1971:
717:
unjustly discarded and that the new ways were illegitimate, specifically referring to marketing, milling, and baking as examples. He defined the moral economy of the poor as "grounded upon a consistent traditional view of social norms and obligations, of the proper economic functions of several parties within the community." According to
Thompson these riots were generally peaceable events demanding that the prices of essential goods be set according to traditional feudal rights. These peasants held that a traditional "fair price" was better than a market price and they punished large farmers who sold their surpluses at higher prices outside the village while needs remained within.
751:, European and colonial economies were governed by a variety of (formal and informal) regulations that had accumulated over time. In the older system, economic transactions were based on mutual obligation. Horwitz claimed that as markets for commodities developed in the second half of the 18th century, "the price of grain was no longer local, but regional; this the general use of money and a wide marketability of goods." This happened around the same time that organized markets were emerging and the economic system was transforming. Horwitz criticized late 18th century writers of contract law, such as
762:. In this chapter Smith rejects the tax on corn exports, writing "The unlimited, unrestrained freedom of the corn trade, as it is the only effectual preventative of the miseries of a famine, so it is the best palliative of the inconveniences of a dearth; for the inconveniences of a real scarcity cannot be remedied, they can only be palliated." In other words, given that corn was in short supply, the question was who got to eat it, those who could pay or those who had eaten when it was abundant. This essay influenced many British leaders, including
817:'moral'. Moral is a signal which brings on a rush of polemical blood to the academic head. Nothing had made my critics angrier than the notion that a food rioter might have been more 'moral' than a disciple of Dr. Adam Smith." Thompson attempted to clarify that his concept of moral economy was focused on a specific geographic, political, social, and temporal context. It included the combination of "beliefs, usages, and forms associated with the marketing of food" in 18th century England.
713:"explored the pattern of food riots and market disturbances in terms of their geographical distribution, frequency, level of violence". Thompson focused on the mindset of the 18th century crowdâused to the older, disintegrating economic system, which Thompson described as a moral economyâthat paternalistically protected workers through crises and death, in return for authority over them. He contrasted this with the emerging system that broke that implicit compact.
909:-historians, shifting away from traditional historiography. In his 1975 book, Stevenson was critical of Thompson for his attempt to decode peasant culture in the context of social and economic change. He rejected Thompson's concept of moral economy based on what Thompson called "extraordinary deep-rooted pattern of behaviour and belief" which legitimised their protests against the "propertied and those in authority".
826:
851:, which included two unsuccessful 1930s uprisings. Scott reported that during the colonial era, economic and political transformations systematically violated what the lower classes perceived as social equity, and that this was an important cause of rebellions. Scott summarized peasant ideas of economic justice and exploitation as their moral economy and that violations of those norms led to revolts.
646:
activities became legal/common. Feudal peasants became industrial workers who experienced deprivation, and in extreme cases, starvation. Thompson said that the
English riots were not just a response to physical hunger, but reflected public outrage against what rioters perceived to be the immorality of the new economic system.
575:
and accumulation... It is indeed the moral economy that they always keep out of sight. When they talk about the tendency of large masses of capital, and the division of labour, to increase production and cheapen commodities, they do not tell us of the inferior human being which a single and fixed occupation must produce."
804:
that clergymen in the sixteenth and seventeenth century preached against economic practices that were not strictly illegal, but were "uncharitable". He said that, when the clergy condemned selling food at high prices or raising rents, it is possible that this influenced the behavior of
Christians who
574:
and of 19th century political economists. Bronterre wrote, "True political economy is like a true domestic economy; it does not consist solely in slaving and saving; there is a moral economy as well as political... These quacks would make wreck of the affections, in exchange for incessant production
901:
The conclusions obtained by
Russian-Soviet economist A.V. Chayanov largely coincide with the results of modern research. And despite the fact that A.V. Chayanov did not directly introduce the term âmoral economyâ in his works in the 1910s-1930s, he largely predetermined its emergence, including the
732:
that had no prior history". In 1991, Thompson acknowledged that he did not coin it. He wrote that he thought that the term dated to at least the mid-18th century. Thompson cited
Bronterre O'Brien's 1837 usage, which was similar to Thompson's. Götz wrote that in pre-capitalist England, the customary
916:
John P. Powelson wrote: "In a moral economy , with today's technology no one should be poor⊠The moral economy captures the benefits of technological invention through classic liberalism while using sidewise checks and balances to prevent environmental damage, ethnic and gender bias, and distorted
933:, claimed that the well-being of the planet requires a "whole earth economy", which they also called a moral economy. The authors described a moral economy as ecologically and morally coherent resource use for the common good. The authors address purpose, function, size, fairness, and governance.
716:
Thompson investigated how in rural
England in the 18th century, peasants made the decision to riot. He acknowledged that "riots were triggered off by soaring prices, by malpractices among dealers, or by hunger." However, he claimed that the riots were powered by the sense that old norms had been
917:
distributions of wealth... In the moral economy, governments facilitate but rarely mandate." Such an economy maintains a balance between interventionism and libertarianism; between economic factors and ethical norms. Powelson sees a moral economy and economic prosperity as mutually reinforcing.
865:
Scott, citing
Polanyi, described how farmers, tenants, and laborers invoked "moral economies or market logic" when it served their interests against market forces. The kind of market regulation they struggled with was informed by "historical origins and institutional structure of any particular
816:
he wrote that
Thompson's use of 'moral' conflates 'moral' as in 'mores' or customs with 'moral' as the principled stanceâespecially in terms of the "common good" as defined by "customary rights and utopian aspirations". In his reflection, Thompson wrote that "Maybe the trouble lies in the word
645:
Thompson explored how peasants' grievances reflected a popular consensus that economic activity should occur in accord with commonly held values. These included social norms, mutual obligations, and responsibilities. During industrialization, protective laws disappeared, and previously illegal
743:
Thompson presented his work at an April 1966 conference. He described moral economy as a "traditional consensus of crowd rights that were swept away by market forces." Thompson contrasted the "bread-nexus" that emerged in the 18th century with the "cash-nexus" of the industrial revolution.
755:, author of the 1790 "Essay upon the law of contracts and agreements", for denouncing the older systems for undermining the "rule of law". Horwitz claimed that the older systems were better ways of organizing contracts, as they were more "equitable conceptions of substantive justice".
1012:, Tim Rogan included Thompson in his trio of the 20th century's most influential critics of capitalismâalong with Tawney and Polanyi because they were read widely, informed research, and influenced public opinion. All three were historians who challenged
720:
Thompson said that the riots were "legitimized by the assumptions of an older moral economy, which taught the immorality of... profiteering upon the necessities of the people". The riots were an effort by the protestors to re-establish the disintegrating
839:
869:
In his introduction Scott described a "safety first subsistence ethic" that he observed. He claimed it was a consequence of precapitalist peasant societies enduring inadequate reserves and fearing food shortages.
591:
This "crowd" included "tinners, colliers, weavers, hosiery workers, and labouring people", regularly rioted against grain merchants and traders who raised their prices in lean years. The 1971 essay provided a
1524:
Realism, utopia, and the mushroom cloud: four activist intellectuals and their strategies for peace, 1945-1989 : Louise Weiss (France), Leo
Szilard (USA), E.P. Thompson (England), Danilo Dolci (Italy)
649:
Thompson re-defined and re-analyzed the concept. In his 1991 review of his 1971 article and its numerous critics, Thompson said that his use of the concept was set within that specific historical context.
526:
2027:
1345:
925:
The Quaker
Institute for the Future (QIF), established in 2003, launched the Moral Economy Project. The project expanded the term to incorporate environmental concerns. The project was based on
905:
In the chapter, "The 'Moral Economy' of the English Crowd: Myth and Reality" John Stevenson criticized Thompson and the other British scholars who, he claimed, followed the lead of the French
777:
Thompson cited examples of British administrators sent to India who resisted government interventions in the market in spite of the "vast exigencies of Indian famine" during the
519:
618:
that converted common lands into individually held plots, to merchants who raised prices in times of relative shortage, and to other practices that Thompson associated with
2012:
981:
Thompson was described by Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas in 2020 as one of the "most important social thinkers of our age", whose work informed critical theory, alongside
812:, included the 1971 essay "The Moral Economy" along with his reflections on the article. In Marc Edelman's chapter "E. P. Thompson and Moral Economies", in the 2012
658:
Thompson described himself as an empiricist. Thompson's historical writing and his political engagement were linked. In the 1960s, he sided with the students in the
1455:
929:'s 1966 article, "The economics of the coming spaceship earth". Boulding advocated for an integrated, holistic, ecological worldview. The related 2009 publication,
512:
611:" to explain why the crowd made the decision to riot. He concluded that they grieved the loss of their traditional livelihoods, facing hunger and/or starvation.
2564:
in Spanish Knowledge (XXG). In Mexico, Aguirre Rojas is known for his work on critical history and his use of the methodologies informed by the Annales school.
1652:
1621:
1094:
671:
journal article "The Moral Economy of the Crowd in Eighteenth Century". The article was based on a collaborative project he had undertaken in 1963 with
1314:
740:
Thompson's concept of moral economy was adopted by scholars from disciplines outside history, such as political science, sociology, and anthropology.
1088:"was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda..."
796:
Thompson held that a community consensus agreed that rioters were "informed by the belief that they were defending traditional rights or customs."
1290:
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767:
87:
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Norbert Götz examined Thompson's moral economy in relation to classical political economy. He claimed that Thompson "treated the concept as a
2643:
2588:
2402:
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2045:
1976:
Science and Art of Management / Bulletin of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law of the Russian State University for the Humanities
1954:
1929:
1904:
1872:
1777:
1584:
1559:
1531:
1465:
1119:"Conceptualizing contexts or contextualizing concepts? On some issues of the modeling of relational spaces in the study of collective action"
305:
596:
of the traditional feudal economy as "moral", in contrast to the "classical" (in the sense of an economy in which prices were determined by
1825:
542:
is a way of viewing economic activity in terms of its moral, rather than material, aspects. The concept was developed in 1971 by British
82:
352:
2546:
2721:
2624:
2485:
2334:
2026:
Stevenson, John (1985). "The 'Moral Economy' of the English Crowd: Myth and Reality". In Fletcher, Anthony; Stevenson, John (eds.).
1438:
1268:
374:
92:
1736:
758:
Thompson claimed that the emerging political economy was epitomized by Smith's chapter, "Digression concerning the corn trade" in
358:
1492:
24:
1602:
843:. He studied colonial archives in Paris and London. He focused on colonization and decolonization in the peasant world of
342:
702:. Previously, historians presented the peasants and working class "as one of the problems Government has had to handle".
2740:
691:
2127:
2158:
778:
447:
394:
117:
41:
2502:
667:
567:
2745:
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and charity protected many from starvation in the 18th century. For example, in 1795, the government enacted the
347:
292:
72:
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estimated that approximately 10 million people died in the famine, which Sen described as manmade. In England,
763:
585:
389:
384:
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571:
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in his essay, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century". He referred to a specific
457:
112:
2750:
2688:
2538:
1319:
2006:
1035:
1025:
638:
607:, adopting the perspective of the crowd, rather than that of investors and business owners, crafting a "
502:
33:
2419:
1457:
The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, c. 1550â1850
1118:
1055:
1002:
874:
672:
168:
37:
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2nd edition with new postscript, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968, third edition with new preface 1980.
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1404:
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1030:
752:
417:
369:
2534:
Lessons in Critical Theory; Marx, Benjamin, Braudel, Bakhtin, Thompson, Ginzburg and Wallerstein
1922:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
879:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
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2717:
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2620:
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2542:
2481:
2439:
2398:
2395:
From Pleasure Machines to Moral Communities: An Evolutionary Economics Without Homo Economicus
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2216:
2191:
2106:
2076:
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1987:
1950:
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364:
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1979:
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477:
432:
324:
135:
662:
at his university, and in the 1980s, he was Europe's most well-known antinuclear activist.
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722:
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153:
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269:
130:
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1821:
1344:
Edelman, Marc (2012). "E. P. Thompson and Moral Economies". In Fassin, Didier (ed.).
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837:
revised Thompson's concept of moral economics. He applied it in his 1976 publication
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437:
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248:
210:
2710:
2451:
1983:
1680:
Thompson, Edward P. (1991). "The Moral Economy of the Crowd in Eighteenth Century".
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107:
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1799:(2001). "Puritanism and the Poor". In Horrox, Rosemary; Jones, Sarah Rees (eds.).
1653:"Albion Spring 2009: Classics of Englishness: E. P. Thompson and Raymond Williams"
1213:
1196:
1134:
1084:
Black and MacRaild wrote that Thompson's 1966 essay, 'History from below', in the
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1862:
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1616:
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782:
623:
253:
158:
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633:
619:
2617:
The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia
2443:
2288:
1991:
1864:
The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia
1400:
840:
The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia
982:
786:
729:
615:
487:
205:
2700:
2073:
Popular Protest and Public Order: Six Studies in British History, 1790-1920
1392:
2510:
2326:
221:
2319:
Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief
1107:
Polanyi did not use the term "moral economy". This was Scott's summary.
848:
844:
555:
543:
2691:(1971). "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century".
2263:"Introduction to the thematic issue 'Moral Economy: New Perspectives'"
1408:
1380:
600:). Thompson saw the "crowd" as active subjects, not passive objects.
97:
62:
1920:
Moore, Barrington; Moore, Lecturer on Sociology Barrington (1993) .
2634:
Stehr, Nico; Henning, Christoph; Weiler, Bernd (31 December 2011).
2236:
Stehr, Nico; Henning, Christoph; Weiler, Bernd (31 December 2011).
2655:"'Moral economy': its conceptual history and analytical prospects"
2474:
The Efficient Society: Why Canada is as Close to Utopia as it Gets
1381:"The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century"
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1197:"'Moral economy': its conceptual history and analytical prospects"
824:
1431:
Moral Economy and Popular Protest: Crowds, Conflict and Authority
67:
2358:
Sandberg, Joakim (2015). "Moral economy and normative ethics".
675:, who was working on 18th and 19th century protests in France.
2213:
The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation
947:
The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation
1764:
Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
2071:
Quinault, R.; Quinault, Roland E.; Stevenson, John (1975).
2032:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 218â238.
1552:
The Police and the People: French Popular Protest 1789-1820
891:
The Police and the People: French Popular Protest 1789-1820
2317:
Götz, Norbert; Brewis, Georgina; Werther, Steffen (2020).
1970:
Gukovskaya, Anastasiya A. & Leonova, Irina V. (2023).
1315:"Still relevant: The Making of the English Working Class"
665:
He spent almost a decade gathering evidence for his 1971
1575:
Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. (1 January 2016) .
1896:
Agrarian Studies: Synthetic Work at the Cutting Edge
1801:
Pragmatic utopias: ideals and communities, 1200-1630
1675:
1673:
1429:
Randall, Adrian; Charlesworth, Andrew, eds. (2000).
1165:
1163:
993:(who was highly influential in the Annales school),
554:
in a specific era, seen from the perspective of the
1888:
1886:
1884:
1600:Thompson, Edward P. (1966), "History from Below'",
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
2709:
2188:Right Relationship: Building a Whole Earth Economy
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1761:
1256:
931:Right Relationship: Building a Whole Earth Economy
2572:
2570:
2166:Environmental Quality Issues in a Growing Economy
1791:
1789:
1730:
1728:
737:and Tudor eras and was based on market exchange.
2096:
2094:
2092:
2066:
2064:
1545:
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2261:Friberg, Katarina; Götz, Norbert (4 May 2015).
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1246:
1244:
1242:
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1236:
1234:
1232:
941:Other works that invoke moral economy include:
2509:, MultiText Project in History, archived from
2011:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1719:Essay upon the law of contracts and agreements
1339:
1337:
902:methodological aspects of the later research.
889:Scott also cited Richard Charles Cobb, author
578:Thompson first used the term in his 1963 book
2159:"The economics of the coming spaceship earth"
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1704:The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860
1657:Albion Magazine Online: Exploring Englishness
1554:. London, New York: Oxford University Press.
1486:
1484:
873:Scott differentiated his views from those of
520:
8:
1517:
1515:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
1972:"A.V. Chayanov's ideas and "moral economy""
1893:Scott, James C.; Bhatt, Nina (2001-01-01).
1098:introduced the concept to a wider audience.
951:Götz, Siméant-Germanos, and Sandberg (2015)
833:In the 1970s and 1980s political scientist
808:The 1991 compilation of Thompson's essays,
2029:Order and Disorder in Early Modern England
686:", like that of British social historians
527:
513:
18:
2670:
2619:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2503:"Moral Economy (in early modern Ireland)"
2321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1212:
1803:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1735:"Digression concerning the corn trade".
1526:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
805:were concerned about their reputations.
747:Prior to the eighteenth century rise of
603:He worked in the emerging discipline of
546:social historian and political activist
2186:Brown, Peter; Garver, Geoffrey (2009).
1622:A People's History of the United States
1291:The Making of the English Working Class
1159:
1095:A People's History of the United States
1077:
614:Thompson traced the root causes to the
581:The Making of the English Working Class
32:
2531:Aguirre Rojas, Carlos Antonio (2020).
2004:
1550:Cobb, Richard Charles (1 April 1970).
887:Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century.
2420:"Moral Economy and Political Economy"
1947:Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century
800:said in his chapter in the 2001 book
632:) regulation that he identified with
7:
1454:Bohstedt, John (10 November 2016) .
1768:. Oxford University Press. p.
1500:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
1117:Siméant-Germanos, Johanna (2021).
814:A Companion to Moral Anthropology,
14:
1347:A Companion to Moral Anthropology
2418:Sayer, Andrew (1 January 2000).
2211:Shapin, Steven (1 August 2009).
2105:. University of Michigan Press.
1949:. University of Oklahoma Press.
570:introduced the term in his 1837
16:Way of viewing economic activity
2636:The Moralization of the Markets
2577:Rogan, Tim (18 December 2017).
2397:. University of Chicago Press.
2238:The Moralization of the Markets
2215:. University of Chicago Press.
1984:10.28995/2782-2222-2023-2-10-21
1625:. London and New York: Longman.
682:is associated with the phrase "
584:in reference to England's 1795
2653:Götz, Norbert (29 July 2015).
2583:. Princeton University Press.
2436:10.1080/19187033.2000.11675254
1861:Scott, James C. (1977-09-10).
1195:Götz, Norbert (29 July 2015).
353:Formalistâsubstantivist debate
1:
2672:10.1080/17449626.2015.1054556
2537:. Translated by Robin Myers.
2393:Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2013).
2372:10.1080/17449626.2015.1054557
2281:10.1080/17449626.2015.1054564
2157:Boulding, Kenneth E. (1966).
1603:The Times Literary Supplement
1214:10.1080/17449626.2015.1054556
1172:Bronterre's National Reformer
1170:Bronterre (21 January 1837),
1135:10.1080/14742837.2019.1629899
343:Critique of political economy
2708:Thompson, Edward P. (1991).
2562:Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas
2424:Studies in Political Economy
2038:10.1017/CBO9780511560552.010
1717:Powell, John Joseph (1790).
1255:Thompson, Edward P. (1991).
793:to address extreme poverty.
733:order had roots in both the
2126:Heyne, Paul (Summer 2000).
2101:Powelson, John P. (2000) .
1826:"Moral Economies Revisited"
1706:. Harvard University Press.
1702:Horwitz, Morton J. (1977).
1016:in economics as outsiders.
862:as informing his own work.
779:Great Bengal famine of 1770
723:Tudor policies of provision
395:Anthropology of development
283:Colonialism and development
2777:
2638:. Transaction Publishers.
2240:. Transaction Publishers.
1579:. Macmillan Education UK.
1433:. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
954:Götz and co-authors (20200
694:. Its antecedents were in
626:, and limited regulation (
2138:. Vol. 5, no. 1
1899:. Yale University Press.
1867:. Yale University Press.
1835:. Crisis and Critique: 26
1494:History and Social Theory
1086:Times Literary Supplement
897:Beyond Thompson and Scott
348:Original affluent society
293:The Anti-Politics Machine
2659:Journal of Global Ethics
2615:Scott, James C. (1976).
2360:Journal of Global Ethics
2268:Journal of Global Ethics
1379:Thompson, E. P. (1971).
1201:Journal of Global Ethics
860:The Great Transformation
764:William Pitt the Younger
390:Heritage commodification
385:Nutritional anthropology
359:The Great Transformation
2716:. New York: New Press.
2507:University College Cork
1986:(inactive 2024-08-16).
1945:Wolf, Eric R. (1999) .
1651:Donnelly, Fred (2009).
1353:. John Wiley & Sons
1263:. New York: New Press.
1123:Social Movement Studies
802:Puritanism and the Poor
572:criticism of capitalism
568:James Bronterre O'Brien
566:According to Thompson,
113:Inalienable possessions
2472:Heath, Joseph (2001).
2136:The Independent Review
2128:"Review of Powelson's
1684:. New York: New Press.
1522:Bess, Michael (1993).
1491:Burke, Peter (2005) .
1320:Times Higher Education
830:
829:Cambodian rice farming
308:People Without History
2327:10.1017/9781108655903
2075:. Allen & Unwin.
1636:Rudé, George (1964).
1036:Intentional community
1026:Economic anthropology
945:Steven Shapin's 2009
921:Moral Economy Project
885:, author of the 1969
877:, author of the 1966
828:
760:The Wealth of Nations
639:The Wealth of Nations
503:cultural anthropology
2701:10.1093/past/50.1.76
2580:The Moral Economists
1824:(15 February 2019).
1760:Amartya Sen (1981).
1638:The Crowd in History
1393:10.1093/past/50.1.76
1313:(21 November 2013).
1056:Non-market economics
1010:The Moral Economists
1003:Immanuel Wallerstein
875:Barrington Moore Jr.
707:The Crowd in History
673:Richard Charles Cobb
458:BronisĆaw Malinowski
169:Shifting cultivation
148:Provisioning systems
2741:Economic ideologies
2513:on 24 December 2008
2190:. Berrett-Koehler.
1296:Victor Gollancz Ltd
791:Speenhamland system
749:classical economics
483:Harold K. Schneider
238:Gifting remittances
164:Nomadic pastoralism
126:Spheres of exchange
120:(commodity pathway)
2693:Past & Present
1640:. New York: Wiley.
1061:Perverse incentive
1031:Free-rider problem
1008:In his 2017 book,
831:
753:John Joseph Powell
705:In his 1964 book,
684:history from below
668:Past & Present
609:history from below
418:Alexander Chayanov
370:Culture of poverty
272:(hunter-gatherers)
2712:Customs in Common
2645:978-1-4128-1587-1
2590:978-0-691-17300-9
2404:978-0-226-92271-3
2247:978-1-4128-1587-1
2222:978-0-226-75017-0
2197:978-1-57675-762-8
2130:The Moral Economy
2112:978-0-472-08672-6
2103:The Moral Economy
2082:978-0-04-942137-0
2047:978-0-521-34932-1
1956:978-0-8061-3196-2
1931:978-0-8070-5073-6
1906:978-0-300-08502-0
1874:978-0-300-18555-3
1797:Patrick Collinson
1779:978-0-19-828463-5
1738:Wealth of Nations
1682:Customs in Common
1586:978-1-137-47860-3
1561:978-0-19-881297-5
1533:978-0-226-04420-0
1467:978-1-138-25769-6
1259:Customs in Common
912:In the 1998 book
810:Customs in Common
798:Patrick Collinson
598:supply and demand
537:
536:
375:Political economy
365:Peasant economics
316:Political economy
179:Peasant economics
154:Hunting-gathering
2768:
2746:Economy by field
2727:
2715:
2704:
2684:
2674:
2649:
2630:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1924:. Beacon Press.
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1818:
1805:
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1767:
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1677:
1668:
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1648:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1577:Studying History
1572:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1385:Past and Present
1376:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1286:
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1274:
1262:
1252:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1147:
1146:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1082:
927:Kenneth Boulding
696:Georges Lefebvre
692:Christopher Hill
660:student protests
616:enclosure system
556:poorest citizens
529:
522:
515:
478:Marshall Sahlins
433:Maurice Godelier
337:Related articles
325:Jim Crow economy
136:Cultural capital
121:
118:Singularization
19:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2707:
2689:Thompson, E. P.
2687:
2652:
2646:
2633:
2627:
2614:
2611:
2609:Further reading
2606:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2541:. p. 166.
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
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2209:
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2198:
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2173:
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2156:
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2100:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1892:
1891:
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1860:
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1378:
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1178:
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1151:
1150:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1022:
995:Mikhail Bakhtin
991:Fernand Braudel
987:Walter Benjamin
979:
957:Sandberg (2015)
939:
923:
899:
854:Scott credited
823:
698:and the French
656:
564:
533:
493:
492:
423:Stanley Diamond
408:
407:Major theorists
400:
399:
380:State formation
338:
330:
329:
307:
306:Europe and the
192:
184:
183:
149:
141:
140:
119:
58:Commodification
53:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2756:Market failure
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2705:
2695:(50): 76â136.
2685:
2665:(2): 147â162.
2650:
2644:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2566:
2548:978-1433169113
2547:
2523:
2501:Kelly, James,
2493:
2486:
2476:(1 ed.).
2464:
2410:
2403:
2385:
2366:(2): 176â187.
2350:
2335:
2309:
2275:(2): 143â146.
2253:
2246:
2228:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2171:
2149:
2118:
2111:
2088:
2081:
2060:
2046:
2018:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1905:
1880:
1873:
1846:
1806:
1785:
1778:
1752:
1724:
1709:
1687:
1669:
1643:
1628:
1608:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1560:
1539:
1532:
1511:
1480:
1466:
1446:
1439:
1421:
1387:(50): 76â136.
1364:
1333:
1302:
1276:
1269:
1228:
1207:(2): 147â162.
1176:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1129:(2): 139â154.
1109:
1100:
1092:'s 1980 book,
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:Social dilemma
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1014:utilitarianism
999:Carlo Ginzburg
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
964:
963:(2013), (2000)
958:
955:
952:
949:
938:
935:
922:
919:
914:Moral Economy,
907:Annales school
898:
895:
835:James C. Scott
822:
821:James C. Scott
819:
768:Lord Grenville
700:Annales school
688:Raphael Samuel
680:social history
655:
654:E. P. Thompson
652:
605:social history
563:
560:
558:âthe "crowd".
552:class struggle
548:E. P. Thompson
535:
534:
532:
531:
524:
517:
509:
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133:
131:Social capital
128:
123:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
88:Redistribution
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
52:Basic concepts
51:
50:
47:
46:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Social ethics
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2725:
2723:9781565840034
2719:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2626:0-300-02190-9
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2487:0-670-89149-5
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:(1): 79â103.
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:9781108655903
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2199:
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2176:
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2167:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2137:
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2131:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
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2089:
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2078:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1923:
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1913:
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1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1866:
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1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1822:Didier Fassin
1817:
1815:
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1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
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1786:
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1563:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1460:. Routledge.
1459:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1440:0-333-67184-8
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1410:
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1371:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1311:Colls, Robert
1306:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:9781565840034
1266:
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1153:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
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1120:
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1004:
1000:
996:
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984:
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962:
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953:
950:
948:
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943:
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918:
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871:
867:
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841:
836:
827:
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815:
811:
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724:
718:
714:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:
663:
661:
653:
651:
647:
643:
641:
640:
636:'s 1776 book
635:
631:
630:
629:laissez-faire
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
587:
583:
582:
576:
573:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Moral economy
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
510:
508:
507:
504:
500:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Marvin Harris
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Jane I. Guyer
441:
439:
438:David Graeber
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Raymond Firth
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Paul Bohannan
411:
410:
404:
403:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
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281:
280:
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274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
250:
249:Organ gifting
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:Moka exchange
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
174:Moral economy
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
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91:
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81:
79:
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66:
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61:
59:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
39:
35:
31:
28:
26:
21:
20:
2711:
2692:
2662:
2658:
2635:
2616:
2594:. Retrieved
2579:
2552:. Retrieved
2533:
2526:
2515:, retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2496:
2478:Viking Press
2473:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2427:
2423:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2318:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2272:
2266:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2187:
2165:
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1090:Howard Zinn
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