Menstrual cycle - Knowledge (XXG)

518:

produces progesterone. The increased progesterone starts to induce the production of estrogen. The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. The level of FSH and LH fall quickly, and the corpus luteum atrophies. Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle at 10 to 16 days (average 14 days).

626: 810:

research is weak, but there appears to be a very small increase in mood fluctuations during the luteal and menstrual phases, and a corresponding decrease during the rest of the cycle. Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle exert systemic effects on aspects of physiology including the brain, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. The result can be subtle physiological and observable changes to women's athletic performance including strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performance.

435:, about 10–12 hours after the peak in LH surge. Typically only one of the 15–20 stimulated follicles reaches full maturity, and just one egg is released. Ovulation only occurs in around 10% of cycles during the first two years following menarche, and by the age of 40–50, the number of ovarian follicles is depleted. LH initiates ovulation at around day 14 and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. Following further stimulation by LH, the corpus luteum produces and releases estrogen, progesterone, 986:

new blood supply, hormones and tissue differentiation. In non-menstruating mammals, decidualization is driven by the embryo, not the mother. According to this theory, menstruation is an unintended consequence of the decidualization process and the body uses spontaneous decidualization to identify and reject defective embryos early on. This process happens because the decidual cells of the stroma can recognize and respond to defects in a developing embryo by stopping the secretion of

725:) are common in girls who have just begun menstruating and in women around menopause. During the first two years following menarche, ovulation is absent in around half of cycles. Five years after menarche, ovulation occurs in around 75% of cycles and this reaches 80% in the following years. Anovulatory cycles are often overtly identical to normally ovulatory cycles. Any alteration to balance of hormones can lead to anovulation. Stress, anxiety and 5494: 743: 6637: 35: 997:. In the process leading to the formation of a placenta, maternal tissues are invaded. This hypothesis holds that menstruation was not evolutionary, rather the result of a coincidental pre-conditioning of the uterus to protect uterine tissue from the deeply rooting placenta, in which a thicker endometrium develops. Hypothesis 4 does not explain menstruation in non-primates. 6661: 527: 6649: 4473: 6689: 420: 361:(cell division) remains incomplete in the egg cells until the antral follicle is formed. During this phase usually only one ovarian follicle fully matures and gets ready to release an egg. The follicular phase shortens significantly with age, lasting around 14 days in women aged 18–24 compared with 10 days in women aged 40–44. 958:. The cycles are the same as in humans apart from the length, which ranges from 9 to 37 days. The lack of immediate relationship between these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise. There are four theories on the evolutionary significance of menstruation: 720:

Only two-thirds of overtly normal menstrual cycles are ovulatory, that is, cycles in which ovulation occurs. The other third lack ovulation or have a short luteal phase (less than ten days) in which progesterone production is insufficient for normal physiology and fertility. Cycles in which ovulation

857:

may be due to a drop in progesterone if it occurs during the luteal phase or around menstruation, or a surge in estrogen if it occurs at ovulation. Women who have regular periods can take medication just before and during menstruation. Options include progesterone supplements, increasing the dose of

633:

The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and proliferate. The latter part of the follicular phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts

258:

in the follicular phase, discharges of blood flow stop and the uterine lining thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one, or occasionally two, become dominant, while non-dominant follicles shrink and die. About

985:

A theory based on spontaneous decidualization (a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in preparation for, and during, pregnancy). Decidualization leads to the differentiation of the endometrial stroma, which involves cells of the immune system, the formation of a

809:

There are common culturally communicated misbeliefs that the menstrual cycle affects women's moods, causes depression or irritability, or that menstruation is a painful, shameful or unclean experience. Often a woman's normal mood variation is falsely attributed to the menstrual cycle. Much of the

517:

Lasting about 14 days, the luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During the luteal phase, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which

729:

can cause a fall in GnRH, and a disruption of the menstrual cycle. Chronic anovulation occurs in 6–15% of women during their reproductive years. Around menopause, hormone feedback dysregulation leads to anovulatory cycles. Although anovulation is not considered a disease, it can be a sign of an

340:

some 7 million immature eggs have already formed in an ovary. This decreases to around 2 million by the time a girl is born, and 300,000 by the time she has her first period. On average, one egg matures and is released during ovulation each month after menarche. Beginning at puberty, these

599:. Menstruation occurs on average once a month from menarche to menopause, which corresponds with a woman's fertile years. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, and it typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Menopause is preceded by a stage of hormonal changes called 576:, contract and break up. The blood supply to the endometrium is cut off and the cells of the top layer of the endometrium (the stratum functionalis) become deprived of oxygen and die. Later the whole layer is lost and only the bottom layer, the stratum basalis, is left in place. An 548:

Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years. The average age is generally later in the

498:(hCG), which is very similar to LH and preserves the corpus luteum. During the first few months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens at slightly higher levels than those at ovulation. After this and for the rest of the pregnancy, the 900:(COCPs), stop the development of the dominant follicle and the mid-cycle LH surge and thus ovulation. Sequential dosing and discontinuation of the COCP can mimic the uterine cycle and produce bleeding that resembles a period. In some cases, this bleeding is lighter. 653:

than usual, rendering it more friendly to sperm. This increases the chances of fertilization, which occurs around day 11 to day 14. This cervical mucus can be detected as a vaginal discharge that is copious and resembles raw egg whites. For women who are practicing

502:

secretes high levels of these hormones – along with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete more progesterone and estrogens, blocking the menstrual cycle. These hormones also prepare the mammary glands for milk production.

301:

In an ovulatory menstrual cycle, the ovarian and uterine cycles are concurrent and coordinated and last between 21 and 35 days, with a population average of 27–29 days. Although the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the

734:. Anovulatory cycles or short luteal phases are normal when women are under stress or athletes increasing the intensity of training. These changes are reversible as the stressors decrease or, in the case of the athlete, as she adapts to the training. 294:(a mature ovarian follicle) into the blood circulation. Peak levels of estrogen are reached at around day thirteen of the cycle and coincide with ovulation. If implantation does not occur within about two weeks, the corpus luteum degenerates into the 981:

Energy conservation. This hypothesis claimed that it took less energy to rebuild a uterine lining than to maintain it if pregnancy did not occur. Hypothesis 2 does not explain other species that also do not maintain a uterine lining but do not

798:(menstrual cramps or period pain) is felt as painful cramps in the abdomen that can spread to the back and upper thighs during the first few days of menstruation. Debilitating period pain is not normal and can be a sign of something severe such as 172: 136:; the uterine cycle consists of the menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases. Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. Around day fourteen, an egg is usually released from the ovary. 666:

The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium

372:, compete with each other for dominance. All but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle – the one that has the most FSH receptors – will continue to maturity. The remaining follicles die in a process called 6503: 298:, which does not produce hormones, causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. This drop causes the uterus to lose its lining in menstruation; it is around this time that the lowest levels of estrogen are reached. 903:

Progestin-only methods of hormonal contraception do not always prevent ovulation but instead work by stopping the cervical mucus from becoming sperm-friendly. Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills,

404:

signal, which makes the pituitary secrete more FSH and LH. This surge of FSH and LH usually occurs one to two days before ovulation and is responsible for stimulating the rupture of the antral follicle and release of the oocyte.

813:

Changes to the brain have also been observed throughout the menstrual cycle but do not translate into measurable changes in intellectual achievement – including academic performance, problem-solving, and memory. Improvements in

399:

regulates levels of FSH and LH. The dominant follicle continues to secrete estrogen, and the rising estrogen levels make the pituitary more responsive to GnRH from the hypothalamus. As estrogen increases this becomes a

227:, GnRH is released in low steady quantities and at a steady rate. After puberty, GnRH is released in large pulses, and the frequency and magnitude of these determine how much FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary. 471:– a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg disintegrates or dissolves in the fallopian tube, and a fertilized egg reaches the uterus in three to five days. 450:

The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the follicle wall in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its oocyte. If it is fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte promptly matures into an

462:

Which of the two ovaries – left or right – ovulates appears random; no left and right coordinating process is known. Occasionally both ovaries release an egg; if both eggs are fertilized, the result is

391:. At the same time the granulosa cells surrounding the maturing follicle develop receptors that bind FSH, and in response start secreting androstenedione, which is converted to estrogen by the enzyme 459:

and becomes a mature egg. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte degenerates. The mature egg has a diameter of about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in), and is the largest human cell.

6508: 4506: 254:

Between menarche and menopause the ovaries regularly alternate between luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of

234:

length of 28 days. The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life. At puberty, a child's body begins to mature into an adult body capable of

2113: 368:(FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated. These follicles, which have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as 993:

Uterine pre-conditioning. This hypothesis claims that a monthly pre-conditioning of the uterus is needed in species, such as humans, that have deeply invasive (deep-rooted)

2599: 2051: 5167: 4877: 3614:"Altered exploratory behaviour and increased food intake in the spiny mouse before menstruation: a unique pre-clinical model for examining premenstrual syndrome" 896:

Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the hormones, FSH, LH and GnRH. Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as

4872: 870:. If this is ineffective, or when a woman's menstrual cycle is irregular, then treatment is to stop the menstrual cycle occurring. This may be achieved using 5483: 4499: 4089:

Brosens JJ, Parker MG, McIndoe A, Pijnenborg R, Brosens IA (June 2009). "A role for menstruation in preconditioning the uterus for successful pregnancy".

6559: 4862: 588:

in the menstrual fluid, which eases the flow of blood and broken down lining from the uterus. The flow of blood continues for 2–6 days and around 30–60

6665: 1026:

women can experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation, or resumption of normal menstrual cycles.

6739: 5022: 595:

The flow of blood normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant, but this cannot be taken as certainty, as several factors can cause

290:

to establish a pregnancy. The thickness of the endometrium continues to increase in response to mounting levels of estrogen, which is released by the

6618: 124:

Each cycle occurs in phases based on events either in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the

380:(LH) stimulates further development of the ovarian follicle. The follicle that reaches maturity is called an antral follicle, and it contains the 6541: 625: 6719: 6579: 4751: 4492: 3763: 3724:"The evolution of menstruation: a new model for genetic assimilation: explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness" 3156:"The cycling brain: menstrual cycle related fluctuations in hippocampal and fronto-striatal activation and connectivity during cognitive tasks" 1036: 490:

stage at the time of implantation: this is when pregnancy begins. The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The

486:. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus, and another three days to implant into the endometrium. It has reached the 6709: 4447: 4420: 4389: 4354: 4323: 4292: 4261: 4223: 4200: 4169: 4142: 2644: 1110: 5145: 5135: 2082: 909: 468: 1193: 2296:"Women's reproductive system as balanced estradiol and progesterone actions—A revolutionary, paradigm-shifting concept in women's health" 691:

are secreted into the uterus and the cervical mucus thickens. In early pregnancy, progesterone also increases blood flow and reduces the

6513: 5291: 6623: 4244:(2020). "The menstrual cycle: its biology in the context of silent ovulatory disturbances". In Ussher JM, Chrisler JC, Perz J (eds.). 6518: 5666: 2750: 1634: 897: 629:

During the menstrual cycle, levels of estradiol (an estrogen) vary by 200 percent. Levels of progesterone vary by over 1200 percent.

4021:"Natural Selection of Human Embryos: Decidualizing Endometrial Stromal Cells Serve as Sensors of Embryo Quality upon Implantation" 5851: 4761: 2627:

Liu AY, Petit MA, Prior JC (2020). "Exercise and the Hypothalamus: Ovulatory Adaptations". In Hackney AC, Constantini NW (eds.).

353:, which cannot be fertilized. The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle and it ends with the completion of the 259:

mid-cycle, some 10–12 hours after the increase in luteinizing hormone, known as the LH surge, the dominant follicle releases an

117:

embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels,

6220: 6043: 5817: 5476: 5314: 791: 230:

Measured from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a

152: 21:

This article is about biological aspects of the reproductive cycle in humans. For information specific to monthly periods, see

2550: 5506: 5301: 212: 3302: 638:, an estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus with the spiral arterioles. 494:(the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing blastocyst that later becomes the outer layer of the placenta) produces 90:(the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years. 834:

Even when normal, the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can increase the incidence of disorders such as

6601: 6569: 6467: 5015: 3275: 2059: 1640: 6679: 1994:"Early menarche: A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries" 6546: 6462: 5800: 5335: 5286: 4736: 495: 365: 216: 121:(a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. 94: 6653: 6729: 6075: 6018: 5582: 483: 179:

The menstrual cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the

6734: 818:

during the menstruation phase of the cycle are probably caused by decreases in levels of estrogen and progesterone.

6641: 6606: 6596: 5636: 5518: 5469: 4943: 4477: 614: 59: 1931:

Alvergne A, Högqvist Tabor V (June 2018). "Is female health cyclical? Evolutionary perspectives on menstruation".

6399: 6269: 6227: 6088: 5230: 5140: 4930: 4721: 3498:"There might be blood: a scoping review on women's responses to contraceptive-induced menstrual bleeding changes" 731: 672: 668: 283: 114: 658:, it is a sign that ovulation may be about to take place, but it does not mean ovulation will definitely occur. 6714: 6611: 6135: 5951: 5918: 5810: 5445: 5425: 5387: 5008: 4938: 609:

denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for around the first 5 days of the cycle. Women who experience

208: 4129:

Else-Quest N, Hyde JS (2021). "Psychology, gender, and health: psychological aspects of the menstrual cycle".

3441:

Sveinsson O, Tomson T (September 2014). "Epilepsy and menopause: potential implications for pharmacotherapy".

2514:

Han L, Taub R, Jensen JT (November 2017). "Cervical mucus and contraception: what we know and what we don't".

431:, this occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the pelvic cavity and enters the 78:. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an 6564: 6418: 6210: 5903: 4412: 1268:

Papadimitriou A (December 2016). "The evolution of the age at menarche from prehistorical to modern times".

475: 3563: 6477: 6345: 6335: 6200: 5923: 5856: 5831: 5767: 5641: 5215: 5172: 5104: 4771: 891: 700: 160: 831:). The cause of the pain is associated with the ruptured follicle, causing a small amount of blood loss. 6457: 6259: 6063: 5738: 5415: 5400: 5377: 5309: 5159: 4984: 4979: 4820: 4649: 4157: 955: 925: 775: 341:

mature to primary follicles independently of the menstrual cycle. The development of the egg is called

155:, and are experienced by 3–8% of women. During the first few days of menstruation some women experience 140: 26: 962:

Control of sperm-borne pathogens. This hypothesis held that menstruation protected the uterus against

564:

Menstruation is initiated each month by falling levels of estrogen and progesterone and the release of

467:. After release from the ovary into the pelvic cavity, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the 3666:"Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†" 159:

that can spread from the abdomen to the back and upper thighs. The menstrual cycle can be modified by

6472: 6423: 5743: 5733: 5661: 5656: 5631: 5616: 5611: 4974: 4032: 2578: 2005: 1950: 1783:"Safety of the progesterone-releasing vaginal ring (PVR) among lactating women: A systematic review" 5976: 5933: 5898: 5805: 5785: 5350: 5319: 5281: 5130: 4824: 4741: 4712: 4377: 905: 871: 854: 655: 491: 377: 271: 235: 220: 191:

of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into phases. The ovarian cycle consists of alternating

106: 3045:

Matteson KA, Zaluski KM (September 2019). "Menstrual health as a part of preventive health care".

2253:

Harvey LJ, Armah CN, Dainty JR, Foxall RJ, John Lewis D, Langford NJ, et al. (October 2005).

6724: 6574: 6303: 6157: 5928: 5913: 5182: 4910: 4700: 4662: 4519: 4019:

Teklenburg G, Salker M, Molokhia M, Lavery S, Trew G, Aojanepong T, et al. (21 April 2010).

3939: 3896: 3853: 3807: 3594: 3466: 3070: 2976: 2839: 2650: 2591: 1974: 1940: 971: 835: 692: 558: 373: 242:) occurs at around 12 years of age and continues for about 30–45 years. Menstrual cycles end at 3871:

Profet M (September 1993). "Menstruation as a defense against pathogens transported by sperm".

1662:

Iussig B, Maggiulli R, Fabozzi G, Bertelle S, Vaiarelli A, Cimadomo D, et al. (May 2019).

1177: 6394: 6313: 6237: 6215: 5728: 5646: 5497: 4766: 4731: 4680: 4453: 4443: 4426: 4416: 4395: 4385: 4381: 4360: 4350: 4329: 4319: 4298: 4288: 4267: 4257: 4229: 4219: 4196: 4175: 4165: 4138: 4106: 4068: 4050: 3998: 3980: 3931: 3888: 3845: 3799: 3753: 3695: 3643: 3635: 3586: 3529: 3458: 3423: 3374: 3321: 3267: 3236: 3185: 3136: 3062: 3027: 2968: 2929: 2880: 2831: 2792: 2711: 2640: 2583: 2531: 2496: 2455: 2414: 2350: 2276: 2235: 2206:"Why do women stop reproducing before menopause? A life-history approach to age at last birth" 2186: 2105: 2033: 1966: 1913: 1857: 1804: 1685: 1630: 1482: 1411: 1285: 1232: 1185: 1116: 1106: 1057: 947: 803: 783: 401: 396: 333: 144: 2551:"Autonomic control of body temperature and blood pressure: influences of female sex hormones" 203:, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase. The menstrual cycle is controlled by the 5956: 5723: 5718: 5430: 5410: 5370: 5340: 5276: 5220: 5050: 4545: 4098: 4058: 4040: 3988: 3970: 3923: 3880: 3837: 3789: 3743: 3735: 3685: 3677: 3625: 3578: 3519: 3509: 3450: 3413: 3405: 3364: 3356: 3226: 3216: 3175: 3167: 3126: 3116: 3054: 3017: 3007: 2960: 2870: 2823: 2814:

Appleton SM (March 2018). "Premenstrual syndrome: evidence-based evaluation and treatment".

2701: 2693: 2632: 2573: 2565: 2523: 2486: 2445: 2404: 2396: 2340: 2307: 2266: 2225: 2217: 2097: 2023: 2013: 1958: 1903: 1847: 1794: 1675: 1472: 1464: 1277: 1098: 747: 596: 550: 369: 354: 319: 192: 180: 125: 82:. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a 4212:

The Concise Human Body Book: An Illustrated Guide to its Structures, Function and Disorders

3613: 282:. Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential 6693: 6452: 6308: 6172: 6130: 5991: 5890: 5780: 5762: 5708: 5592: 5420: 5405: 5255: 5240: 5200: 4573: 4484: 4284: 4161: 4134: 3562:

Bellofiore N, Ellery SJ, Mamrot J, Walker DW, Temple-Smith P, Dickinson H (January 2017).

815: 726: 554: 388: 329: 295: 291: 2742: 387:

The theca cells develop receptors that bind LH, and in response secrete large amounts of

4036: 2527: 2210:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

2009: 1954: 1799: 1782: 6495: 6322: 6298: 6242: 6120: 6115: 6105: 6093: 5971: 5755: 5626: 5572: 5440: 5250: 5245: 4657: 4578: 4315: 4249: 4241: 4215: 4192: 4063: 4020: 3993: 3958: 3748: 3723: 3690: 3665: 3564:"First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)" 3524: 3497: 3418: 3393: 3369: 3344: 3231: 3204: 3180: 3155: 3131: 3104: 3022: 2995: 2706: 2681: 2409: 2384: 2230: 2205: 2028: 1993: 1477: 1452: 943: 931: 859: 759: 742: 642: 585: 464: 432: 5493: 395:. The estrogen inhibits further production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland. This 6703: 6533: 6447: 6408: 6384: 6293: 6177: 6110: 5981: 5885: 5846: 5703: 5538: 5365: 5360: 5345: 5260: 5210: 5114: 4920: 4615: 4565: 3828:

Finn CA (June 1998). "Menstruation: a nonadaptive consequence of uterine evolution".

3074: 2654: 2450: 2433: 1023: 935: 913: 867: 839: 823: 799: 779: 696: 600: 569: 565: 275: 3900: 3857: 3811: 3470: 2980: 2843: 6362: 6357: 6098: 5998: 5943: 5671: 5550: 5545: 5235: 5205: 5060: 5045: 4793: 4776: 4707: 4667: 4583: 4555: 4540: 3959:"The Role of Decidual Subpopulations in Implantation, Menstruation and Miscarriage" 3943: 3914:

Strassmann BI (June 1996). "The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation".

3409: 2631:. Contemporary Endocrinology. Springer International Publishing. pp. 124–147. 2595: 1978: 1065: 1061: 1044: 806:

and quality of life and timely interventions can improve the lives of these women.

795: 543: 512: 307: 279: 204: 200: 196: 156: 133: 118: 75: 22: 3105:"The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes' performance: a narrative review" 2345: 2328: 2255:"Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK" 2101: 767: 4045: 3598: 2875: 2858: 2827: 2475:"The microenvironment of human implantation: determinant of reproductive success" 2018: 93:

Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the

6352: 6288: 6125: 6068: 6008: 6003: 5841: 5790: 5651: 5461: 5225: 5195: 4969: 4964: 4695: 3329: 2937: 2800: 2636: 2312: 2295: 1040: 875: 722: 715: 610: 589: 456: 303: 188: 102: 4102: 3582: 3255: 2964: 1962: 1622: 1281: 6504:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

5750: 5690: 5621: 5450: 5190: 4989: 4959: 4852: 4813: 4808: 4788: 4515: 4457: 4333: 4302: 4271: 4233: 3514: 3454: 3360: 3171: 3058: 3012: 2569: 2058:. US Department of Health and Human Services. 23 December 2014. Archived from 1102: 763: 751: 676: 487: 440: 350: 278:– a body with the primary function of producing large amounts of the hormone 175:

Progression of the menstrual cycle and some of the hormones contributing to it

171: 34: 4430: 4399: 4364: 4054: 3984: 3975: 3681: 3639: 3221: 2898: 706:

If pregnancy does not occur the ovarian and uterine cycles start over again.

6140: 6013: 5873: 5863: 5698: 5676: 5603: 5395: 5081: 5055: 4915: 4905: 4882: 4829: 4726: 4716: 4627: 4600: 4588: 4550: 4253: 4179: 3630: 1056:

Uncharacteristic mid-cycle pain may be caused by medical conditions such as

879: 650: 635: 428: 414: 392: 342: 337: 264: 243: 129: 63: 4110: 4072: 4002: 3803: 3757: 3739: 3699: 3647: 3590: 3533: 3462: 3427: 3378: 3325: 3271: 3240: 3189: 3140: 3121: 3066: 3031: 2972: 2933: 2884: 2835: 2796: 2715: 2587: 2535: 2500: 2459: 2418: 2354: 2280: 2239: 2221: 2190: 2109: 2037: 1970: 1917: 1861: 1808: 1689: 1486: 1289: 1236: 1189: 1120: 1014:

Progesterone levels exceed those of estrogen (estradiol) by a hundred-fold.

4472: 4246:

Routledge International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health

3935: 3892: 3849: 561:, it can occur as early as age eight years, and this can still be normal. 6523: 6340: 6254: 6232: 6152: 6053: 5961: 5868: 5795: 5713: 5533: 5076: 4847: 4803: 4798: 4675: 4632: 4620: 4605: 4535: 1892:"Women in reproductive science: Understanding human endometrial function" 994: 987: 974:

can take place weeks before menstruation and that potentially infectious

963: 863: 846: 680: 534:

The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative and secretory.

499: 346: 325: 255: 239: 110: 101:(immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining ( 87: 71: 67: 2271: 2254: 1908: 1891: 526: 6442: 6413: 6389: 6371: 6167: 6147: 4887: 4783: 4346: 3794: 3777: 2951:

Baker FC, Lee KA (September 2018). "Menstrual cycle effects on sleep".

2697: 2400: 1680: 1663: 853:

occur more frequently at certain phases of their menstrual cycle. This

850: 787: 688: 581: 444: 436: 358: 224: 148: 55: 47: 4409:

Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Core Material for MRCOG

3205:"Cognition, the menstrual cycle, and premenstrual disorders: a review" 2491: 2474: 1468: 419: 6280: 6162: 5986: 5908: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5435: 5355: 5109: 4897: 4687: 4637: 4610: 3154:

Pletzer B, Harris TA, Scheuringer A, Hidalgo-Lopez E (October 2019).

755: 577: 479: 287: 260: 231: 98: 83: 79: 51: 3612:

Bellofiore N, Cousins F, Temple-Smith P, Evans J (1 February 2019).

3394:"Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy" 3086: 3084: 1453:"Polar bodies – more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect" 336:, which together form primordial follicles. At around 20 weeks into 3927: 3884: 3841: 3778:"The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective" 3103:

Carmichael MA, Thomson RL, Moran LJ, Wycherley TP (February 2021).

2333:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2090:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

1945: 1621:

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).

641:

As estrogen levels increase, cells in the cervix produce a type of

274:, while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a 66:

possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of

5577: 5528: 5000: 4593: 1227:

Lacroix AE, Gondal H, Langaker MD (2020). "Physiology, menarche".

975: 967: 741: 684: 624: 573: 525: 452: 418: 184: 170: 33: 2385:"Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods" 1852: 1835: 1664:"A brief history of oocyte cryopreservation: Arguments and facts" 592:

of blood is lost, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred.

427:

Around day fourteen, the egg is released from the ovary. Called

6247: 1781:

Carr SL, Gaffield ME, Dragoman MV, Phillips S (September 2016).

790:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as 381: 5465: 5004: 4488: 4131:

The Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience +

2081:

Sultan C, Gaspari L, Maimoun L, Kalfa N, Paris F (April 2018).

821:

In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called

270:

After ovulation, the oocyte lives for 24 hours or less without

151:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as 6058: 4839: 1248: 1246: 939: 215:(GnRH), which causes the nearby anterior pituitary to release 1372: 1370: 1368: 774:

Although a normal and natural process, some women experience

439:(which relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the 2473:

Salamonsen LA, Evans J, Nguyen HP, Edgell TA (March 2016).

2383:

Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, Chang TC, Cheng CM (September 2017).

646: 2549:

Charkoudian N, Hart EC, Barnes JN, Joyner MJ (June 2017).

1873: 1871: 2787:

Gudipally PR, Sharma GK (2022). "Premenstrual Syndrome".

2148: 2146: 1764: 1762: 1556: 1554: 1529: 1527: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1343: 1341: 1328: 1326: 1301: 1299: 1178:"The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation" 349:

to await fertilization. The other cells are discarded as

109:

occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides

6509:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

1701: 1699: 1434: 1432: 1229:

StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing

1134: 1132: 1130: 2686:

Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

838:, which might be caused by estrogen enhancement of the 139:

The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience

16:

Natural changes in the human female reproductive system

2329:"Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning" 1836:"Gonadal transactivation of STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B" 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 862:

drug, or temporarily adding an anticonvulsant such as

758:

stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of

6677: 187:, whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the 2857:

Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS (November 2020).

211:

at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases

6588: 6532: 6494: 6485: 6434: 6279: 6268: 6199: 6190: 6042: 6033: 5942: 5884: 5830: 5689: 5602: 5591: 5517: 5504: 5386: 5328: 5300: 5269: 5181: 5158: 5123: 5097: 5090: 5069: 5038: 4952: 4929: 4896: 4861: 4838: 4750: 4648: 4564: 4526: 2994:Maddern J, Grundy L, Castro J, Brierley SM (2020). 1176:Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et al. (2018). 978:

is not controlled by menstruation in other species.

762:, which are enveloped by the basement membrane and 613:(heavy menstrual bleeding) are more susceptible to 246:, which is usually between 45 and 55 years of age. 3047:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1992:Ibitoye M, Choi C, Tai H, Lee G, Sommer M (2017). 3957:Muter J, Kong CS, Brosens JJ (23 December 2021). 2177:Breeze C (May 2016). "Early pregnancy bleeding". 2052:"Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet" 4440:Zero to Finals : Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4374:Tortora's Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 4084: 4082: 3659: 3657: 2782: 2780: 1252: 970:. Hypothesis 1 does not take into account that 478:, the widest section of the fallopian tubes. A 5168:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive 3823: 3821: 3090: 1270:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 1263: 1261: 882:, or by sustained use of oral contraceptives. 5477: 5016: 4500: 4091:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3571:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3557: 3555: 3299:Acute and Emergency Care in Athletic Training 2859:"Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy" 1668:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 679:(a fertilized egg, which has begun to grow). 105:) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should 8: 3722:Emera D, Romero R, Wagner G (January 2012). 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 2629:Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport 2204:Towner MC, Nenko I, Walton SE (April 2016). 3398:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2479:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1629:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. 766:. The magnification is around 1000 times. ( 447:(which inhibits further secretion of FSH). 6560:International Center for Research on Women 6491: 6276: 6196: 6039: 5599: 5514: 5484: 5470: 5462: 5094: 5023: 5009: 5001: 4507: 4493: 4485: 3496:Polis CB, Hussain R, Berry A (June 2018). 3349:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 3256:"Evaluation of acute pelvic pain in women" 2682:"Abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents" 2434:"What exactly is endometrial receptivity?" 1840:Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition) 1407: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 802:. These issues can significantly affect a 794:and are experienced by 3 to 8% of women. 710:Anovulatory cycles and short luteal phases 4062: 4044: 3992: 3974: 3793: 3782:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3747: 3689: 3629: 3523: 3513: 3417: 3368: 3316:Brott NR, Le JK (2022). "Mittelschmerz". 3230: 3220: 3179: 3130: 3120: 3021: 3011: 2874: 2705: 2579:1983/c0c1058c-553b-4563-8dd1-b047d9b672c1 2577: 2490: 2449: 2408: 2378: 2376: 2344: 2311: 2270: 2229: 2027: 2017: 1944: 1907: 1851: 1798: 1679: 1476: 1089:Richards JS (2018). "The ovarian cycle". 474:Fertilization usually takes place in the 3392:Maguire MJ, Nevitt SJ (September 2021). 3203:Le J, Thomas N, Gurvich C (March 2020). 2924:Nagy H, Khan MA (2022). "Dysmenorrhea". 1877: 1608: 1545: 1438: 1423: 1317: 1305: 6684: 4343:Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems 3546: 3483: 2367: 2164: 2152: 2137: 1821: 1768: 1753: 1729: 1717: 1596: 1584: 1560: 1533: 1518: 1506: 1451:Schmerler S, Wessel GM (January 2011). 1376: 1347: 1332: 1138: 1081: 1007: 324:The ovaries contain a finite number of 4014: 4012: 2622: 2620: 1741: 1705: 1572: 1457:Molecular Reproduction and Development 1037:cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme 4878:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 4281:A Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause 2771: 2728: 2680:Elmaoğulları S, Aycan Z (July 2018). 2667: 1643:from the original on 16 December 2019 1395: 1359: 1214: 1150: 1047:, which is converted to progesterone. 938:, but only ten primate species, four 97:prompts the production and growth of 50:production and the structures of the 7: 6648: 6542:Office of Research on Women's Health 3343:Talsania M, Scofield RH (May 2017). 3278:from the original on 27 January 2021 3254:Kruszka PS, Kruszka SJ (July 2010). 2327:Simmons RG, Jennings V (July 2020). 2300:Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 199:, and the uterine cycle consists of 6660: 6580:Society for Women's Health Research 6514:International Day of the Girl Child 4873:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 2741:Hernandez-Rey, AE (2 August 2018). 2528:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.168 1834:King SR, LaVoie HA (January 2012). 1800:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.04.001 364:Through the influence of a rise in 6624:Birth control in the United States 3000:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2816:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2753:from the original on 20 March 2021 2432:Lessey BA, Young SL (April 2019). 482:immediately starts the process of 46:is a series of natural changes in 14: 6519:Commission on the Status of Women 5529:External female genitalia (vulva) 3664:Catalini L, Fedder J (May 2020). 3345:"Menopause and rheumatic disease" 1933:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 990:needed for the embryo to implant. 898:combined oral contraceptive pills 6740:Human female reproductive system 6687: 6659: 6647: 6636: 6635: 5852:Assisted reproductive technology 5492: 4471: 3963:Frontiers in Reproductive Health 2605:from the original on 10 May 2020 2451:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.009 2259:The British Journal of Nutrition 2119:from the original on 1 July 2020 1196:from the original on 28 May 2021 423:An ovary about to release an egg 143:with symptoms that may include 5818:Breastfeeding and mental health 5315:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 3916:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3873:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3830:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3109:Int J Environ Res Public Health 1890:Salamonsen LA (December 2019). 792:premenstrual dysphoric disorder 778:with symptoms that may include 345:and only one cell survives the 153:premenstrual dysphoric disorder 4442:. Manchester: Zero to Finals. 4133:(10th ed.). Los Angeles: 3410:10.1002/14651858.CD013225.pub3 3297:Cleary M, Flanagan KW (2019). 213:gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1: 6720:Human female endocrine system 6468:Social determinants of health 2346:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003 2102:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.004 1627:Molecular Biology of the Cell 914:hormonal intrauterine devices 730:underlying condition such as 6710:Gynaecological endocrinology 6463:Gender disparities in health 5801:Mother-to-child transmission 5336:Menstrual hygiene management 5287:Premenstrual water retention 5261:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 5226:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 4312:Langman's Medical Embryology 4046:10.1371/journal.pone.0010258 2876:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096 2828:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000339 2019:10.1371/journal.pone.0178884 496:human chorionic gonadotropin 366:follicle stimulating hormone 217:follicle-stimulating hormone 95:follicle stimulating hormone 6076:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6019:Hormone replacement therapy 5583:Reproductive system disease 4187:Norris DA, Carr JA (2013). 2637:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_8 2558:Clinical Autonomic Research 2313:10.1016/j.ddmod.2020.11.005 2179:Australian Family Physician 920:Evolution and other species 238:; the first period (called 6758: 6570:Black Women's Health Study 5637:Complications of pregnancy 4863:Reproductive endocrinology 4382:John Wiley & Sons, Inc 4279:Rodriguez-Landa J (2017). 4103:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.037 3583:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.041 3301:. Human Kinetics. p. 3091:Else-Quest & Hyde 2021 2965:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.04.002 1963:10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.006 1282:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002 923: 889: 713: 541: 510: 412: 317: 70:and the cyclic release of 60:female reproductive system 20: 6631: 6547:Women's Health Initiative 6400:Major depressive disorder 6228:Intimate partner violence 6089:Female genital mutilation 6084: 5776: 5231:Metropathia haemorrhagica 5141:Billings Ovulation Method 4931:Human reproductive system 4345:. Boston, Massachusetts: 3515:10.1186/s12978-018-0561-0 3455:10.1007/s40266-014-0201-5 3361:10.1016/j.rdc.2016.12.011 3320:. StatPearls Publishing. 3172:10.1038/s41386-019-0435-3 3059:10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.004 3013:10.3389/fncel.2020.590823 2928:. StatPearls Publishing. 2863:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2791:. StatPearls Publishing. 2570:10.1007/s10286-017-0420-z 1103:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.009 845:Around 40% of women with 816:spatial reasoning ability 732:polycystic ovary syndrome 699:in the uterus and raises 617:than the average person. 597:bleeding during pregnancy 530:The anatomy of the uterus 455:, which blocks the other 6136:Gynaecological disorders 5952:Culture and menstruation 5919:Contraceptive prevalence 5811:Compulsory sterilization 5446:Sustainable menstruation 5426:Menstruation celebration 4189:Vertebrate Endocrinology 3976:10.3389/frph.2021.804921 3222:10.3390/brainsci10040198 2056:Office of Women's Health 1064:or may be confused with 209:anterior pituitary gland 6419:Urinary tract infection 6211:Abuse during childbirth 5388:In culture and religion 4413:Oxford University Press 3670:Biology of Reproduction 3160:Neuropsychopharmacology 2996:"Pain in endometriosis" 2438:Fertility and Sterility 827:(a German term meaning 6336:Cardiovascular disease 5924:Contraceptive security 5857:In vitro fertilization 5768:Postpartum confinement 5642:Hyperemesis gravidarum 5216:Irregular menstruation 5173:Lactational amenorrhea 5136:Calendar-based methods 5105:Basal body temperature 4953:Diseases and disorders 4762:Sexual differentiation 4154:Essential Reproduction 3740:10.1002/bies.201100099 3682:10.1093/biolre/ioaa029 3122:10.3390/ijerph18041667 2953:Sleep Medicine Clinics 2222:10.1098/rstb.2015.0147 2083:"Disorders of puberty" 1408:Norris & Carr 2013 1035:In the corpus luteum, 892:Hormonal contraception 886:Hormonal contraception 771: 701:basal body temperature 630: 572:. This causes them to 568:, which constrict the 531: 424: 207:in the brain, and the 176: 161:hormonal birth control 39: 6458:Healthcare inequality 6260:Gender discrimination 6064:Human papilloma virus 5739:Vesicovaginal fistula 5416:Menstrual suppression 5378:Menstrual Hygiene Day 5310:Premenstrual syndrome 4985:Premature ejaculation 4980:Hard flaccid syndrome 4650:Human sexual activity 4480:at Wikimedia Commons 4158:Malden, Massachusetts 3764:BBC Earth lay summary 3631:10.1093/humrep/dey360 2261:(Comparative study). 1091:Vitamins and Hormones 926:Menstruation (mammal) 924:Further information: 776:premenstrual syndrome 745: 628: 529: 484:embryonic development 422: 263:, in an event called 174: 141:premenstrual syndrome 37: 27:menstruation (mammal) 6565:Nurses' Health Study 6473:Reproductive justice 6424:Urinary incontinence 6044:Sexually transmitted 5899:Intrauterine devices 5744:Rectovaginal fistula 5734:Obstetrical fistulae 5662:Gestational diabetes 5657:Obstetrical bleeding 5632:Adolescent pregnancy 5617:Gravidity and parity 5612:Unintended pregnancy 4975:Erectile dysfunction 1253:Rodriguez-Landa 2017 6478:Women's empowerment 6346:Alzheimer's disease 5977:Cloth menstrual pad 5934:Fertility awareness 5904:Oral contraceptives 5786:Perinatal mortality 5351:Cloth menstrual pad 5320:Menstrual psychosis 5282:Menstrual synchrony 5131:Fertility awareness 4754:reproductive system 4742:Vaginal lubrication 4520:sexual reproduction 4438:Watchman T (2020). 4411:. Oxford, England: 4407:Ugwumadu A (2014). 4378:Hoboken, New Jersey 4341:Sherwood L (2016). 4152:Johnson MH (2007). 4093:(Journal article). 4037:2010PLoSO...510258T 3730:(Journal article). 3672:(Journal article). 3577:(1): 40.e1–40.e11. 3573:(Journal article). 3549:, pp. 948–949. 3502:Reproductive Health 3093:, pp. 258–261. 2370:, pp. 936–937. 2272:10.1079/BJN20051493 2010:2017PLoSO..1278884I 1955:2018TEcoE..33..399A 1909:10.1530/REP-18-0518 1720:, pp. 192–193. 1379:, pp. 942–946. 872:medroxyprogesterone 855:catamenial epilepsy 836:autoimmune diseases 656:fertility awareness 621:Proliferative phase 553:and earlier in the 492:syncytiotrophoblast 378:Luteinizing hormone 236:sexual reproduction 221:luteinizing hormone 86:length of 28 days. 6730:Periodic phenomena 6575:Cartwright Inquiry 6486:Politics, research 6304:Endometrial cancer 6158:Sexual intercourse 5929:Planned parenthood 5914:Male contraceptive 4752:Development of the 4663:Sexual intercourse 4372:Tortora G (2017). 4310:Sadler TW (2019). 3795:10.1002/ajpa.20734 3776:Martin RD (2007). 3618:Human Reproduction 2698:10.4274/jcrpe.0014 2401:10.1002/btm2.10058 2216:(1692): 20150147. 1681:10.1111/aogs.13569 772: 645:that has a higher 631: 559:precocious puberty 532: 425: 374:follicular atresia 308:no causal relation 189:endometrial lining 177: 113:to a successfully 40: 6675: 6674: 6555: 6554: 6380: 6379: 6331: 6330: 6314:Papanicolaou test 6270:Non-communicable 6238:Sexual harassment 6216:Domestic violence 6186: 6185: 6029: 6028: 5826: 5825: 5729:Retained placenta 5647:Ectopic pregnancy 5459: 5458: 5154: 5153: 5039:Events and phases 4998: 4997: 4767:Sexual dimorphism 4732:Postpartum period 4476:Media related to 4449:979-8-6037-9726-7 4422:978-0-19-953508-8 4391:978-1-119-38292-8 4356:978-1-285-86693-2 4325:978-1-4963-8390-7 4294:978-953-51-3405-3 4263:978-1-138-49026-0 4225:978-0-241-39552-3 4210:Parker S (2019). 4202:978-0-123-96465-6 4171:978-1-4051-1866-8 4144:978-1-544-39360-5 3443:Drugs & Aging 3166:(11): 1867–1875. 2905:. 19 October 2017 2646:978-3-030-33376-8 2492:10.1111/aji.12450 2389:Bioeng Transl Med 2306:(Part B): 31–40. 2294:Prior JC (2020). 1469:10.1002/mrd.21266 1112:978-0-128-14359-9 1058:ectopic pregnancy 948:Cairo spiny mouse 402:positive feedback 397:negative feedback 310:between the two. 167:Cycles and phases 6747: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6663: 6662: 6651: 6650: 6639: 6638: 6492: 6277: 6197: 6191:Non-reproductive 6040: 5957:Feminine hygiene 5724:Cesarian section 5719:Obstructed labor 5600: 5515: 5496: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5463: 5431:Menstruation hut 5411:Menstrual stigma 5371:Period underwear 5341:Feminine hygiene 5277:Folliculogenesis 5221:Menometrorrhagia 5095: 5051:Follicular phase 5025: 5018: 5011: 5002: 4737:Mechanics of sex 4546:Follicular phase 4516:Human physiology 4509: 4502: 4495: 4486: 4475: 4461: 4434: 4403: 4368: 4337: 4314:. Philadelphia: 4306: 4275: 4248:(1st ed.). 4237: 4206: 4191:(5th ed.). 4183: 4148: 4115: 4114: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4048: 4016: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3978: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3797: 3773: 3767: 3766:, 20 April 2015. 3761: 3751: 3719: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3676:(6): 1160–1169. 3661: 3652: 3651: 3633: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3517: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3260:Am Fam Physician 3251: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3224: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3124: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2869:(5): 1047–1058. 2854: 2848: 2847: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2749:. Medscape LLC. 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2581: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2412: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2348: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2021: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1948: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1911: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1380: 1374: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1265: 1256: 1250: 1241: 1240: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1173: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1125: 1124: 1086: 1069: 1054: 1048: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1012: 952:Acomys cahirinus 849:find that their 748:ovarian follicle 746:A human primary 738:Menstrual health 727:eating disorders 721:does not occur ( 551:developing world 370:folliculogenesis 355:antral follicles 320:Follicular phase 314:Follicular phase 126:follicular phase 6757: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6715:Menstrual cycle 6700: 6699: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6627: 6612:Family planning 6590: 6584: 6551: 6528: 6487: 6481: 6453:Gender equality 6436: 6430: 6376: 6327: 6309:Cervical cancer 6271: 6264: 6202: 6192: 6182: 6173:Sex differences 6131:Forced marriage 6080: 6045: 6035: 6025: 5967:Menstrual cycle 5938: 5891:Family planning 5889: 5880: 5833: 5822: 5781:Maternal deaths 5772: 5763:Postpartum care 5709:Multiple births 5685: 5594: 5587: 5520: 5511: 5508: 5500: 5490: 5460: 5455: 5421:Menstrual taboo 5406:Menstrual leave 5382: 5324: 5296: 5292:Sexual activity 5265: 5256:Polymenorrhagia 5241:Oligoamenorrhea 5201:Cryptomenorrhea 5177: 5150: 5146:Creighton Model 5119: 5086: 5065: 5034: 5032:Menstrual cycle 5029: 4999: 4994: 4948: 4925: 4892: 4865:and infertility 4864: 4857: 4834: 4753: 4746: 4644: 4574:Spermatogenesis 4560: 4528:Menstrual cycle 4522: 4513: 4478:Menstrual cycle 4469: 4464: 4450: 4437: 4423: 4406: 4392: 4371: 4357: 4340: 4326: 4309: 4295: 4285:Rijeka, Croatia 4278: 4264: 4240: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4186: 4172: 4162:Wiley-Blackwell 4151: 4145: 4135:SAGE Publishing 4128: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4097:(6): 615.e1–6. 4088: 4087: 4080: 4018: 4017: 4010: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3721: 3720: 3707: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3404:(9): CD013225. 3391: 3390: 3386: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3044: 3043: 3039: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2647: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2062:on 26 June 2015 2050: 2049: 2045: 2004:(6): e0178884. 1991: 1990: 1986: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1697: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1637: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1494: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1383: 1375: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1331: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1297: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1251: 1244: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1175: 1174: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1128: 1113: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1055: 1051: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1004: 956:menstrual cycle 944:elephant shrews 928: 922: 894: 888: 760:granulosa cells 740: 718: 712: 664: 662:Secretory phase 623: 615:iron deficiency 570:spiral arteries 555:developed world 546: 540: 524: 515: 509: 465:fraternal twins 417: 411: 389:androstenedione 330:granulosa cells 322: 316: 296:corpus albicans 292:antral follicle 252: 169: 44:menstrual cycle 38:Menstrual cycle 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6735:Women's health 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6589:Women's health 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6496:United Nations 6489: 6488:& advocacy 6483: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6435:Sociocultural 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6323:Ovarian cancer 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6299:Uterine cancer 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6243:Sexual assault 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6121:Child marriage 6118: 6116:Breast ironing 6113: 6108: 6106:Breast binding 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6094:Clitoridectomy 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5972:Menstrual aids 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5756:Husband stitch 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5627:Antenatal care 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573:Fallopian tube 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5525: 5523: 5519:Reproductive 5512: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498:Women's health 5491: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5441:Period poverty 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5270:Related events 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Oligoovulation 5248: 5246:Oligomenorrhea 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5110:Cervical mucus 5107: 5101: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Sexual arousal 4654: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4579:spermatogonium 4570: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4468: 4467:External links 4465: 4463: 4462: 4448: 4435: 4421: 4404: 4390: 4369: 4355: 4338: 4324: 4316:Wolters Kluwer 4307: 4293: 4287:: IntechOpen. 4276: 4262: 4250:Abingdon, Oxon 4238: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4193:Academic Press 4184: 4170: 4149: 4143: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4078: 4008: 3949: 3928:10.1086/419369 3922:(2): 181–220. 3906: 3885:10.1086/418170 3879:(3): 335–386. 3863: 3842:10.1086/420183 3836:(2): 163–173. 3817: 3788:(S45): 59–84. 3768: 3705: 3653: 3624:(2): 308–322. 3604: 3551: 3539: 3488: 3486:, p. 948. 3476: 3449:(9): 671–675. 3433: 3384: 3355:(2): 287–302. 3335: 3308: 3289: 3266:(2): 141–147. 3246: 3195: 3146: 3095: 3080: 3053:(3): 441–453. 3037: 2986: 2959:(3): 283–294. 2943: 2916: 2890: 2849: 2806: 2776: 2764: 2733: 2721: 2692:(3): 191–197. 2672: 2660: 2645: 2616: 2564:(3): 149–155. 2541: 2522:(5): 310–321. 2506: 2485:(3): 218–225. 2465: 2444:(4): 611–617. 2424: 2395:(3): 238–246. 2372: 2360: 2319: 2286: 2265:(4): 557–564. 2245: 2196: 2185:(5): 283–286. 2169: 2157: 2155:, p. 600. 2142: 2140:, p. 152. 2130: 2073: 2043: 1984: 1939:(6): 399–414. 1923: 1902:(6): F55–F67. 1882: 1880:, p. 117. 1867: 1846:(3): 824–846. 1826: 1814: 1793:(3): 253–261. 1773: 1771:, p. 976. 1758: 1756:, p. 959. 1746: 1734: 1732:, p. 192. 1722: 1710: 1708:, p. 283. 1695: 1674:(5): 550–558. 1654: 1635: 1613: 1611:, p. 746. 1601: 1599:, p. 920. 1589: 1587:, p. 953. 1577: 1565: 1563:, p. 943. 1550: 1548:, p. 745. 1538: 1536:, p. 942. 1523: 1511: 1509:, p. 945. 1492: 1443: 1428: 1426:, p. 115. 1416: 1400: 1381: 1364: 1352: 1350:, p. 929. 1337: 1335:, p. 957. 1322: 1320:, p. 747. 1310: 1308:, p. 741. 1295: 1276:(6): 527–530. 1257: 1242: 1219: 1207: 1155: 1143: 1141:, p. 944. 1126: 1111: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1049: 1028: 1016: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 991: 983: 979: 966:introduced by 932:female mammals 921: 918: 890:Main article: 887: 884: 860:anticonvulsant 858:their regular 804:woman's health 784:tender breasts 739: 736: 714:Main article: 711: 708: 663: 660: 643:cervical mucus 622: 619: 584:breaks up the 566:prostaglandins 542:Main article: 539: 536: 523: 520: 511:Main article: 508: 505: 480:fertilized egg 433:fallopian tube 413:Main article: 410: 407: 326:egg stem cells 318:Main article: 315: 312: 251: 248: 168: 165: 145:tender breasts 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6753: 6752: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6695: 6685: 6681: 6668: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6534:United States 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Disadvantaged 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409:Urinary tract 6407: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385:Mental health 6383: 6382: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:Breast cancer 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6203:against women 6198: 6195: 6189: 6179: 6178:Sex education 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Breast health 6109: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Menstrual cup 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5886:Contraception 5883: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Childlessness 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5832:Reproductive 5829: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806:Sterilization 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5704:Preterm birth 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5539:Clitoral hood 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507:Reproductive 5503: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366:Menstrual pad 5364: 5362: 5361:Menstrual cup 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Menstrual pad 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5302:Mental health 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Hypomenorrhea 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5115:Mittelschmerz 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4921:Breastfeeding 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713:Fertilization 4711: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4566:Gametogenesis 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031:(4): e10258. 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2904: 2900: 2899:"Period pain" 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2774:, p. 50. 2773: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:"Anovulation" 2737: 2734: 2731:, p. 44. 2730: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2670:, p. 46. 2669: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:Contraception 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2167:, p. 99. 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878:Ugwumadu 2014 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1824:, p. 91. 1823: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:Contraception 1784: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744:, p. 36. 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1636:0-8153-3218-1 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609:Sherwood 2016 1605: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1575:, p. 48. 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:Sherwood 2016 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1521:, p. 86. 1520: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439:Watchman 2020 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Ugwumadu 2014 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398:, p. 45. 1397: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1362:, p. 41. 1361: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Sherwood 2016 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306:Sherwood 2016 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1217:, p. 40. 1216: 1211: 1208: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1153:, p. 42. 1152: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1075: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024:Breastfeeding 1020: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 984: 980: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 942:species, the 941: 937: 936:estrous cycle 933: 927: 919: 917: 915: 911: 910:skin implants 907: 901: 899: 893: 885: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:acetazolamide 865: 861: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 840:immune system 837: 832: 830: 826: 825: 824:mittelschmerz 819: 817: 811: 807: 805: 801: 800:endometriosis 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 769: 768:H&E stain 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 737: 735: 733: 728: 724: 717: 709: 707: 704: 702: 698: 697:smooth muscle 694: 693:contractility 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 661: 659: 657: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 627: 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 602: 601:perimenopause 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 545: 537: 535: 528: 522:Uterine cycle 521: 519: 514: 506: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 460: 458: 454: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 421: 416: 408: 406: 403: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 321: 313: 311: 309: 305: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:corpus luteum 273: 272:fertilization 268: 266: 262: 257: 250:Ovarian cycle 249: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 223:(LH). Before 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 197:luteal phases 194: 190: 186: 182: 173: 166: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:fertilization 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6363:Hip fracture 6358:Osteoporosis 6099:Infibulation 5999:Dysmenorrhea 5992:Sanitary pad 5966: 5944:Menstruation 5672:Preeclampsia 5667:Hypertension 5551:Labia majora 5546:Labia minora 5236:Metrorrhagia 5206:Dysmenorrhea 5061:Luteal phase 5046:Menstruation 5031: 4825:Paternal age 4821:Maternal age 4794:Tanner scale 4777:Virilization 4772:Feminization 4722:Implantation 4708:Insemination 4692:Ejaculation 4668:Masturbation 4584:spermatocyte 4556:Luteal phase 4541:Menstruation 4527: 4482: 4470: 4439: 4408: 4373: 4342: 4311: 4280: 4245: 4211: 4188: 4153: 4130: 4122:Book sources 4094: 4090: 4028: 4024: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3833: 3829: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3734:(1): 26–35. 3731: 3727: 3673: 3669: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3574: 3570: 3547:Tortora 2017 3542: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3484:Tortora 2017 3479: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3292: 3280:. Retrieved 3263: 3259: 3249: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2925: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2902: 2893: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2822:(1): 52–61. 2819: 2815: 2809: 2788: 2767: 2755:. Retrieved 2746: 2736: 2724: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2663: 2628: 2607:. Retrieved 2561: 2557: 2544: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2392: 2388: 2368:Tortora 2017 2363: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2165:Johnson 2007 2160: 2153:Tortora 2017 2138:Johnson 2007 2133: 2121:. Retrieved 2093: 2089: 2076: 2064:. Retrieved 2060:the original 2055: 2046: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1899: 1896:Reproduction 1895: 1885: 1853:10.2741/3959 1843: 1839: 1829: 1822:Johnson 2007 1817: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1769:Tortora 2017 1754:Tortora 2017 1749: 1737: 1730:Johnson 2007 1725: 1718:Johnson 2007 1713: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1645:. Retrieved 1626: 1616: 1604: 1597:Tortora 2017 1592: 1585:Tortora 2017 1580: 1568: 1561:Tortora 2017 1541: 1534:Tortora 2017 1519:Johnson 2007 1514: 1507:Tortora 2017 1460: 1456: 1446: 1441:, p. 8. 1419: 1403: 1377:Tortora 2017 1355: 1348:Tortora 2017 1333:Tortora 2017 1313: 1273: 1269: 1255:, p. 8. 1228: 1222: 1210: 1198:. Retrieved 1181: 1146: 1139:Tortora 2017 1094: 1090: 1084: 1066:appendicitis 1062:ovarian cyst 1060:or ruptured 1052: 1045:pregnenolone 1031: 1019: 1010: 951: 929: 902: 895: 844: 833: 828: 822: 820: 812: 808: 796:Dysmenorrhea 773: 754:. The round 719: 705: 673:implantation 665: 649:and is less 640: 632: 606: 605: 594: 563: 547: 544:Menstruation 538:Menstruation 533: 516: 513:Luteal phase 507:Luteal phase 473: 461: 449: 426: 386: 384:(egg cell). 363: 351:polar bodies 323: 300: 284:implantation 280:progesterone 269: 253: 229: 205:hypothalamus 201:menstruation 178: 138: 134:luteal phase 123: 119:menstruation 92: 76:progesterone 43: 41: 31: 23:menstruation 18: 6666:WikiProject 6353:Bone health 6289:Lung cancer 6126:Dyspareunia 6069:HPV vaccine 6009:Amenorrhoea 6004:Menorrhagia 5842:Infertility 5791:Stillbirths 5652:Miscarriage 5196:Anovulation 5160:Suppression 5070:Life stages 4970:Dyspareunia 4965:Dysorgasmia 4911:Development 3115:(4): 1667. 2909:12 November 2609:27 February 2123:27 February 1742:Sadler 2019 1706:Parker 2019 1647:25 February 1573:Sadler 2019 1041:cholesterol 982:menstruate. 876:triptorelin 829:middle pain 764:theca cells 723:anovulation 716:Anovulation 611:menorrhagia 607:Eumenorrhea 590:milliliters 586:blood clots 457:sperm cells 334:theca cells 306:, there is 304:lunar cycle 157:period pain 103:endometrium 62:that makes 6704:Categories 6591:by country 6395:Depression 6046:infections 5751:Episiotomy 5691:Childbirth 5622:Obstetrics 5451:Tampon tax 5191:Amenorrhea 4990:Vaginismus 4960:Anorgasmia 4814:Adrenarche 4809:Spermarche 4789:Gonadarche 4458:1233034578 4349:Learning. 4334:1042400100 4303:1193045564 4272:1121130010 4234:1091644711 4214:. London: 3918:(Review). 3875:(Review). 3832:(Review). 3784:(Review). 3508:(1): 114. 3351:(Review). 3318:StatPearls 3262:(Review). 3215:(4): 198. 3211:(Review). 3111:(Review). 3049:(Review). 3006:: 590823. 2955:(Review). 2926:StatPearls 2818:(Review). 2789:StatPearls 2772:Prior 2020 2729:Prior 2020 2668:Prior 2020 2560:(Review). 2518:(Review). 2481:(Review). 2440:(Review). 2391:(Review). 2335:(Review). 2212:(Review). 2181:(Review). 2092:(Review). 2000:(Review). 1946:1704.08590 1935:(Review). 1898:(Review). 1789:(Review). 1670:(Review). 1463:(1): 3–8. 1459:(Review). 1410:, p. 1396:Prior 2020 1360:Prior 2020 1272:(Review). 1231:(Review). 1215:Prior 2020 1184:(Review). 1151:Prior 2020 1093:(Review). 1076:References 972:copulation 752:microscopy 750:viewed by 677:blastocyst 488:blastocyst 441:myometrium 219:(FSH) and 193:follicular 132:, and the 6725:Midwifery 6221:Pregnancy 6201:Violence 6141:Vaginitis 6014:Menopause 5874:Fostering 5864:Parenting 5834:life plan 5699:Midwifery 5677:Eclampsia 5604:Pregnancy 5593:Maternal 5396:Chhaupadi 5183:Disorders 5082:Menopause 5056:Ovulation 4916:Lactation 4906:Thelarche 4883:Andrology 4830:Menopause 4727:Pregnancy 4717:Fertility 4672:Erection 4628:Germ cell 4601:Oogenesis 4589:spermatid 4551:Ovulation 4431:889303297 4400:990424568 4365:905848832 4254:Routledge 4055:1932-6203 3985:2673-3153 3728:BioEssays 3640:0268-1161 3330:NBK549822 3209:Brain Sci 3075:199437314 2938:NBK560834 2801:NBK560698 2655:243129220 2339:: 68–82. 2096:: 62–89. 1200:8 January 1039:converts 995:placentas 988:cytokines 964:pathogens 954:) have a 880:goserelin 788:tiredness 669:receptive 636:estradiol 429:ovulation 415:Ovulation 409:Ovulation 393:aromatase 347:divisions 343:oogenesis 338:gestation 265:ovulation 244:menopause 181:follicles 149:tiredness 130:ovulation 115:implanted 111:nutrients 64:pregnancy 6694:Medicine 6642:Category 6602:Ethiopia 6524:UN Women 6341:Dementia 6272:diseases 6255:Femicide 6233:Misogyny 6153:Polygamy 6054:Safe sex 5962:Menarche 5869:Adoption 5796:Abortion 5714:Oxytocin 5534:Clitoris 5401:In Islam 5091:Tracking 5077:Menarche 4853:Vivipary 4823: / 4804:Menarche 4799:Pubarche 4681:Clitoral 4633:gonocyte 4606:oogonium 4536:Menarche 4242:Prior JC 4180:76074156 4111:19136085 4073:20422011 4025:PLOS ONE 4003:36303960 3901:23738569 3858:25135630 3812:44416632 3804:18046752 3758:22057551 3700:32129461 3648:30561655 3591:27503621 3534:29940996 3471:21166687 3463:25079452 3428:34528245 3379:28390570 3326:31747229 3276:Archived 3272:20642266 3241:32230889 3190:31195407 3141:33572406 3067:31378287 3032:33132854 2981:51968811 2973:30098748 2934:32809669 2885:33030880 2844:28184066 2836:29298169 2797:32809533 2757:30 March 2751:Archived 2747:Medscape 2716:29537383 2600:Archived 2588:28488202 2536:28801053 2501:26661899 2460:30929718 2419:29313033 2355:32169418 2281:16197581 2240:27022074 2191:27166462 2114:Archived 2110:29422239 2038:28591132 1998:PLOS ONE 1971:29778270 1918:30521482 1862:22201776 1809:25869631 1690:30739329 1641:Archived 1487:21268179 1290:26703478 1237:29261991 1194:Archived 1190:25905282 1182:Endotext 1121:29544627 1097:: 1–25. 946:and the 934:have an 916:(IUDs). 864:clobazam 851:seizures 847:epilepsy 689:proteins 681:Glycogen 500:placenta 256:estrogen 240:menarche 88:Menarche 72:estrogen 6654:Commons 6443:Poverty 6437:factors 6414:Urethra 6390:Anxiety 6372:Anaemia 6168:Puberty 6148:Leblouh 6034:Sexual 5909:Condoms 5329:Hygiene 5124:Systems 4888:Hormone 4784:Puberty 4347:Cengage 4064:2858159 4033:Bibcode 3994:9580781 3944:6207295 3936:8693059 3893:8210311 3850:9618925 3749:3528014 3691:7253787 3525:6020216 3419:8444032 3370:5385852 3282:4 March 3232:7226433 3181:6785086 3132:7916245 3023:7573391 2707:6083466 2596:3773043 2410:5689497 2231:4822427 2066:25 June 2029:5462398 2006:Bibcode 1979:4581833 1951:Bibcode 1478:3164815 906:patches 695:of the 671:to the 651:viscous 582:plasmin 580:called 476:ampulla 469:fimbria 445:inhibin 443:), and 437:relaxin 359:Meiosis 225:puberty 183:of the 99:oocytes 58:of the 56:ovaries 48:hormone 6680:Portal 6619:Russia 6281:Cancer 6193:health 6163:Orgasm 6036:health 5987:Tampon 5595:health 5568:Uterus 5563:Cervix 5558:Vagina 5509:health 5436:Niddah 5356:Tampon 4944:Female 4898:Breast 4701:Female 4688:Orgasm 4676:Penile 4638:gamete 4611:oocyte 4456: 4446: 4429: 4419: 4398: 4388: 4363: 4353: 4332: 4322: 4301: 4291: 4270: 4260: 4232: 4222: 4199: 4178: 4168: 4141: 4109: 4071: 4061: 4053: 4001: 3991: 3983: 3942: 3934: 3899: 3891: 3856: 3848: 3810: 3802: 3756: 3746: 3698: 3688: 3646: 3638: 3597: 3589: 3532: 3522: 3469: 3461: 3426: 3416: 3377: 3367: 3324: 3270: 3239: 3229: 3188: 3178: 3139: 3129: 3073: 3065: 3030: 3020: 2979: 2971: 2932: 2903:nhs.uk 2883: 2842: 2834: 2795: 2714: 2704: 2653: 2643: 2594: 2586: 2534: 2499: 2458: 2417: 2407: 2353: 2279: 2238: 2228: 2189: 2108: 2036: 2026: 1977: 1969: 1916: 1860: 1807: 1688: 1633: 1623:"Eggs" 1485: 1475: 1288: 1235: 1188: 1119: 1109: 786:, and 756:oocyte 687:, and 685:lipids 578:enzyme 557:. In 288:embryo 286:of an 261:oocyte 232:median 147:, and 84:median 80:embryo 52:uterus 6607:India 6597:China 5888:& 5578:Ovary 5521:tract 5098:Signs 4616:ootid 4594:sperm 3940:S2CID 3897:S2CID 3854:S2CID 3808:S2CID 3599:88779 3595:S2CID 3567:(PDF) 3467:S2CID 3071:S2CID 2977:S2CID 2840:S2CID 2651:S2CID 2603:(PDF) 2592:S2CID 2554:(PDF) 2117:(PDF) 2086:(PDF) 1975:S2CID 1941:arXiv 1002:Notes 976:semen 968:sperm 930:Most 675:of a 574:spasm 453:ootid 185:ovary 6248:Rape 4939:Male 4848:Ovum 4696:Male 4621:ovum 4454:OCLC 4444:ISBN 4427:OCLC 4417:ISBN 4396:OCLC 4386:ISBN 4361:OCLC 4351:ISBN 4330:OCLC 4320:ISBN 4299:OCLC 4289:ISBN 4268:OCLC 4258:ISBN 4230:OCLC 4220:ISBN 4197:ISBN 4176:OCLC 4166:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4107:PMID 4069:PMID 4051:ISSN 3999:PMID 3981:ISSN 3932:PMID 3889:PMID 3846:PMID 3800:PMID 3762:See 3754:PMID 3696:PMID 3644:PMID 3636:ISSN 3587:PMID 3530:PMID 3459:PMID 3424:PMID 3402:2021 3375:PMID 3322:PMID 3284:2021 3268:PMID 3237:PMID 3186:PMID 3137:PMID 3063:PMID 3028:PMID 2969:PMID 2930:PMID 2911:2022 2881:PMID 2832:PMID 2793:PMID 2759:2021 2712:PMID 2641:ISBN 2611:2021 2584:PMID 2532:PMID 2497:PMID 2456:PMID 2415:PMID 2351:PMID 2277:PMID 2236:PMID 2187:PMID 2125:2021 2106:PMID 2068:2015 2034:PMID 1967:PMID 1914:PMID 1858:PMID 1805:PMID 1686:PMID 1649:2021 1631:ISBN 1483:PMID 1286:PMID 1233:PMID 1202:2021 1186:PMID 1117:PMID 1107:ISBN 912:and 780:acne 382:ovum 332:and 195:and 74:and 68:eggs 54:and 42:The 25:and 6059:HIV 4840:Egg 4518:of 4099:doi 4095:200 4059:PMC 4041:doi 3989:PMC 3971:doi 3924:doi 3881:doi 3838:doi 3790:doi 3786:134 3744:PMC 3736:doi 3686:PMC 3678:doi 3674:102 3626:doi 3579:doi 3575:216 3520:PMC 3510:doi 3451:doi 3414:PMC 3406:doi 3365:PMC 3357:doi 3303:340 3227:PMC 3217:doi 3176:PMC 3168:doi 3127:PMC 3117:doi 3055:doi 3018:PMC 3008:doi 2961:doi 2871:doi 2867:136 2824:doi 2702:PMC 2694:doi 2633:doi 2574:hdl 2566:doi 2524:doi 2487:doi 2446:doi 2442:111 2405:PMC 2397:doi 2341:doi 2308:doi 2267:doi 2226:PMC 2218:doi 2214:371 2098:doi 2024:PMC 2014:doi 1959:doi 1904:doi 1900:158 1848:doi 1795:doi 1676:doi 1473:PMC 1465:doi 1412:361 1278:doi 1099:doi 1095:107 1043:to 940:bat 878:or 866:or 634:of 6706:: 4715:/ 4452:. 4425:. 4415:. 4394:. 4384:. 4380:: 4376:. 4359:. 4328:. 4318:. 4297:. 4283:. 4266:. 4256:. 4252:: 4228:. 4218:. 4216:DK 4195:. 4174:. 4164:. 4160:: 4156:. 4137:. 4105:. 4081:^ 4067:. 4057:. 4049:. 4039:. 4027:. 4023:. 4011:^ 3997:. 3987:. 3979:. 3969:. 3965:. 3961:. 3938:. 3930:. 3920:71 3895:. 3887:. 3877:68 3852:. 3844:. 3834:73 3820:^ 3806:. 3798:. 3780:. 3752:. 3742:. 3732:34 3726:. 3708:^ 3694:. 3684:. 3668:. 3656:^ 3642:. 3634:. 3622:34 3620:. 3616:. 3593:. 3585:. 3569:. 3554:^ 3528:. 3518:. 3506:15 3504:. 3500:. 3465:. 3457:. 3447:31 3445:. 3422:. 3412:. 3400:. 3396:. 3373:. 3363:. 3353:43 3347:. 3328:. 3274:. 3264:82 3258:. 3235:. 3225:. 3213:10 3207:. 3184:. 3174:. 3164:44 3162:. 3158:. 3135:. 3125:. 3113:18 3107:. 3083:^ 3069:. 3061:. 3051:46 3026:. 3016:. 3004:14 3002:. 2998:. 2975:. 2967:. 2957:13 2936:. 2901:. 2879:. 2865:. 2861:. 2838:. 2830:. 2820:61 2799:. 2779:^ 2745:. 2710:. 2700:. 2690:10 2688:. 2684:. 2649:. 2639:. 2619:^ 2598:. 2590:. 2582:. 2572:. 2562:27 2556:. 2530:. 2520:96 2495:. 2483:75 2477:. 2454:. 2436:. 2413:. 2403:. 2387:. 2375:^ 2349:. 2337:66 2331:. 2304:32 2302:. 2298:. 2275:. 2263:94 2257:. 2234:. 2224:. 2208:. 2183:45 2145:^ 2112:. 2104:. 2094:48 2088:. 2054:. 2032:. 2022:. 2012:. 2002:12 1996:. 1973:. 1965:. 1957:. 1949:. 1937:33 1912:. 1894:. 1870:^ 1856:. 1844:17 1842:. 1838:. 1803:. 1791:94 1785:. 1761:^ 1698:^ 1684:. 1672:98 1666:. 1639:. 1625:. 1553:^ 1526:^ 1495:^ 1481:. 1471:. 1461:78 1455:. 1431:^ 1384:^ 1367:^ 1340:^ 1325:^ 1298:^ 1284:. 1274:29 1260:^ 1245:^ 1192:. 1180:. 1158:^ 1129:^ 1115:. 1105:. 908:, 874:, 842:. 782:, 703:. 683:, 647:pH 603:. 376:. 357:. 328:, 267:. 163:. 128:, 6682:: 5485:e 5478:t 5471:v 5024:e 5017:t 5010:v 4508:e 4501:t 4494:v 4460:. 4433:. 4402:. 4367:. 4336:. 4305:. 4274:. 4236:. 4205:. 4182:. 4147:. 4113:. 4101:: 4075:. 4043:: 4035:: 4029:5 4005:. 3973:: 3967:3 3946:. 3926:: 3903:. 3883:: 3860:. 3840:: 3814:. 3792:: 3760:. 3738:: 3702:. 3680:: 3650:. 3628:: 3601:. 3581:: 3536:. 3512:: 3473:. 3453:: 3430:. 3408:: 3381:. 3359:: 3332:. 3305:. 3286:. 3243:. 3219:: 3192:. 3170:: 3143:. 3119:: 3077:. 3057:: 3034:. 3010:: 2983:. 2963:: 2940:. 2913:. 2887:. 2873:: 2846:. 2826:: 2803:. 2761:. 2718:. 2696:: 2657:. 2635:: 2613:. 2576:: 2568:: 2538:. 2526:: 2503:. 2489:: 2462:. 2448:: 2421:. 2399:: 2393:2 2357:. 2343:: 2316:. 2310:: 2283:. 2269:: 2242:. 2220:: 2193:. 2127:. 2100:: 2070:. 2040:. 2016:: 2008:: 1981:. 1961:: 1953:: 1943:: 1920:. 1906:: 1864:. 1850:: 1811:. 1797:: 1692:. 1678:: 1651:. 1489:. 1467:: 1414:. 1292:. 1280:: 1239:. 1204:. 1123:. 1101:: 1068:. 950:( 770:) 29:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index