

There are no medical conditions in which progestin-only ECPs are contraindicated. Current

314: 294: 267: 5438:"Barr Launches Plan B OTC/Rx Dual-Label Product; Awarded 3 Years New Product Exclusivity" 3659:

Schilling S, Samuels-Kalow M, Gerber JS, Scribano PV, French B, Wood JN (December 2015).

4287:. Silver Spring, Md.: FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). pp. 4–5. 4017:(FIGO) and International Consortium for Emergency Contraception (ICEC) (April 4, 2011). 2716: 2677: 1693: 1668: 6596: 6439: 6434: 6426: 6382: 6084: 5910: 5463: 5388: 5353: 5121: 5012: 4995: 4204: 4179: 3992:

Duramed Pharmaceuticals/Barr Pharmaceuticals (now Teva Women's Health) (July 9, 2010).

3685: 3660: 3609: 3592: 3488: 3451: 3282: 3257: 3168: 3143: 2866: 2841: 2725: 2700: 2067: 2042: 1912:. New York: International Consortium for Emergency Contraception (ICEC). Archived from 1644: 1619: 1286: 1261: 1232: 1207: 1143: 1024: 791:

The first widely used methods were five-day treatments with high-dose estrogens, using

784: 632: 592: 524: 492: 310: 4937: 4769: 4732: 3756: 3721: 3392: 2418: 2375: 2258: 2215: 2180: 6630: 6094: 6039: 5842: 5812: 5752:

Educational web site with information for women who need emergency contraception now.

4634: 4409: 4195: 4178:

Stratton P, Levens ED, Hartog B, Piquion J, Wei Q, Merino M, Nieman LK (April 2010).

3999:. Silver Spring, Md.: FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). p. 4. 1604: 1483:. Cleland, K; Schwarz, EB (21st ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 329–356. 1112: 867: 831: 557: 410: 346: 258: 217: 5486:"Plan B will be available to 15-year-olds, but they might need a passport to get it" 4785: 4650: 3963:"Summary of Product Characteristics: NorLevo 1.5 mg; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties" 3632:

Diamond EF (March 1978). "Physician notes hazards of DES use to prevent pregnancy".

2923: 2391: 2274: 1843: 1723:"Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception" 1338: 6611: 6606: 6581: 6555: 6534: 6526: 6521: 6479: 6469: 6402: 6397: 6338: 6089: 6044: 6012: 5872: 4698: 4241:"Summary of Product Characteristics: ellaOne 30 mg; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties" 3789:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 153–166. 2058: 1874: 1066: 1062: 960: 756: 740: 616: 520: 475:

The most common side effect reported by users of emergency contraceptive pills was

372: 322: 3529: 1784: 285:, which is a drug regimen administered to terminate pregnancies in any trimester. 17: 3159: 2812: 2795: 1827: 1223: 6511: 6464: 6377: 6367: 6348: 6117: 6104: 5773: 5321: 4374: 3009:"UK medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use: Emergency contraception" 1106: 811: 704: 512: 275: 5774:

Use of Emergency Contraception Among Women Aged 15–44, United States, 2006–2010

4959:

Kuchera LK (October 1971). "Postcoital contraception with diethylstilbestrol".

4571: 4021:. London: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Archived from 3591:

Glover D, Gerety M, Bromberg S, Fullam S, DiVasto P, Kaufman A (October 1976).

3308: 1814:

Gemzell-Danielsson K, Rabe T, Cheng L (March 2013). "Emergency contraception".

1635: 1588: 1208:"Emergency contraception review: evidence-based recommendations for clinicians" 874:. In their February 2014 emergency review article, Trussell and Raymond note: 6601: 6444: 6280: 6074: 5877: 4277: 4236: 4129: 4104: 3958: 3351: 2701:"Menstrual bleeding patterns following levonorgestrel emergency contraception" 2320:"Levonorgestrel is more effective, has fewer side-effects, than Yuzpe regimen" 2012: 2004: 1684: 1498: 1070: 819: 596: 485: 383: 361: 4858: 4756:(August 1998). "Time for emergency contraception with levonorgestrel alone". 3980:

implantation. It is not effective once the process of implantation has begun.

3207: 3089: 3040: 2537: 1394: 1386: 6498: 6474: 6333: 6303: 5916: 5887: 5768: 3258:"Levonorgestrel vs. Copper Intrauterine Devices for Emergency Contraception" 2766: 2749: 2111: 1277: 1045:

On April 30, 2013, the FDA approved (with three-year marketing exclusivity)

699:) levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (based on labels for regular 612: 508: 504: 470: 466: 338: 236: 225: 66: 5021: 4972: 4945: 4557: 4514: 4417: 4344: 4213: 3764: 3694: 3676: 3577: 3568: 3551: 3291: 3177: 3097: 3076:

Davidoff F, Trussell J (October 2006). "Plan B and the politics of doubt".

3059: 2915: 2875: 2857: 2821: 2775: 2734: 2685: 2426: 2383: 2331: 2301: 2223: 2188: 2107: 2076: 1990: 1835: 1702: 1653: 1596: 1330: 1295: 1241: 1073:—without a prescription to anyone age 17 or over who can show proof of age. 4980: 4909: 4866: 4800:"Japan considers making morning-after pill available without prescription" 4777: 4487: 4460: 4382: 3729: 3618: 3447: 3400: 3273: 3144:"Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review" 2266: 1322: 959:

Only one pharmaceutical company, Tablicaps, Inc., a small manufacturer of

903:

editorial calling attention to previously published studies on the use of

349:") have also been shown to be effective as emergency contraceptive pills. 6290: 6254: 5837: 3645: 3015: 2935: 2933: 1147: 1058: 500: 480: 479:

14 to 23% of levonorgestrel-only users and 50.5% of Yuzpe regimen users;

271: 5781: 5764:

by the Adolescent Medicine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS),

2840:

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (October 2005).

2606:

WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research (December 31, 2004).

2573:

WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research (December 31, 2004).

1778:"Emergency contraception: a last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy" 5505:. Silver Spring, Md.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. April 30, 2013 5270:

Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000

4901: 4642: 4549: 4452: 3815:

The use of progesterone receptor modulators for emergency contraception

3439: 803: 365: 330: 82: 2947:. Beltsville, Md.: Food and Drug Administration. pp. 32–7, 133–77 2036: 2034: 1981: 1964: 6034: 4155:. London: European Medicines Agency. January 24, 2014. Archived from 4136:. Dublin: Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association. Archived from 3965:. Dublin: Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association. Archived from 646: 476: 298: 4893: 4541: 4444: 3994:"Prescribing information: Plan B One-Step; 12.1 Mechanism of action" 3431: 2016: 795:(DES) in the US and ethinylestradiol in the Netherlands by Haspels. 5712:

Emergency Contraceptive Pills Medical and Service Delivery Guidance

4695:"Emergency Contraception: Using emergency contraceptives worldwide" 3416:"History and efficacy of emergency contraception: beyond Coca-Cola" 1371:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 113–145. 5209:(10th ed.). New York: Irvington Publishers. pp. 128–33. 3193:"Clinical guidance: drug interactions with hormonal contraception" 1944:. New York: European Consortium for Emergency Contraception (ECEC) 1618:

Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B (2020).

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ECPs, like all other contraceptives, reduce the absolute risk of

3847:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 215–272. 2894:

Grimes DA, Raymond EG (August 2002). "Emergency contraception".

2794:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (May 2010).

2699:

Gainer E, Kenfack B, Mboudou E, Doh AS, Bouyer J (August 2006).

1260:

Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J (July 2012).

925: 760: 167:

IUDs may be subsequently left in place for ongoing contraception

6219: 5785: 5268:. In in Harremoës, Poul; Gee, David; Vaz, Sofia Guedes (eds.). 3041:"U S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010" 2981:(4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 63. 2940:

FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (August 22, 2006).

414:

the more effective and better-tolerated options are available.

135:

Consider need for STI screening and ongoing birth control needs

4246:. London: European Medicines Agency. p. 7. Archived from 3872:

application for approval in the United States is under review.

3334:

Contraceptive technology—Chapter 5—Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

3142:

Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J, Cheng L, Zhu H (June 2010).

1206:

Cleland K, Raymond EG, Westley E, Trussell J (December 2014).

1124:

caused a historical survey to be conducted and concluded that

368:

in the United States), Duprisal 30, Ulipristal 30, and UPRIS.

5746:. Information for women who need emergency contraception now. 5347:"Pharmacists protocol for dispensing emergency contraception" 5272:. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency. pp. 84–92. 3202:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2532:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 607:

An effective emergency contraception measure is the copper-T

4595:. UK Family Planning Association. April 2006. Archived from 3950:. London: electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC), Datapharm. 1120:

services without financial, professional, or legal penalty.

2970:

WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2009).

2441:"Morning-after pill doesn't work for women over 176 pounds" 729:

saying it cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

453:

who weigh over 80 kg (176 lb). After a review by

5755: 5724: 5236:(11th ed.). New York: Irvington Publishers. pp. 4041:• May possibly prevent the sperm and the egg from meeting. 2041:

Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L (January 2019).

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Trussell J (2019). "Chapter 10 Emergency Contraception".

739:

emergency contraceptive pills like low-dose and mid-dose

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Johnson JH (1984). "Contraception--the morning after".

2612:

Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use

2579:

Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use

1910:"EC pill types and countries of availability, by brand" 917:

on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at the

798:

In the early 1970s, the Yuzpe regimen was developed by

127:

Pregnancy test required if no period seen after 3 weeks

5479: 5477: 725:(EMA) approved a change to the label for HRA Pharma's 5651:"Stormans, Inc. v. John Wiesman – Dissenting Opinion" 5525:"U.S. Drops Bid to Limit Sales of Morning-After Pill" 4826:"Calls rise for prescription-free morning-after pill" 4015:

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

3593:"Diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of rape victims" 1866:

Trussell, James; Cleland, Kelly (February 13, 2013).

1003:

On February 25, 1997, the FDA posted a notice in the

713:

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

194:

Ulipristal acetate or mifepristone pill within 5 days

27:

Birth control measures taken after sexual intercourse

5756:

International Consortium for Emergency Contraception

5725:

The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)

5123:

Worse than the disease: pitfalls of medical progress

4996:"Selected items from the FDA drug bulletin-may 1973" 2748:

Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marions L (July–August 2004).

6574: 6543: 6488: 6453: 6411: 6356: 6347: 6289: 6253: 6197: 6168: 6133: 6126: 6103: 6063: 6025: 6003: 5975: 5935: 5926: 5901: 5856: 5820: 5758:

Policy-oriented web site directed at professionals.

5035: 5033: 5031: 4617:Breese, G. R.; Smith, R. D.; Cooper, B. R. (1975). 2614:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2581:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 1868:"Dedicated emergency contraceptive pills worldwide" 1776:Trussell J, Raymond EG, Cleland K (February 2014). 527:. (Earlier testing may not give accurate results.) 179: 171: 163: 155: 144: 139: 131: 123: 118: 106: 96: 91: 81: 73: 61: 56: 39: 5345:California Board of Pharmacy (December 22, 2004). 5120: 4396:"FDA considers DES safe as 'morning-after' pill". 4037:Levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills: 2979:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 2288:"Counsel women to take ECPs as soon as possible". 1138:Almost all 50 states have implemented policies on 5186:FDA (March–April 1978). "DES and Breast Cancer". 3039:CDC Division of Reproductive Health (June 2010). 2459:"FYI: Why Doesn't Plan B Work For Heavier Women?" 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 5744:Association of Reproductive Health Professionals 5073: 5071: 4361:Demers LM (May 1971). "The morning-after pill". 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3526:Association of Reproductive Health Professionals 3485:Association of Reproductive Health Professionals 3071: 3069: 2479:. European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. 1942:"Emergency contraception availability in Europe" 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 4035: 3929:"Drug's nickname may have aided politicization" 3860: 3802: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3125: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2659: 2657: 2549: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 1400: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1088:Emergency contraceptive availability by country 876: 427: 235:, are medications intended to disrupt or delay 5464:"F.D.A. Easing Access to 'Morning After' Pill" 3917:"No abortion role seen for morning-after pill" 3884: 3882: 3880: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2889: 2887: 2885: 941:approved postcoital contraceptive use of DES). 6231: 5797: 3710:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1425:Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. 8: 5261:Ibarreta, Dolores; Swain, Shanna H. (2001). 4153:"Review of emergency contraceptives started" 3336:(21st ed.). New York, NY. p. 159. 2789: 2787: 2785: 2523:"Clinical guidance: emergency contraception" 1935: 1933: 1931: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1577:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 6247:Active molecules in hormonal contraceptives 3510:"Effectiveness of Emergency Contraceptives" 3111: 3109: 3107: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2047:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2043:"Interventions for emergency contraception" 1673:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1544: 1542: 6353: 6238: 6224: 6216: 6130: 5932: 5838:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections 5804: 5790: 5782: 5114: 5112: 4039:• Interfere with the process of ovulation; 3550:Committee on Adolescence (December 2012). 3364:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1716: 1714: 1712: 695:-approved labels (except for HRA Pharma's 281:Emergency contraception is not related to 45: 5436:Barr Pharmaceuticals (November 6, 2006). 5127:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5011: 4593:"Contraception: past, present and future" 4503:Aggiornamenti in Ostetricia e Ginecologia 4203: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3684: 3608: 3567: 3281: 3167: 2942:"Plan B Rx to OTC switch Medical Reviews" 2865: 2811: 2765: 2724: 2066: 1980: 1692: 1643: 1285: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1231: 1201: 1199: 1197: 838:in the UK discontinued October 2001, and 4623:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5571: 4303:"Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill" 3745:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2908:10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00010 2324:Progress in Human Reproduction Research 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1432:Combined emergency contraceptive pills. 1193: 1094:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom 5645: 5643: 5641: 5621:"Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives" 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 3357: 2972:"Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)" 2009:"Countries where ellaOne was launched" 1182:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition 1153:Under federal law, a provision of the 515:a few days after the pills are taken. 36: 5777:National Center for Health Statistics 5579:"Refusing to Provide Health Services" 4065:"How morning-after pills really work" 753:copper-releasing intrauterine devices 243:, which are necessary for pregnancy. 7: 5843:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives 5523:Shear MD, Belluck P (10 June 2013). 5045:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 4530:International Family Planning Digest 4476:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 3309:"Copper IUD as EC | Beyond the Pill" 3123:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 5828:Comparison of birth control methods 4363:The New England Journal of Medicine 3514:The Emergency Contraception Website 3479:. Office of Population Research at 3477:The Emergency Contraception Website 3262:The New England Journal of Medicine 2717:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.02.009 2678:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.10.006 2483:from the original on 4 October 2018 751:The primary mechanism of action of 735:The primary mechanism of action of 382:) and progestin (levonorgestrel or 6205:Male contraceptives in development 5233:Contraceptive Technology 1982–1983 5207:Contraceptive Technology 1980–1981 4276:Watson Pharma (under license from 3804:Emergency postcoital contraception 3787:A clinical guide for contraception 3473:"What is Emergency Contraception?" 3426:(2). Guttmacher Institute: 44–48. 1212:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 111: 87:Emergency postcoital contraception 25: 3895:Talk of the Nation Science Friday 3048:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 2142:. August 24, 2006. Archived from 911:, and a large study published in 907:as a postcoital contraceptive at 343:combined oral contraceptive pills 197:Levonorgestrel pill within 3 days 4410:10.1001/jama.1973.03220260003002 4196:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.057 3414:Ellertson C (March–April 1996). 5848:Oral contraceptive formulations 4114:. Dublin: Irish Medicines Board 4085:Belluck P (November 26, 2013). 3597:The Western Journal of Medicine 3528:. November 2006. Archived from 3487:. November 2006. Archived from 3130:the sperm and egg from meeting. 3127:Can LNG ECPs cause an abortion? 2290:Contraceptive Technology Update 1162:different levels; for example, 1027:pills) emergency contraceptive. 900:New England Journal of Medicine 737:progesterone receptor modulator 640:sexually transmitted infections 513:progestogen withdrawal bleeding 51:An emergency contraception pill 6383:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 2059:10.1002/14651858.CD001324.pub6 1047:Teva Pharmaceutical Industries 691:-approved labels and European 663:American Academy of Pediatrics 547:American Academy of Pediatrics 295:unprotected sexual intercourse 191:Copper IUD within 5 to 10 days 1: 5736:Office of Population Research 5462:Gardiner H (April 22, 2009). 4938:10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00090-6 4770:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)22032-0 4043:Implications of the research: 3927:Belluck, Pam (June 6, 2012). 3915:Belluck, Pam (June 6, 2012). 3757:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00243-9 3722:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2 3518:Office of Population Research 3393:10.1016/S0010-7824(86)80011-7 2419:10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00110-0 2376:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11767-3 2259:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05145-9 2216:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00535-8 2181:10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00018-9 2090:Weismiller DG (August 2004). 1409:Emergency contraceptive pills 471:Progestin § Mood changes 467:Progestin § Side effects 289:Emergency contraceptive pills 257:Emergency contraception is a 5766:Paediatrics and Child Health 5750:Planned Parenthood web site. 5656:. 2016-06-28. Archived from 5416:Food and Drug Administration 5384:Food and Drug Administration 5317:Food and Drug Administration 4882:Family Planning Perspectives 4673:Food and Drug Administration 4635:10.1016/0091-3057(75)90023-4 4536:(3): 11–12. September 1975. 4433:Family Planning Perspectives 4404:(12): 1581–1582. June 1973. 4331:"Postcoital contraception". 4309:. 1966-05-06. Archived from 3420:Family Planning Perspectives 3160:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181dd22ef 2813:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181deff2a 2140:Food and Drug Administration 1828:10.3109/09513590.2013.774591 1521:"7. Genito-urinary System". 1224:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000056 566:acute intermittent porphyria 530:Existing pregnancy is not a 407:Food and Drug Administration 341:, or both) found in regular 140:Advantages and disadvantages 6561:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 6532:Spironolactone derivatives: 6155:Fertility awareness methods 4375:10.1056/NEJM197105062841813 3332:Dean G, Schwarz EB (2019). 2896:Annals of Internal Medicine 1816:Gynecological Endocrinology 6658: 6642:Intrauterine contraception 4063:editorial (June 9, 2012). 3889:Flatow I (June 15, 2012). 3603:(4). West J Med: 331–334. 2477:"Emergency contraceptives" 2133:"Plan B label information" 1963:Italia S, Brand H (2016). 1636:10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 1589:10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 1085: 653:High-risk sex and abortion 583:The herbal preparation of 562:inflammatory bowel disease 464: 69:or others) or intrauterine 29: 6150:Calendar (rhythm) methods 5734: – by the 5600:"Emergency Contraception" 5411:"Plan B information page" 5379:"Plan B approval package" 5309:"Preven approval package" 5307:FDA (September 1, 1998). 5119:Dutton, Diana B. (1988). 4824:NHK (December 26, 2020). 3552:"Emergency contraception" 3148:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2842:"Emergency contraception" 2800:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2754:Human Reproduction Update 2096:American Family Physician 2092:"Emergency contraception" 1685:10.1002/14651858.ED000142 1550:"Emergency contraception" 1447:"Emergency Contraception" 1418:Ulipristal acetate (UPA). 853:Calculating effectiveness 824:World Health Organization 723:European Medicines Agency 543:World Health Organization 455:European Medicines Agency 443:World Health Organization 184: 44: 6422:Norethisterone enanthate 6393:Norethisterone enanthate 6276:Testosterone undecanoate 4859:10.1001/jama.244.12.1336 3946:Bayer (March 22, 2010). 3845:Comprehensive gynecology 3090:10.1001/jama.296.14.1775 1481:Contraceptive technology 1369:Contraceptive technology 701:oral contraceptive pills 627:As regular contraception 556:, current or history of 188:Use as soon as possible. 30:Not to be confused with 6065:Emergency Contraception 5762:Emergency contraception 5484:Kliff S (May 1, 2013). 5409:FDA (August 24, 2006). 4184:Fertility and Sterility 3862:Emergency contraception 2296:(7): 75–77. July 1999. 1164:Stormans, Inc v Wiesman 1131:Griswold v. Connecticut 834:discontinued May 2004, 781:Yale School of Medicine 210:Emergency contraception 92:Failure rates (per use) 40:Emergency contraception 6637:Hormonal contraception 6592:Algestone acetophenide 6388:Norethisterone acetate 6271:Testosterone buciclate 5985:Multi-month injections 5928:Hormonal contraception 5892:Levonorgestrel implant 5858:Long-acting reversible 5554:Pharmaceutical Journal 4973:10.1001/jama.218.4.562 4053: 3874: 3828: 3808:Mechanism and efficacy 3677:10.1542/peds.2015-2093 3569:10.1542/peds.2012-2962 3313:beyondthepill.ucsf.edu 3132: 2858:10.1542/peds.2005-1877 2563: 1969:Public Health Genomics 1822:(Supplement 1): 1–14. 1436: 919:University of Michigan 881: 771:In 1966, gynecologist 554:venous thromboembolism 431: 366:Watson Pharmaceuticals 6551:Chlormadinone acetate 6113:Vaginal pH modulation 6090:Low-dose mifepristone 5990:Progestogen-only pill 5884:Contraceptive implant 5377:FDA (July 28, 1999). 4333:IPPF Medical Bulletin 3274:10.1056/NEJMoa2022141 2767:10.1093/humupd/dmh027 1790:on September 23, 2010 1404:Copper-releasing IUCs 1323:10.1592/phco.30.2.158 1278:10.1093/humrep/des140 1034:On November 6, 2006, 947:new drug applications 937:was that the FDA had 703:) say they may cause 669:EC and sexual assault 297:or the breakage of a 112:Effectiveness of ECPs 100:ECP: see article text 6145:Breastfeeding method 6055:Contraceptive sponge 5939:estrogen–progestogen 5888:Etonogestrel implant 5740:Princeton University 5688:Guttmacher Institute 5625:Guttmacher Institute 5359:on December 11, 2006 5040:U.S. Senate (1975). 4501:Valle G (1975). "". 3522:Princeton University 3481:Princeton University 2640:"Morning-after pill" 1036:Barr Pharmaceuticals 872:long been recognized 777:Gertrude Van Wagenen 409:(FDA) approved this 247:Intrauterine devices 220:measure, used after 6517:Nomegestrol acetate 6507:Segesterone acetate 6373:Etynodiol diacetate 6319:Estradiol enanthate 6314:Estradiol cypionate 6180:Non-penetrative sex 6172:vaginal intercourse 6137:vaginal intercourse 5957:Contraceptive patch 5952:Extended cycle Pill 5869:Intrauterine device 5833:Male contraceptives 5000:California Medicine 4994:FDA (August 1973). 2465:. 27 November 2013. 2370:(9348): 1803–1810. 1402:Mechanism of action 1155:Affordable Care Act 1118:reproductive health 711:In March 2011, the 678:Mechanism of action 609:intrauterine device 603:Intrauterine device 378:Combined estrogen ( 353:ECPs are available 110:% (please see 6587:Ulipristal acetate 6454:Third generation ( 6357:First generation ( 6324:Estradiol valerate 6309:Estradiol benzoate 6299:Diethylstilbestrol 6080:Ulipristal acetate 6068:(Post-intercourse) 5962:Monthly injections 5730:2021-04-26 at the 5717:2022-05-05 at the 5529:The New York Times 5468:The New York Times 4239:(March 15, 2012). 4091:The New York Times 4069:The New York Times 3933:The New York Times 3921:The New York Times 3671:(6): e1495–e1503. 1556:. 30 December 2016 1266:Human Reproduction 1177:Rape crisis center 793:diethylstilbestrol 773:John McLean Morris 745:ulipristal acetate 371:The antiprogestin 319:ulipristal acetate 313:, LNG) pills; and 233:morning-after pill 222:sexual intercourse 18:Morning-after pill 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6566:Megestrol acetate 6489:Fourth generation 6412:Second generation 6213: 6212: 6193: 6192: 6021: 6020: 5279:978-92-9167-323-0 5247:978-0-8290-0705-3 5216:978-0-8290-0084-9 5134:978-0-521-34023-6 4853:(12): 1336–1339. 4764:(9126): 416–417. 4735:. Fertility. 2002 4369:(18): 1034–1036. 4280:) (May 2, 2012). 4159:on March 27, 2014 4132:(November 2013). 4107:(November 2013). 3961:(July 19, 2011). 3854:978-0-323-06986-1 3796:978-1-60831-610-6 3634:Hospital Progress 3200:Clinical Guidance 3084:(14): 1775–1778. 2988:978-92-4-156388-8 2621:978-92-4-156284-3 2588:978-92-4-156284-3 2551:How does EC work? 2530:Clinical Guidance 2253:(9126): 428–433. 1982:10.1159/000444686 1532:978-0-85711-369-6 1378:978-1-59708-004-0 1055:birth certificate 982:FDA Drug Bulletin 980:In March 1978, a 935:FDA Drug Bulletin 930:FDA Drug Bulletin 573:ectopic pregnancy 509:breast tenderness 207: 206: 16:(Redirected from 6649: 6354: 6329:Ethinylestradiol 6240: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6131: 5977:Progestogen-only 5933: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5602:. 14 March 2016. 5596: 5583: 5582: 5581:. 14 March 2016. 5575: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5440:. 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Medscape. 2002 4568: 4562: 4561: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313:on April 8, 2008 4299: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4233: 4227: 4217: 4207: 4190:(6): 2035–2041. 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4140:on March 5, 2014 4126: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025:on July 20, 2022 4011: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3969:on June 15, 2012 3955: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3897:. New York: NPR. 3886: 3875: 3858: 3840: 3829: 3800: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3562:(6): 1174–1182. 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3450:. 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Archived from 2312: 2306: 2305: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2241: 2228: 2227: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2137: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2110:. Archived from 2087: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2019:on July 28, 2013 2015:. Archived from 2001: 1995: 1994: 1984: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1916:on April 5, 2016 1905: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1880:on March 4, 2016 1879: 1872: 1863: 1848: 1847: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1773: 1738: 1737: 1736:(37): 8610–8612. 1730:Federal Register 1727: 1718: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1679:(10): ED000142. 1664: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1554:womenshealth.gov 1546: 1537: 1536: 1518: 1503: 1502: 1476: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1443: 1437: 1398: 1364: 1343: 1342: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1272:(7): 1994–2000. 1257: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1203: 1126:right to privacy 1061:to a drug store 1051:driver's license 1006:Federal Register 532:contraindication 380:ethinylestradiol 355:over-the-counter 283:medical abortion 264:medical abortion 49: 37: 32:medical abortion 21: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6616: 6570: 6539: 6484: 6449: 6407: 6343: 6285: 6266:Dimethandrolone 6249: 6244: 6214: 6209: 6189: 6170: 6164: 6135: 6122: 6099: 6067: 6059: 6040:Internal condom 6035:External condom 6027:Barrier Methods 6017: 5999: 5971: 5938: 5922: 5897: 5859: 5852: 5816: 5810: 5732:Wayback Machine 5719:Wayback Machine 5708: 5703: 5702: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5105:(186): 26824–6. 5096: 5095: 5091: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5039: 5038: 5029: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4894:10.2307/2136125 4879: 4878: 4874: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4804:The Japan Times 4798: 4797: 4793: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4542:10.2307/2948217 4527: 4526: 4522: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4445:10.2307/2134916 4430: 4429: 4425: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4071:. p. A20. 4062: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3972: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3888: 3887: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3784: 3783: 3772: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3432:10.2307/2136122 3413: 3412: 3408: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3356: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3105: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2989: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2893: 2892: 2883: 2839: 2838: 2829: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2622: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2589: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2243: 2242: 2231: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2053:(1): CD001324. 2040: 2039: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1907: 1906: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1851: 1813: 1812: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1741: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1710: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1506: 1491: 1478: 1477: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1379: 1366: 1365: 1346: 1311:Pharmacotherapy 1308: 1307: 1303: 1259: 1258: 1249: 1205: 1204: 1195: 1190: 1173: 1102: 1090: 1084: 1020: 1000: 909:Yale University 894: 889: 864:calendar method 855: 800:A. Albert Yuzpe 769: 680: 671: 655: 629: 605: 593:anticonvulsants 589:enzyme-inducing 581: 473: 463: 420: 307: 291: 268:menstrual cycle 255: 203: 101: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6597:Dydrogesterone 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6440:Norelgestromin 6437: 6435:Levonorgestrel 6429: 6427:Norgestrienone 6424: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6085:Levonorgestrel 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5911:Tubal ligation 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5881: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5821:Related topics 5818: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5722: 5707: 5706:External links 5704: 5701: 5700: 5675: 5666: 5663:on 2022-05-02. 5637: 5605: 5584: 5567: 5556:. 29 June 2020 5541: 5515: 5473: 5454: 5428: 5401: 5369: 5337: 5299: 5278: 5253: 5246: 5222: 5215: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5140: 5133: 5108: 5089: 5067: 5048: 5027: 4986: 4967:(4): 562–563. 4951: 4932:(4): 243–247. 4915: 4872: 4837: 4816: 4791: 4745: 4724: 4704: 4701:on 2007-05-22. 4686: 4683:on 2004-02-27. 4656: 4609: 4584: 4563: 4520: 4509:(3): 127–128. 4493: 4466: 4439:(6): 266–270. 4423: 4388: 4350: 4339:(4): 3. 1967. 4323: 4294: 4268: 4253:on May 3, 2012 4228: 4170: 4077: 4055: 4006: 3984: 3938: 3935:. p. A14. 3900: 3876: 3853: 3830: 3806:Levonorgestrel 3795: 3770: 3751:(4): 228–229. 3735: 3700: 3651: 3624: 3583: 3542: 3501: 3464: 3406: 3387:(6): 549–558. 3371: 3343:978-1732055605 3342: 3324: 3297: 3268:(4): 335–344. 3248: 3227: 3183: 3134: 3103: 3065: 3054:(RR-4): 1–86. 3031: 2994: 2987: 2957: 2929: 2902:(3): 180–189. 2881: 2827: 2781: 2760:(4): 341–348. 2740: 2711:(2): 118–124. 2691: 2672:(4): 376–381. 2653: 2631: 2628:on 2009-01-13. 2620: 2598: 2595:on 2009-01-13. 2587: 2565: 2494: 2468: 2450: 2432: 2413:(6): 439–446. 2397: 2348: 2307: 2280: 2229: 2210:(4): 259–265. 2194: 2175:(3): 147–151. 2159: 2124: 2102:(4): 707–714. 2082: 2030: 2007:(March 2013). 1996: 1975:(4): 203–210. 1955: 1927: 1891: 1849: 1801: 1739: 1708: 1659: 1610: 1583:(6): 683–689. 1567: 1538: 1531: 1504: 1490:978-1732055605 1489: 1462: 1438: 1377: 1344: 1317:(2): 158–168. 1301: 1247: 1218:(4): 741–750. 1192: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1144:contraceptives 1128:cases such as 1101: 1098: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1028: 1025:levonorgestrel 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 999: 996: 995: 994: 993: 992: 986: 978: 964: 957: 952:In late 1973, 950: 942: 922: 893: 890: 888: 885: 854: 851: 785:rhesus macaque 775:and biologist 768: 765: 718:New York Times 679: 676: 670: 667: 654: 651: 633:levonorgestrel 628: 625: 604: 601: 585:St John's wort 580: 577: 525:pregnancy test 493:abdominal pain 462: 459: 449:most regimes. 419: 416: 311:levonorgestrel 306: 303: 290: 287: 254: 251: 205: 204: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 181: 177: 176: 175:As per methods 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 142: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124:User reminders 121: 120: 116: 115: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6654: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575:Miscellaneous 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504:Norpregnanes: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6095:Yuzpe regimen 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5903:Sterilization 5900: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860:contraception 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5813:Birth control 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5504: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5444:on 2018-11-03 5443: 5439: 5432: 5429: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5402: 5391:on 2006-10-11 5390: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5370: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5338: 5327:on 2006-10-11 5323: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5300: 5289:on 2006-11-21 5285: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5188:FDA Drug Bull 5182: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5156:(25): 5351–5. 5155: 5151: 5144: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926:Contraception 4919: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4806:. Oct 9, 2020 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4599:on 2006-09-28 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4249: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4171: 4158: 4154: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3923:. p. A1. 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823:Other methods 3798: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3532:on 2018-07-04 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3491:on 2018-07-19 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3454:on 2007-03-13 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:Contraception 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3217:on 2012-05-26 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3021:on 2016-03-03 3017: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:Contraception 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:Contraception 2660: 2658: 2654: 2642:. Mayo Clinic 2641: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:Contraception 2401: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2338:on 2007-04-22 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318:/HRP (1999). 2317: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204:Contraception 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Contraception 2163: 2160: 2149:on 2007-01-24 2145: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2114:on 2007-09-29 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1943: 1940:ECEC (2014). 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1915: 1911: 1908:ICEC (2014). 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:Contraception 1621: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:sterilization 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1113:Doe v. Bolton 1109: 1108: 1100:United States 1099: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1081: 1077:prescription. 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 1001: 997: 990: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 965: 962: 961:generic drugs 958: 955: 951: 948: 943: 940: 936: 931: 927: 923: 920: 916: 915: 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 895: 891: 887:United States 886: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 868:breastfeeding 865: 859: 852: 850: 846: 843: 841: 837: 833: 832:United States 829: 825: 821: 816: 813: 807: 805: 801: 796: 794: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 766: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 728: 724: 720: 719: 714: 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 677: 675: 668: 666: 664: 659: 652: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 631:One brand of 626: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 602: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 578: 576: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 558:breast cancer 555: 550: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 482: 478: 472: 468: 460: 458: 456: 450: 446: 444: 439: 435: 430: 426: 423: 418:Effectiveness 417: 415: 412: 411:off-label use 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 369: 367: 363: 358: 356: 350: 348: 347:Yuzpe regimen 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:antiprogestin 312: 304: 302: 300: 296: 288: 286: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 259:birth control 252: 250: 248: 244: 242: 241:fertilization 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 218:birth control 215: 211: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180:Medical notes 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 138: 134: 132:Clinic review 130: 126: 122: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102:IUD: under 1% 99: 95: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6612:Proligestone 6607:Progesterone 6582:Mifepristone 6556:Medrogestone 6535:Drospirenone 6531: 6527:Trimegestone 6522:Promegestone 6503: 6495: 6480:Norgestimate 6470:Etonogestrel 6455: 6431: 6418: 6403:Quingestanol 6398:Noretynodrel 6358: 6349:Progestogens 6339:Ormeloxifene 6262: 6198:Experimental 6045:Cervical cap 6013:Ormeloxifene 5995:Vaginal ring 5967:Vaginal ring 5873:Hormonal IUD 5765: 5692:. Retrieved 5690:. 2005-07-28 5687: 5678: 5669: 5658:the original 5629:. Retrieved 5627:. 2016-03-14 5624: 5558:. Retrieved 5553: 5544: 5532:. Retrieved 5528: 5518: 5507:. Retrieved 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5467: 5457: 5446:. Retrieved 5442:the original 5431: 5420:. Retrieved 5414: 5404: 5393:. Retrieved 5389:the original 5382: 5372: 5361:. Retrieved 5354:the original 5340: 5329:. Retrieved 5322:the original 5315: 5302: 5291:. Retrieved 5284:the original 5269: 5256: 5232: 5225: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5122: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5006:(2): 87–88. 5003: 4999: 4989: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4829:. Retrieved 4819: 4808:. Retrieved 4803: 4794: 4761: 4757: 4754:Guillebaud J 4748: 4737:. Retrieved 4727: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699:the original 4689: 4678:the original 4671: 4659: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4601:. Retrieved 4597:the original 4587: 4576:. Retrieved 4566: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4482:(2): 53–58. 4479: 4475: 4469: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4366: 4362: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4315:. Retrieved 4311:the original 4306: 4297: 4288: 4271: 4262: 4255:. Retrieved 4248:the original 4231: 4223: 4219: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4157:the original 4142:. Retrieved 4138:the original 4123: 4116:. Retrieved 4094:. Retrieved 4090: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4036: 4027:. Retrieved 4023:the original 4009: 4000: 3987: 3978: 3971:. Retrieved 3967:the original 3951: 3941: 3932: 3920: 3894: 3861: 3844: 3818:intercourse. 3803: 3786: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3716:(2): 320–4. 3713: 3709: 3703: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3534:. Retrieved 3530:the original 3513: 3504: 3493:. Retrieved 3489:the original 3476: 3467: 3456:. Retrieved 3452:the original 3423: 3419: 3409: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3333: 3327: 3316:. Retrieved 3312: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3240:. Retrieved 3238:. 2021-02-04 3230: 3219:. Retrieved 3212:the original 3199: 3186: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3126: 3081: 3077: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3023:. Retrieved 3016:the original 2978: 2949:. Retrieved 2899: 2895: 2849: 2845: 2803: 2799: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2669: 2665: 2644:. Retrieved 2634: 2626:the original 2611: 2601: 2593:the original 2578: 2568: 2550: 2541:. Retrieved 2529: 2485:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2453: 2445:Mother Jones 2444: 2435: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2367: 2363: 2340:. Retrieved 2336:the original 2323: 2310: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2250: 2246: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2151:. Retrieved 2144:the original 2127: 2116:. Retrieved 2112:the original 2099: 2095: 2085: 2050: 2046: 2021:. Retrieved 2017:the original 1999: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1946:. Retrieved 1918:. Retrieved 1914:the original 1882:. Retrieved 1875:the original 1819: 1815: 1792:. Retrieved 1785:the original 1733: 1729: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1558:. Retrieved 1553: 1522: 1480: 1454:. Retrieved 1450: 1441: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1401: 1368: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1269: 1265: 1215: 1211: 1160: 1152: 1137: 1129: 1121: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1091: 1082:Availability 1063:retail clerk 1004: 981: 973: 968: 938: 934: 929: 912: 898: 882: 877: 860: 856: 847: 844: 839: 836:Schering PC4 835: 827: 817: 808: 797: 790: 770: 750: 741:mifepristone 734: 731: 726: 716: 710: 696: 685:implantation 681: 672: 661:In 2012 the 660: 656: 644: 637: 630: 621: 617:hormonal IUD 606: 591:drugs (e.g. 582: 579:Interactions 570: 551: 540: 529: 521:luteal phase 517: 490: 486:Anti-emetics 474: 451: 447: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 404: 399: 396:Neoprimavlar 395: 391: 388:Schering PC4 387: 377: 373:mifepristone 370: 359: 351: 329:of the same 323:mifepristone 308: 292: 280: 256: 245: 232: 230: 213: 209: 208: 6512:Demegestone 6465:Desogestrel 6378:Lynestrenol 6368:Ethisterone 6118:Nonoxynol-9 6105:Spermicides 5721:4th edition 5175:(25): 5384. 5086:(39): 8242. 4720:(37): 8610. 3640:(3): 6–10. 2326:(51): 3–5. 1560:22 December 1122:Roe v. Wade 1107:Roe v. Wade 897:In 1971, a 812:Schering AG 705:endometrial 687:. The U.S. 276:miscarriage 224:to prevent 107:Typical use 97:Perfect use 6631:Categories 6602:Gestrinone 6445:Norgestrel 6281:Trestolone 6263:Male-only: 6185:Abstinence 6160:Withdrawal 6127:Behavioral 6075:Copper IUD 5878:Copper IUD 5694:2020-04-11 5631:2020-04-11 5509:2013-05-02 5495:2013-05-02 5448:2006-12-12 5422:2006-12-10 5395:2006-12-10 5363:2006-12-10 5331:2006-12-10 5293:2006-12-07 5169:Fed Regist 5150:Fed Regist 5099:Fed Regist 5080:Fed Regist 5058:Fed Regist 4831:2020-10-18 4810:2020-10-18 4739:2006-12-01 4733:"Sponsors" 4714:Fed Regist 4603:2006-11-09 4578:2006-11-08 4317:2010-05-01 4278:HRA Pharma 4257:August 21, 4237:HRA Pharma 4130:HRA Pharma 4105:HRA Pharma 3973:August 21, 3959:HRA Pharma 3665:Pediatrics 3556:Pediatrics 3536:2006-12-02 3495:2006-12-02 3458:2006-11-22 3352:1048947218 3318:2019-06-20 3242:2021-07-26 3221:2012-04-30 3025:2012-04-30 2951:2006-12-13 2846:Pediatrics 2543:2012-04-30 2463:popsci.com 2342:2007-07-03 2153:2007-07-03 2118:2006-12-01 2013:HRA Pharma 2005:HRA Pharma 1630:: 100037. 1499:1048947218 1456:2020-06-18 1188:References 1071:pharmacist 840:Tetragynon 820:World Bank 597:rifampicin 465:See also: 392:Tetragynon 384:norgestrel 362:HRA Pharma 339:progestins 253:Definition 148:protection 65:Hormonal ( 57:Background 6544:Pregnanes 6499:Dienogest 6496:Estranes: 6475:Gestodene 6419:Estranes: 6334:Mestranol 6304:Estradiol 6291:Estrogens 6255:Androgens 6134:Including 6050:Diaphragm 5947:Oral pill 5917:Vasectomy 5769:ACSA-CAAH 5560:18 August 4572:"Danazol" 3360:cite book 3208:1755-103X 2554:abortion. 2538:1755-103X 2023:March 25, 2011:. Paris: 1948:March 25, 1920:March 25, 1884:March 25, 1794:March 25, 1605:246505706 1395:781956734 1387:0091-9721 954:Eli Lilly 613:ovulation 587:and some 536:indicated 505:dizziness 405:The U.S. 335:estrogens 237:ovulation 226:pregnancy 74:First use 67:progestin 6432:Gonanes: 6359:estranes 6169:Avoiding 5937:Combined 5913:(female) 5742:and the 5728:Archived 5715:Archived 5490:Wonkblog 5194:(2): 10. 5022:18730987 4946:10640171 4786:43738693 4651:20698213 4558:12307393 4515:12334868 4418:12257949 4345:12254703 4224:increase 4220:decrease 4214:19200989 4163:March 5, 4144:March 5, 4118:March 5, 4096:March 5, 4029:June 17, 3801:p. 155: 3765:11064225 3695:26527554 3578:23184108 3524:and the 3483:and the 3292:33503342 3178:20502299 3098:17032991 3060:20559203 2924:19236983 2916:12160366 2876:16147972 2822:20410799 2776:15192056 2735:16860049 2686:16531171 2481:Archived 2427:14698074 2392:10340798 2384:12480356 2332:12349416 2302:12295381 2275:54419012 2224:12684144 2189:10382076 2108:15338783 2077:30661244 1991:27022731 1844:27722686 1836:23437846 1703:31643080 1694:10284251 1654:32954250 1597:35114381 1451:acog.org 1339:41337748 1331:20099990 1296:22570193 1242:25254919 1171:See also 1148:Medicaid 1059:passport 1031:younger. 501:headache 481:vomiting 331:hormones 272:abortion 164:Benefits 83:Synonyms 6456:gonanes 5815:methods 5534:11 June 5013:1455105 4981:5171004 4910:8777940 4902:2136125 4867:6251288 4778:9708743 4550:2948217 4488:4844513 4461:6519238 4453:2134916 4383:5553470 4205:2911236 3859:p. 257: 3813:p. 157: 3730:8765248 3686:5012186 3619:1032235 3610:1237330 3448:8777937 3440:2136122 3401:3549140 3283:7983017 3169:3903002 2867:1197142 2726:1934349 2267:9708750 2068:7055045 1645:7484538 1429:p. 123: 1422:p. 122: 1415:(ACOG). 1399:p. 121: 1287:3619968 1233:4216625 1067:Generic 830:in the 804:Danazol 779:at the 767:History 727:NorLevo 697:NorLevo 497:fatigue 216:) is a 156:Periods 5919:(male) 5862:(LARC) 5276: 5244: 5213: 5131: 5020: 5010: 4979: 4944: 4908: 4900: 4865: 4784: 4776: 4758:Lancet 4649: 4641: 4556: 4548: 4513: 4486: 4459: 4451: 4416: 4381: 4343: 4212: 4202: 3851: 3793: 3763: 3728: 3693: 3683: 3646:631811 3644: 3617: 3607: 3576: 3446: 3438: 3399: 3350: 3340: 3290: 3280: 3206: 3176: 3166: 3096: 3058: 2985: 2922: 2914: 2874: 2864: 2820: 2774: 2733: 2723: 2684: 2646:13 Sep 2618: 2585: 2536: 2487:16 May 2425: 2390: 2382: 2364:Lancet 2330: 2300: 2273: 2265: 2247:Lancet 2222: 2187: 2106: 2075: 2065: 1989: 1842: 1834: 1701: 1691: 1652: 1642: 1603: 1595: 1529: 1497: 1487: 1393: 1385: 1375: 1337: 1329: 1294: 1284: 1240: 1230: 1104:After 1018:Plan B 998:Preven 977:label. 828:Preven 647:condom 564:, and 507:, and 477:nausea 469:, and 461:Safety 400:Preven 398:, and 299:condom 114:below) 6005:SERMs 5661:(PDF) 5654:(PDF) 5357:(PDF) 5350:(PDF) 5325:(PDF) 5312:(PDF) 5287:(PDF) 5266:(PDF) 5238:152–7 4898:JSTOR 4782:S2CID 4681:(PDF) 4668:(PDF) 4647:S2CID 4546:JSTOR 4449:JSTOR 4285:(PDF) 4251:(PDF) 4244:(PDF) 4112:(PDF) 3997:(PDF) 3436:JSTOR 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