437:(1844â1900) believed that we have to assess the value of our values since values are relative to one's goals and one's self. He emphasized the need to analyze our moral values and how much impact they may have on us. The problem with morality, according to Nietzsche, is that those who were considered "good" were the powerful nobles who had more education, and considered themselves better than anyone below their rank. Thus, what is considered good is relative. A "good man" is not questioned on whether or not there is a "bad", such as temptations, lingering inside him and he is considered to be more important than a man who is considered "bad" who is considered useless to making the human race better because of the morals we have subjected ourselves to. But since what is considered good and bad is relative, the importance and value we place on them should also be relative. He proposed that morality itself could be a danger. Nietzsche believed that morals should be constructed actively, making them relative to who we are and what we, as individuals, consider to be true, equal, good and bad, etc. instead of reacting to moral laws made by a certain group of individuals in power.
1963:
rightness and wrongness), so that moral statements (such as "honesty is good" and "slavery is unjust") purport to represent moral facts, and express propositions that are true or false (or approximately true, largely false and so on). The alethic thesis: Some moral propositions are in fact true. The metaphysical thesis: Moral propositions are true when actions and other objects of moral assessment have the relevant moral properties (so that the relevant moral facts obtain), where these facts and properties are robust: their metaphysical status, whatever it is, is not relevantly different from that of (certain types of ordinary non-moral facts and properties).
850:... threatens to undermine any secure objective foundation for morality. The result is the widespread moral degeneration that we witness today. To counter this tendency, mere moral exhortation is insufficient. If morality is to function as an efficient guide to conduct, it cannot be propounded as a self-justifying scheme but must be embedded in a more comprehensive spiritual system which grounds morality in a transpersonal order. Religion must affirm, in the clearest terms, that morality and ethical values are not mere decorative frills of personal opinion, not subjective superstructure, but intrinsic laws of the cosmos built into the heart of reality.
1864:...the non-objectivist need not be a relativist. Suppose the moral facts depend on the attitudes or opinions of a particular group or individual (e.g., "X is good" means "Caesar approves of X," or "The Supreme Court rules in favor of X," etc.), and thus moral truth is an entirely mind-dependent affair. Since, in this case, all speakers' moral utterances are made true or false by the same mental activity, then this is not strictly speaking a version of relativism, but is, rather, a relation-designating account of moral terms (see Stevenson 1963: 74 for this distinction).
911:, a denial is not required. A moral relativist who claims that you should act according to the laws in whatever country you are a citizen of, accepts all three claims: moral facts express propositions that can be true or false (you can see if a given action is against the law or not), some moral propositions are true (some actions abide by the laws in someone's country), and moral facts are ordinary (laws are not mental states, they are physical objects in the world). However, this view is a relativist one as it is dependent on the country you are a citizen of.
868:(the view that the truth of ethical claims are not mind independent). While these views are often held together, they do not entail each other. For example, someone who claims "something is morally right for me to do because the people in my culture think it is right" is both a moral relativist (because what is right and wrong depends on who is doing it), and an ethical subjectivist (because what is right and wrong is determined by mental states, i.e. what people think is right and wrong).
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is identifying which group of people those truths are relative to. Another component is that many people belong to more than one group. The beliefs of the groups that a person belongs to may be fundamentally different, and so it is hard to decide which are relative and which win out. A person practicing meta-ethical relativism would not necessarily object to either view, but develop an opinion and argument.
25:
715:, have suggested that meta-ethical relativists essentially take themselves out of any discussion of normative morality, since they seem to be rejecting an assumption of such discussions: the premise that there are right and wrong answers that can be discovered through reason. Practically speaking, such critics will argue that meta-ethical relativism may amount to
360:
196:. He has written specifically that thinkers labeled as such usually simply believe "that the grounds for choosing between such opinions is less algorithmic than had been thought", not that every single conceptual idea is as valid as any other. In this spirit, Rorty has lamented that "philosophers have... become increasingly isolated from the rest of culture."
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646:(1919â2002), argue that moral propositions remain subject to human logical rules, notwithstanding the absence of any factual content, including those subject to cultural or religious standards or norms. Thus, for example, they contend that one cannot hold contradictory ethical judgments. This allows for moral
531:âin vogue during the early part of the 20th century, and which identified moral propositions as true or false, and known to us through a special faculty of intuitionâbecause of the obvious differences in beliefs among societies, which he said provided evidence of the lack of any innate, intuitive power.
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However, someone who thinks that what is right and wrong is whatever a deity thinks is right or wrong would be a subjectivist (morality is based on mental states), but not a relativist (morality is the same for everyone). In contrast, someone who claims that to act ethically you must follow the laws
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Some arguments come when people question which moral justifications or truths are said to be relative. Because people belong to many groups based on culture, race, religion, etc., it is difficult to claim that the values of the group have authority for the members. A part of meta-ethical relativism
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even argue that intolerance is, to some degree, important. As he puts it, "we need not adopt a quietism about moral traditions that cause hardship and suffering. Nor need we passively accept the moral norms of our own respective societies, to the extent that they are ineffective or counterproductive
1898:
In short, the non-objectivism vs. objectivism and the relativism vs. absolutism polarities are orthogonal to each other, and it is the former pair that is usually taken to matter when it comes to characterizing anti-realism. Moral relativism is sometimes thought of as a version of anti-realism, but
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These critics argue specifically that the moral relativists reduce the extent of their input in normative moral discussions to either rejecting the very having of the discussion, or else deeming both disagreeing parties to be correct. For instance, the moral relativist can only appeal to preference
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In all cases, it may be that what determines the difference in the relevant contexts is something "mind-dependent"âin which case it would be anti-realist relativismâbut it need not be; perhaps what determines the relevant difference is an entirely mind-independent affair, making for an objectivist
1962:
No single description is likely to capture all realist views, but a reasonably accurate rule is to understand moral realism as the conjunction of three theses: The semantic thesis: The primary semantic role of moral predicates (such as "right" and "wrong") is to refer to moral properties (such as
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of moral terms. They do not affirm or deny that moral facts exist, only that human logic applies to our moral assertions; consequently, they postulate an objective and preferred standard of moral justification, albeit in a very limited sense. Nevertheless, according to Hare, human logic shows the
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to tolerate the behavior of others even when it runs counter to our personal or cultural moral standards. Most philosophers do not agree, partially because of the challenges of arriving at an "ought" from relativistic premises. Meta-ethical relativism seems to eliminate the normative relativist's
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the behavior of others even when large disagreements about morality exist. Said concepts of the different intellectual movements involve considerable nuance and aren't absolute descriptions. Descriptive relativists do not necessarily adopt meta-ethical relativism. Moreover, not all meta-ethical
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and of moral relativism, though Hume himself did not espouse relativism. He distinguished between matters of fact and matters of value, and suggested that moral judgments consist of the latter, for they do not deal with verifiable facts obtained in the world, but only with our sentiments and
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that what people consider right and wrong is shaped entirelyânot primarilyâby the traditions, customs, and practices of their culture. Moreover, since in his analysis of human understanding there cannot be any higher moral standard than that provided by the local morals of a culture, no
302:, which argues that, even though well-intentioned persons disagree, and some may even remain unpersuadable (e.g. someone who is closed-minded), there is still a meaningful sense in which an action could be more "moral" (morally preferable) than another; that is, they believe there
518:
and philosophers to question whether any objective, absolute standards pertaining to values could exist. This led some to posit that differing systems have equal validity, with no standard for adjudicating among conflicting beliefs. The
Finnish philosopher-anthropologist
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or descriptive position that there exist, in fact, fundamental disagreements about the right course of action even when the same facts hold true and the same consequences seem likely to arise. It is the observation that different cultures have different moral standards.
440:
One scholar, supporting an anti-realist interpretation, concludes that "Nietzsche's central argument for anti-realism about value is explanatory: moral facts don't figure in the 'best explanation' of experience, and so are not real constituents of the objective world.
514:); and that in comparing customs, the anthropologist "insofar as he remains an anthropologist ... is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other". To some extent, the increasing body of knowledge of great differences in belief among societies caused both
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or simply unnecessary". That is, it is perfectly reasonable (and practical) for a person or group to defend their subjective values against others, even if there is no universal prescription or morality. We can also criticize other cultures for failing to pursue even
240:
Descriptive relativists do not necessarily advocate the tolerance of all behavior in light of such disagreement; that is to say, they are not necessarily normative relativists. Likewise, they do not necessarily make any commitments to the semantics,
667:, which meet with universal understanding and do not depend upon independent standards (for example, one can convert measurements). It applies to good and bad when used in their non-moral sense, too; for example, when we say, "this is a
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1801:
A subjectivist ethical theorist is a theory according to which moral judgements about men or their actions are judgements about the way people react to these men and actions - that is, the way they think or feel about
295:). What's more, they argue that one cannot adjudicate these disagreements using any available independent standard of evaluationâany appeal to a relevant standard would always be merely personal or at best societal.
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passions. But Hume regarded some of our sentiments as universal. He famously denied that morality has any objective standard, and suggested that the universe remains indifferent to our preferences and our troubles.
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Normative moral relativists believe not only the meta-ethical thesis, but that it has normative implications on what we ought to do. Normative moral relativists argue that meta-ethical relativism implies that we
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In short, the non-objectivism vs. objectivism and the relativism vs. absolutism polarities are orthogonal to each other, and it is the former pair that is usually taken to matter when it comes to characterizing
460:. The Platonist view holds that what is 'true', or most real, is something which is other-worldly while the (real) world of experience is like a mere 'shadow' of the Forms, most famously expressed in Plato's
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ability to make prescriptive claims. In other words, normative relativism may find it difficult to make a statement like "we think it is moral to tolerate behaviour" without always adding "other people think
659:). Hare and other philosophers also point out that, aside from logical constraints, all systems treat certain moral terms alike in an evaluative sense. This parallels our treatment of other terms such as
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might call another society's practice 'ignorant' or 'less moral', but there would still be much debate about courses of action (e.g. whether to focus on providing better education, or technology, etc.).
287:
Meta-ethical relativists are, first, descriptive relativists: they believe that, given the same set of facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what a person
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wheel". This evaluative property of certain terms also allows people of different beliefs to have meaningful discussions on moral questions, even though they may disagree about certain "facts".
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579:. In this case, morality is defined as the set of relative social practices that promote the survival and successful reproduction of the species, or even multiple cooperating species.
523:(1862â1939) ranks as one of the first to formulate a detailed theory of moral relativism. He portrayed all moral ideas as subjective judgments that reflect one's upbringing. He rejected
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587:
The literary perspectivism begins at the different versions of the Greek myths. Symbolism created multiple suggestions for a verse. Structuralism teaches us the polysemy of the poems.
1978:
Guy Ankerl, Global
Communication without Universal Civilization. vol I: Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. (Geneva, INUPRESS, 2000.
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while discussions have continued to the present day. Besides the material created by philosophers, the concept has additionally attracted attention in diverse fields including art,
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Critics propose that moral relativism fails because it rejects basic premises of discussions on morality, or because it cannot arbitrate disagreement. Many critics, including
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1899:(short of stipulating usage) there is no basis for this classification; it is better to say that some versions of relativism may be anti-realist and others may be realist.
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Meta-ethical moral relativists believe not only that people disagree about moral issues, but that terms such as "good", "bad", "right" and "wrong" do not stand subject to
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moral relativism holds that people do, in fact, disagree fundamentally about what is moral, without passing any evaluative or normative judgments about this disagreement.
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507:âusing the standards of their own culture to evaluate their subjects of study. Benedict said that transcendent morals do not existâonly socially constructed customs do (
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of your country would be a relativist (morality is dependent on who you are), but not a subjectivist (morality is based on facts about the world, not mental states).
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pleasure. This accusation that relativists reject widely held terms of discourse is similar to arguments used against other "discussion-stoppers" like some forms of
386:(c. 599â527 BC) states that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth; and the
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The moral relativists may also still try to make sense of non-universal statements like "in this country, it is wrong to do X" or even "to me, it is right to do Y".
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260:, which simply admit that it is incorrect to assume that the same moral or ethical frameworks are always in play in all historical and cultural circumstances.
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justify tolerance, and that disagreement with moral systems does not always demand interference, and certainly not aggressive interference. For example, the
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conditions at all; rather, they are relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of an individual or a group of people. The
American anthropologist
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did not espouse relativist views of morality per se and held nuanced opinions, his thinking has been widely influential in the development of relativism.
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827:. Many of the main criticisms of moral relativism by the Catholic Church relate largely to modern controversies, such as elective abortion.
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Given this presupposition, it seems reasonable to be both a transcendentalist and an empiricist, or what I call a transcendent empiricist.
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objective standards of evaluation that seem worth calling "moral facts"âregardless of whether they are universally accepted.
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403:(c. 484â420 BC) observed that each society regards its own belief system and way of doing things as better than all others.
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The metaphysical status of moral facts is robust and ordinary, not importantly different from other facts about the world.
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Depending on how a moral relativist position is constructed, it may or may not be independent of moral realism.
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Sterling
Harwood, "Taking Ethics Seriously -- Moral Relativism versus Moral Realism" in Sterling Harwood, ed.,
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Moral statements have meaning, they express propositions, or are the kind of things that can be true or false.
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and others have argued that after about 1960, Europeans massively abandoned many traditional norms rooted in
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trans-cultural judgement about the rightness or wrongness of a culture's morals could possibly be justified.
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Moral relativism has been debated for thousands of years across a variety of contexts during the history of
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in particular has argued that the label of being a "relativist" has become warped and turned into a sort of
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967: â Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or morally wrong and that morality doesn't exist
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1600:"Reasonable Doubts Podcast, Ibn Warraq interviews "Defending the West" and "What the Koran Really Says""
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1942:. Donald M. Borchert (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 379â382.
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813:. The most authoritative response to moral relativism from the Catholic perspective can be found in
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2152:, (The MacMillan Company, 1937, reprinted, 1975 by Permission of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., (
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935: â Anthropological concept that requires one's behaviors to be understood in cultural context
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Sterling
Harwood, "Against MacIntyre's Relativistic Communitarianism" in Sterling Harwood, ed.,
1271:
1187:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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468:, which prioritized life-denying moral qualities such as humility and obedience through the
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Philosophical positions about the differences in moral judgments across peoples and cultures
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of moral judgement; that is, not all descriptive relativists are meta-ethical relativists.
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2033:, "Skepticism in Ethics" (Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1989).
979: â Takes into account the particular context of an act when evaluating it ethically
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While many moral relativists deny one or more of these claims, and therefore could be
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396:(c. 481â420 BC) famously asserted that "man is the measure of all things". The Greek
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418:(1632â1677) notably held that nothing is inherently good or evil. The 18th-century
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By assigning value and spiritual ideals to private subjectivity, the materialistic
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has become separated from procreation, which led to a decline in the importance of
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and replaced them with continuously evolving relative moral rules. In this view,
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2167:
1181:
Gowans, Chris (15 October 2017). "Moral
Relativism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
789:
decadence of Europe to the displacement of absolute values by moral relativism.
442:
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24:
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2006:
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426:(1711â1776) serves in several important respects as the father both of modern
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233:
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137:
2009:, "Difficulties in the Emotive-Imperative Theory" in Paul W Taylor (editor):
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1957:
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1883:"Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism)"
1849:"Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism)"
1819:"Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism)"
1747:"Moral Anti-Realism (Supplement on Moral Objectivity and Moral Relativism)"
464:. Nietzsche believes that this transcendence also had a parallel growth in
252:
Descriptive relativism is a widespread position in academic fields such as
359:
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Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J.Adam (2020-09-21). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
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made a similar criticism, and explains that moral relativism fails as a
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Moral relativism encompasses views and arguments that people in various
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moral relativism holds that because nobody is right or wrong, everyone
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was an influential advocate of this view. He argues in his 1906 work
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1919:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1889:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1855:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1825:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1753:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1558:(Winter 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1200:"Tolerance is more than putting up with things â it's a moral virtue"
1059:(Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
806:
785:
Catholic and some secular intellectuals attribute the perceived post-
650:
with shared standards, notwithstanding the descriptive properties or
387:
203:. Arguments of particular notability have been made in areas such as
2036:
Ronald F. Duska, "What's the Point of a
Business Ethics Course?", 1
1729:, "A Buddhist Response to Contemporary Dilemmas of Human Existence"
1652:
1575:
2250:
5487:
5149:
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to object to the practice of murder or torture by individuals for
591:
452:
It is certain that
Nietzsche criticizes Plato's prioritization of
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272:
208:
2222:. Minimal Truth, Moral Conflict and Metaethical Relativism. 2006.
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have held over several thousand years. For example, the ancient
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4872:
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2164:), See Chapters 1 and 2 entitled "Ethical Relativity", pp 1â68.
1781:(2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA.
683:"Ethical Relativity" is the topic of the first two chapters in
5332:
3852:
2044:(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), pp. 11â21.
18:
4368:
2086:(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), pp. 5â10.
884:
are committed to some version of the following three claims:
166:
moral relativism holds that in such disagreements, nobody is
2079:(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), pp. 2â4.
655:
error of relativism in one very important sense (see Hare's
4148:
3161:
2011:
The Moral
Judgement: Readings in Contemporary Meta-Ethics
943: â Latin maxim that there is no accounting for taste
411:
philosophers denied the existence of objective morality.
1707:
Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam
1576:"Moral Relativism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1338:"Protagoras of Abdera: Of All Things Man Is The Measure"
1028:"Moral Relativism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
949: â View that people might only act in self-interest
985: â Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
1992:
1998: "The violence and the search for new values" in
1775:
Harrison, Jonathan (2006). Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
148:. An advocate of such ideas is often referred to as a
1272:"Introduction to Utilitarianism â Utilitarianism.net"
1682:
Gowans, Chris (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1404:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 362â363.
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2040:335â352(1991), reprinted in Sterling Harwood, ed.,
324:of certain behaviours is moral". Philosophers like
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3063:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1637:"Review of Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity"
1457:
746:simply because it cannot arbitrate disagreements.
3151:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
291:to do or prefer (based on societal or individual
1239:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
781:Relativism § Catholic Church and relativism
1529:. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 67.
1440:, "Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy"
2172:The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism
2094:An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
4384:
3177:
2282:
2186:The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas
955: â Family of views in moral epistemology
864:Moral relativism is a distinct position from
855:Views commonly confused with moral relativism
503:(1887â1948) have cautioned observers against
8:
4124:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
140:positions concerned with the differences in
1550:Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J. Adam (2019),
232:Descriptive moral relativism is merely the
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2084:Business as Ethical and Business as Usual
2077:Business as Ethical and Business as Usual
2042:Business as Ethical and Business as Usual
1198:Witenberg, Rivka T. (16 September 2014).
590:Examples of relativistic literary works:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2136:Existentialism From Dostoevsky to Sartre
1641:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
860:Moral relativism vs ethical subjectivism
185:relativists adopt normative relativism.
4156:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2983:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1917:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1887:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1853:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1823:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1751:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1556:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1303:Koller, John M. (July, 2000) pp. 400â07
1184:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1157:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1057:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
995:
144:judgments across different peoples and
3075:List of human rights abuses by country
2563:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2528:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2070:Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity
1253:
1242:
1224:http://jetpress.org/v21/blackford3.htm
876:Moral relativism vs moral anti-realism
342:argue further that their system often
3146:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1876:
1874:
1872:
1835:(and potentially realist) relativism.
1812:
1810:
1740:
1738:
1618:"Simon Blackburn on Moral Relativism"
1442:article link at Stanford Encyclopedia
622:Criticisms of meta-ethical relativism
535:Arguments for meta-ethical relativism
7:
2134:, "Existentialism is a Humanism" in
1423:. Florence, KY: Routledge. pp.
929: â Philosophical study of value
47:adding citations to reliable sources
4172:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2256:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2243:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2199:Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy
1382:. History of Philosophy As I See It
1129:Swoyer, Chris (February 22, 2003).
445:, in short, can be 'explained away.
2573:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2435:National human rights institutions
2430:List of human rights organisations
1996:, (Elkar, 1999), pp. 11â116.
973: â Branch of moral philosophy
14:
1731:article link at Access to Insight
897:Some moral propositions are true.
6448:
6447:
6434:
4353:
4352:
2558:at GuantĂĄnamo Bay detention camp
1314:"Protagoras | Greek philosopher"
1109:"The Ancient Greek Civilization"
23:
2683:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2389:Natural rights and legal rights
2379:Claim rights and liberty rights
940:De gustibus non est disputandum
642:Some philosophers, for example
571:has claimed that morality is a
34:needs additional citations for
4140:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
3510:Value monism â Value pluralism
2553:against Palestinians by Israel
2214:University of California Press
961: â Philosophical position
923: â Kind of existentialism
136:) is used to describe several
1:
2072:(Blackwell Publishing), 1996.
1915:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1885:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1851:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1821:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1749:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1554:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1084:University of Minnesota Press
1055:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
5920:Ordinary language philosophy
4204:On the Genealogy of Morality
4164:Critique of Practical Reason
2394:Negative and positive rights
1498:The Science of Good and Evil
1476:evolution of morality joyce.
1464:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1380:"Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)"
1235:Gowans, Chris (2004-02-19).
1222:at the end of his review at
5970:Contemporary utilitarianism
5885:Internalism and externalism
3136:List of human rights awards
3008:in the United Arab Emirates
2384:Individual and group rights
2176:University of Chicago Press
363:While Scottish philosopher
6511:
5234:Svatantrika and Prasangika
4132:A Treatise of Human Nature
3058:of the Marcos dictatorship
2142:(World Publishing Company)
2126:Cambridge University Press
1939:Encyclopedia of philosophy
1778:Encyclopedia of philosophy
1525:Stace, Walter T. (1975) .
1343:World History Encyclopedia
1294:Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231
1079:Consequences of Pragmatism
778:
767:
635:
548:
481:On the Genealogy of Morals
168:objectively right or wrong
6428:
6143:
6126:
5533:
4879:
4868:
4456:Philosophy of mathematics
4446:Philosophy of information
4417:
4406:
4348:
3003:in the State of Palestine
2988:in the Dominican Republic
2568:during the Gaddafi regime
2450:
2343:
2304:
2038:Business Ethics Quarterly
1635:Blackburn, Simon (1998).
1460:The Evolution of Morality
569:evolutionary anthropology
487:The Twilight of the Idols
298:This view contrasts with
3483:Universal prescriptivism
2203:Harvard University Press
2174:, ed. Thomas L. Pangle (
2096:, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp (
2013:Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
1936:Vayrynen, Pekka (2006).
1699:Josef Cardinal Ratzinger
921:Atheistic existentialism
638:Universal prescriptivism
499:Anthropologists such as
414:In the early modern era
5925:Postanalytic philosophy
5866:Experimental philosophy
3272:Artificial intelligence
3126:History of human rights
2533:Enforced disappearances
2523:Crimes against humanity
2098:Oxford University Press
2056:Oxford University Press
1911:Joyce, Richard (2016),
1881:Joyce, Richard (2016),
1847:Joyce, Richard (2016),
1817:Joyce, Richard (2016),
1745:Joyce, Richard (2016),
1493:"Transcendent Morality"
1400:Smith, Douglas (2008).
1378:Kelley L. Ross (1999).
1318:Encyclopedia Britannica
1076:Rorty, Richard (1982).
719:, or else incoherence.
577:evolutionary mechanisms
128:(often reformulated as
6058:Social constructionism
5070:Hellenistic philosophy
4486:Theoretical philosophy
4461:Philosophy of religion
4451:Philosophy of language
3070:Incitement to genocide
2363:Universal jurisdiction
2262:Living with Relativism
1366:Outlines of Pyrrhonism
1252:Cite journal requires
1051:Gowans, Chris (2019),
852:
671:wrench" or "this is a
601:The Alexandria Quartet
545:Morality and evolution
368:
6441:Philosophy portal
5960:Scientific skepticism
5940:Reformed epistemology
4466:Philosophy of science
4196:The Methods of Ethics
3434:Divine command theory
3429:Ideal observer theory
3131:List of global issues
2150:The Concept of Morals
2066:Judith Jarvis Thomson
1994:Euskal Herria krisian
1688:(Fall 2015 ed.).
1527:The Concept of Morals
844:
703:Philosophical poverty
685:The Concept of Morals
551:Evolution of morality
362:
277:William Graham Sumner
188:American philosopher
5861:Critical rationalism
5568:Edo neo-Confucianism
5412:Acintya bheda abheda
5391:Renaissance humanism
5102:School of the Sextii
4476:Practical philosophy
4471:Political philosophy
4313:Political philosophy
3013:in the United States
2788:in Jammu and Kashmir
2334:Fundamental concepts
2154:Macmillan Publishers
2146:Walter Terence Stace
1913:"Moral Anti-Realism"
1709:(Basic Books, 2006.
1415:Spinks, Lee (2003).
1368:Book III, Chapter 21
1086:. pp. 166â169.
959:Ethical subjectivism
953:Ethical intuitionism
901:Metaphysical thesis:
866:ethical subjectivism
842:monk, has written:
731:or the rejection of
689:Walter Terence Stace
679:Walter Terence Stace
561:cognitive psychology
557:evolutionary biology
529:ethical intuitionism
475:Beyond Good and Evil
462:allegory of the cave
43:improve this article
5432:Nimbarka Sampradaya
5343:Korean Confucianism
5090:Academic Skepticism
4283:Evolutionary ethics
4244:Reasons and Persons
4220:A Theory of Justice
3374:Uncertain sentience
2998:in the Soviet Union
2898:in Papua New Guinea
2548:Human rights abuses
2506:Human rights abuses
2410:Corporal punishment
2216:, 1986), 248 pages.
2025:Patterns of Culture
1419:Friedrich Nietzsche
1402:Friedrich Nietzsche
933:Cultural relativism
909:moral anti-realists
615:Zazie dans le métro
575:that was shaped by
512:cultural relativism
435:Friedrich Nietzsche
340:Moral universalists
134:relativist morality
6053:Post-structuralism
5955:Scientific realism
5910:Quinean naturalism
5890:Logical positivism
5846:Analytical Marxism
5065:Peripatetic school
4977:Chinese naturalism
4504:Aesthetic response
4431:Applied philosophy
4278:Ethics in religion
4273:Descriptive ethics
4108:Nicomachean Ethics
2993:in the Philippines
2518:Crime of apartheid
2238:"Moral Relativism"
2182:Edward Westermarck
2052:Sorting out Ethics
2031:Panayot Butchvarov
1237:"Moral Relativism"
1053:"Moral Relativism"
1004:"Moral Relativism"
977:Situational ethics
816:Veritatis Splendor
697:moral universalism
657:Sorting out Ethics
573:natural phenomenon
521:Edward Westermarck
407:and other ancient
369:
300:moral universalism
126:ethical relativism
58:"Moral relativism"
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5841:Analytic feminism
5813:
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5775:Kierkegaardianism
5737:Transcendentalism
5697:Neo-scholasticism
5543:Classical Realism
5520:
5519:
5292:
5291:
5107:Neopythagoreanism
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4481:Social philosophy
4366:
4365:
4333:Social philosophy
4318:Population ethics
4308:Philosophy of law
4288:History of ethics
3771:Political freedom
3448:Euthyphro dilemma
3239:Suffering-focused
3159:
3158:
3141:Three generations
2501:
2500:
2418:
2417:
1471:978-0-262-10112-7
825:Pope John Paul II
791:Pope Benedict XVI
775:Roman Catholicism
516:social scientists
326:Russell Blackford
130:relativist ethics
119:
118:
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93:
6502:
6495:Ethical theories
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6450:
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6018:Frankfurt School
5965:Transactionalism
5915:Normative ethics
5895:Legal positivism
5871:Falsificationism
5856:Consequentialism
5851:Communitarianism
5824:
5692:New Confucianism
5531:
5338:Neo-Confucianism
5303:
5112:Second Sophistic
5097:Middle Platonism
4940:
4881:
4870:
4713:Epiphenomenalism
4580:Consequentialism
4514:Institutionalism
4419:
4408:
4393:
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4379:
4370:
4356:
4355:
4303:Moral psychology
4248:
4240:
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4228:Practical Ethics
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4212:Principia Ethica
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4200:
4192:
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4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
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4128:
4120:
4116:Ethics (Spinoza)
4112:
3751:Moral imperative
3209:Consequentialism
3186:
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2913:in Punjab, India
2538:Forced migration
2448:
2341:
2336:and philosophies
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2251:Moral Relativism
2247:
2234:Zalta, Edward N.
2210:Moral Relativity
2195:Bernard Williams
2132:Jean-Paul Sartre
2122:Principia Ethica
2108:Moral Relativism
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1685:Moral Relativism
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1622:philosophy bites
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1602:. Archived from
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1008:Ethics Unwrapped
1000:
983:Isâought problem
889:Semantic thesis:
693:moral absolutism
652:truth conditions
606:Lawrence Durrell
555:Research within
448:
405:Sextus Empiricus
122:Moral relativism
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6068:Western Marxism
6033:New Historicism
5998:Critical theory
5984:
5980:Wittgensteinian
5876:Foundationalism
5809:
5746:
5727:Social contract
5583:Foundationalism
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5498:
5482:Illuminationism
5467:Aristotelianism
5453:
5442:Vishishtadvaita
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5055:Megarian school
5050:Eretrian school
4991:
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4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4096:
3869:
3862:
3786:Self-discipline
3746:Moral hierarchy
3694:Problem of evil
3639:Double standard
3629:Culture of life
3587:
3516:
3463:Non-cognitivism
3378:
3253:
3195:
3190:
3160:
3155:
3114:
2943:in South Africa
2933:in Sierra Leone
2928:in Saudi Arabia
2658:in Burkina Faso
2613:in Azad Kashmir
2497:
2439:
2414:
2398:
2367:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2319:Intersex people
2300:
2295:
2232:
2229:
2212:(Berkeley, CA:
2208:David B. Wong,
2140:Walter Kaufmann
1975:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1725:
1721:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1653:10.2307/2653640
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1580:www.iep.utm.edu
1574:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1032:www.iep.utm.edu
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
917:
895:Alethic thesis:
878:
862:
857:
833:
803:sexual activity
783:
777:
772:
766:
761:
752:
750:Other criticism
740:Simon Blackburn
705:
691:argues against
681:
640:
634:
629:
624:
610:Raymond Queneau
585:
553:
547:
542:
537:
527:'s (1873â1958)
505:ethnocentricism
446:
357:
331:their own goals
312:
266:
230:
225:
207:and historical
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6508:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6444:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6244:Middle Eastern
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6151:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6008:Existentialism
6005:
6003:Deconstruction
6000:
5994:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:Applied ethics
5832:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5800:Nietzscheanism
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5742:Utilitarianism
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5640:Transcendental
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5578:Existentialism
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:Augustinianism
5363:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5279:Zoroastrianism
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5122:Church Fathers
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4637:Libertarianism
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Metaphilosophy
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4328:Secular ethics
4325:
4323:Rehabilitation
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4188:Utilitarianism
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Existentialist
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Constructivism
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:Non-naturalism
3414:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:Utilitarianism
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:in Switzerland
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:in South Korea
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:in North Korea
2880:
2875:
2873:in New Zealand
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:in Kyrgyzstanâ
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:in El Salvador
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:in Balochistan
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:in Afghanistan
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Atrocity crime
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2248:
2228:
2227:External links
2225:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2206:
2192:
2179:
2165:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2101:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2062:Gilbert Harman
2059:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2018:
2004:
1990:Joxe Azurmendi
1987:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1928:
1903:
1868:
1839:
1806:
1787:
1767:
1734:
1719:
1691:
1674:
1647:(1): 195â198.
1627:
1609:
1606:on 2009-11-18.
1591:
1567:
1542:
1535:
1517:
1507:
1480:
1470:
1454:Joyce, Richard
1445:
1430:
1407:
1392:
1370:
1355:
1329:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1276:Utilitarianism
1263:
1254:|journal=
1227:
1215:
1190:
1168:
1143:
1118:
1099:
1092:
1068:
1043:
1019:
994:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
980:
974:
971:Secular ethics
968:
965:Moral nihilism
962:
956:
950:
947:Ethical egoism
944:
936:
930:
924:
916:
913:
905:
904:
898:
892:
882:Moral realists
877:
874:
861:
858:
856:
853:
838:, an American
832:
829:
776:
773:
765:
762:
760:
757:
751:
748:
717:moral nihilism
704:
701:
680:
677:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
584:
581:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
493:The Antichrist
416:Baruch Spinoza
356:
353:
311:
308:
265:
262:
229:
226:
224:
221:
205:ancient Greece
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6507:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:Postmodernism
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6455:
6454:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:Miscellaneous
6379:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:Miscellaneous
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Structuralism
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Postmodernism
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Phenomenology
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Vienna Circle
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Moral realism
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Phenomenology
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Individualism
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5512:Judeo-Islamic
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5488:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Shuddhadvaita
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Scholasticism
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Conceptualism
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Particularism
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Functionalism
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Eliminativism
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Compatibilism
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Particularism
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Moral courage
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:Good and evil
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Family values
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Quasi-realism
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:Environmental
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Particularism
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:in Uzbekistan
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:in the Russia
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:in Kazakhstan
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:in Bangladesh
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:in Azerbaijan
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:South America
2482:
2480:
2478:
2477:North America
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:Organizations
2421:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:entry in the
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:0-8446-2990-1
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:Ruth Benedict
2019:
2016:
2015:Prentice-Hall
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:84-8331-572-6
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:2-88155-004-5
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:0-02-865780-2
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:0-02-865780-2
1784:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1763:anti-realism.
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:Bhikkhu Bodhi
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:0-465-00634-5
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Marcello Pera
1700:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:0-8446-2990-1
1532:
1528:
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795:Marcello Pera
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48:
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37:
32:This article
30:
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6446:
6432:
6103:
6094:Postcritique
6084:Kyoto School
6043:Posthumanism
6023:Hermeneutics
5878: /
5819:Contemporary
5795:Newtonianism
5758:Cartesianism
5717:Reductionism
5553:Conservatism
5548:Collectivism
5486:
5214:SarvÄstivadÄ
5192:Anekantavada
5117:Neoplatonism
5085:Epicureanism
5018:Pythagoreans
4957:Confucianism
4923:Contemporary
4913:Early modern
4817:Anti-realism
4771:Universalism
4728:Subjectivism
4524:Epistemology
4337:
4293:Human rights
4236:After Virtue
3962:Schopenhauer
3736:Moral agency
3609:Common sense
3505:Universalism
3494:
3473:Expressivism
3453:Intuitionism
3424:Subjectivism
3369:Terraforming
3344:Professional
3038:in Venezuela
2953:in Sri Lanka
2833:in Lithuania
2758:in Indonesia
2738:in Hong Kong
2733:in Guatemala
2603:in Australia
2593:in Argentina
2444:By continent
2372:Distinctions
2353:Positive law
2298:Human rights
2254:
2241:
2209:
2198:
2185:
2171:
2149:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2104:Steven Lukes
2093:
2083:
2076:
2069:
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2041:
2037:
2024:
2010:
1993:
1973:Bibliography
1961:
1938:
1931:
1921:, retrieved
1916:
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1852:
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1822:
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1777:
1770:
1761:
1755:, retrieved
1750:
1722:
1706:
1694:
1684:
1677:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1604:the original
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1560:, retrieved
1555:
1552:"Relativism"
1545:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1497:
1483:
1475:
1459:
1448:
1438:Brian Leiter
1433:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1373:
1365:
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1347:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
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1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1245:cite journal
1230:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
1193:
1183:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1153:"Relativism"
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1131:"Relativism"
1113:Bartleby.com
1102:
1078:
1071:
1061:, retrieved
1056:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
939:
906:
900:
894:
888:
879:
870:
863:
845:
834:
814:
811:depopulation
799:Christianity
784:
753:
744:moral system
743:
738:Philosopher
737:
721:
713:Eddie Tabash
706:
684:
682:
672:
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613:
599:
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589:
586:
554:
508:
498:
491:
485:
479:
473:
466:Christianity
451:
443:Moral values
439:
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422:philosopher
413:
380:Anekantavada
370:
343:
338:
335:
330:
321:
316:
313:
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297:
288:
286:
280:
267:
264:Meta-ethical
254:anthropology
251:
247:epistemology
239:
231:
201:civilization
198:
187:
177:
171:
163:Meta-ethical
161:
155:
154:
149:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:
105:
99:October 2011
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
6089:Objectivism
6028:Neo-Marxism
5990:Continental
5900:Meta-ethics
5880:Coherentism
5785:Hegelianism
5722:Rationalism
5682:Natural law
5662:Materialism
5588:Historicism
5558:Determinism
5449:Navya-NyÄya
5224:SautrÄntika
5219:Pudgalavada
5155:Vaisheshika
5008:Presocratic
4908:Renaissance
4847:Physicalism
4832:Materialism
4738:Normativity
4723:Objectivism
4708:Emergentism
4698:Behaviorism
4647:Metaphysics
4613:Determinism
4552:Rationalism
4111:(c. 322 BC)
3977:Kierkegaard
3796:Stewardship
3573:Rousseauian
3490:Rationalism
3402:Cognitivism
3349:Programming
3324:Meat eating
3297:Engineering
3085:Persecution
3053:in Zimbabwe
2978:in Thailand
2888:in Pakistan
2843:in Malaysia
2708:in Ethiopia
2668:in Cambodia
2648:in Botswana
2460:Middle East
2358:Sovereignty
2348:Natural law
2220:Paul Julian
2168:Leo Strauss
687:, in which
391:philosopher
348:utilitarian
322:intolerance
228:Descriptive
157:Descriptive
6485:Relativism
6480:Metaethics
6469:Categories
6388:Amerindian
6295:Australian
6234:Vietnamese
6214:Indonesian
5763:Kantianism
5712:Positivism
5702:Pragmatism
5677:Naturalism
5657:Liberalism
5635:Subjective
5573:Empiricism
5477:Avicennism
5422:Bhedabheda
5306:East Asian
5229:Madhyamaka
5209:Abhidharma
5075:Pyrrhonism
4842:Nominalism
4837:Naturalism
4766:Skepticism
4756:Relativism
4746:Absolutism
4675:Naturalism
4585:Deontology
4557:Skepticism
4542:Naturalism
4532:Empiricism
4496:Aesthetics
4400:Philosophy
4007:Bonhoeffer
3716:Immorality
3659:Eudaimonia
3619:Conscience
3614:Compassion
3500:Skepticism
3495:Relativism
3412:Naturalism
3392:Absolutism
3364:Technology
3214:Deontology
3110:War crimes
3043:in Vietnam
3028:in Ukraine
2918:in Romania
2878:in Nigeria
2863:in Myanmar
2858:in Morocco
2848:in Manipur
2823:in Lebanon
2798:in Kashmir
2773:in Ireland
2728:in Germany
2663:in Burundi
2643:in Bolivia
2638:in Belarus
2623:in Bahrain
2608:in Austria
2598:in Armenia
2583:in Algeria
2118:G.E. Moore
2090:David Hume
2007:Kurt Baier
1923:2021-03-08
1893:2021-03-08
1859:2021-03-08
1829:2021-03-08
1757:2021-03-08
1585:2020-05-28
1562:2020-05-28
1386:2009-12-07
1349:2020-05-28
1323:2020-05-28
1281:2022-04-14
1209:2020-05-28
1162:2020-12-13
1093:0816610649
1063:2020-05-28
1037:2020-05-27
1013:2020-05-27
990:References
848:world view
821:encyclical
779:See also:
768:See also:
725:hedonistic
709:Ibn Warraq
695:, but for
644:R. M. Hare
636:See also:
632:R. M. Hare
596:Dead Souls
549:See also:
540:Scientific
525:G.E. Moore
424:David Hume
409:Pyrrhonist
394:Protagoras
365:David Hume
223:Variations
194:pejorative
150:relativist
69:newspapers
6267:Pakistani
6229:Taiwanese
6176:Ethiopian
6149:By region
6135:By region
5950:Scientism
5945:Systemics
5805:Spinozism
5732:Socialism
5667:Modernism
5630:Objective
5538:Anarchism
5472:Averroism
5361:Christian
5313:Neotaoism
5284:Zurvanism
5274:Mithraism
5269:Mazdakism
5040:Cyrenaics
4967:Logicians
4600:Free will
4562:Solipsism
4509:Formalism
4268:Casuistry
4180:Either/Or
4087:Korsgaard
4082:Azurmendi
4047:MacIntyre
3987:Nietzsche
3917:Augustine
3912:Confucius
3892:Aristotle
3868:Ethicists
3826:Intrinsic
3791:Suffering
3701:Happiness
3674:Free will
3654:Etiquette
3599:Authority
3543:Epicurean
3538:Confucian
3533:Christian
3468:Emotivism
3292:Discourse
3229:Pragmatic
3201:Normative
3023:in Uganda
3018:in Turkey
2973:in Taiwan
2908:in Poland
2893:in Panama
2853:in Mexico
2838:in Malawi
2813:in Kuwait
2778:in Israel
2713:in France
2673:in Canada
2653:in Brazil
2588:in Angola
2189:Macmillan
2138:, ed. by
2048:R.M. Hare
1661:0031-8205
759:Religious
733:induction
729:solipsism
648:discourse
428:emotivism
401:Herodotus
398:historian
310:Normative
270:universal
258:sociology
173:Normative
6475:Morality
6453:Category
6408:Yugoslav
6398:Romanian
6305:Scottish
6290:American
6219:Japanese
6199:Buddhist
6181:Africana
6171:Egyptian
6013:Feminist
5935:Rawlsian
5930:Quietism
5828:Analytic
5780:Krausism
5687:Nihilism
5652:Kokugaku
5615:Absolute
5610:Idealism
5598:Humanism
5386:Occamism
5353:European
5298:Medieval
5244:Yogacara
5204:Buddhist
5197:SyÄdvÄda
5080:Stoicism
5045:Cynicism
5033:Sophists
5028:Atomists
5023:Eleatics
4962:Legalism
4903:Medieval
4827:Idealism
4781:Ontology
4761:Nihilism
4665:Idealism
4423:Branches
4412:Branches
4358:Category
4298:Ideology
4263:Axiology
4092:Nussbaum
4042:Frankena
4037:Anscombe
4027:Williams
3982:Sidgwick
3902:Valluvar
3897:Diogenes
3882:Socrates
3806:Theodicy
3801:Sympathy
3766:Pacifism
3756:Morality
3669:Fidelity
3649:Equality
3604:Autonomy
3592:Concepts
3553:Feminist
3528:Buddhist
3458:Nihilism
3397:Axiology
3354:Research
3287:Computer
3282:Business
3048:in Yemen
2968:in Syria
2958:in Sudan
2938:in Sindh
2868:in Nepal
2828:in Libya
2808:in Kenya
2793:in Japan
2783:in Italy
2753:in India
2748:in Haiti
2743:in Egypt
2723:in Ghana
2718:in Gabon
2698:in Egypt
2688:in China
2678:in Chile
2543:Genocide
2314:Children
2027:(mentor)
1958:61151356
1797:61151356
1491:(2004).
1456:(2006).
927:Axiology
915:See also
840:Buddhist
831:Buddhism
807:families
583:Literary
565:ethology
496:, etc.)
472:. (See
384:Mahavira
373:cultures
281:Folkways
243:ontology
234:positive
213:religion
182:tolerate
146:cultures
6403:Russian
6372:Spanish
6367:Slovene
6357:Maltese
6352:Italian
6332:Finland
6300:British
6282:Western
6272:Turkish
6257:Islamic
6252:Iranian
6204:Chinese
6191:Eastern
6158:African
6105:more...
5790:Marxism
5620:British
5563:Dualism
5459:Islamic
5417:Advaita
5407:Vedanta
5381:Scotism
5376:Thomism
5318:Tiantai
5261:Persian
5249:Tibetan
5239:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
5180:CÄrvÄka
5170:ÄjÄ«vika
5165:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
5145:Samkhya
5060:Academy
5013:Ionians
4987:Yangism
4944:Chinese
4935:Ancient
4898:Western
4893:Ancient
4852:Realism
4809:Reality
4799:Process
4680:Realism
4660:Dualism
4655:Atomism
4537:Fideism
4256:Related
4002:Tillich
3967:Bentham
3942:Spinoza
3937:Aquinas
3922:Mencius
3836:Western
3811:Torture
3776:Precept
3731:Loyalty
3726:Liberty
3721:Justice
3634:Dignity
3624:Consent
3568:Kantian
3558:Islamic
3521:Schools
3407:Realism
3339:Nursing
3334:Medical
3319:Machine
3259:Applied
3119:Related
3105:Victims
3100:Torture
3095:Slavery
2903:in Peru
2768:in Iraq
2763:in Iran
2693:in Cuba
2489:Oceania
2403:Aspects
2236:(ed.).
2191:, 1906.
2114:, 2008.
2112:Picador
1669:2653640
1136:May 10,
809:and to
456:as the
355:History
217:science
83:scholar
6362:Polish
6342:German
6337:French
6322:Danish
6312:Canada
6262:Jewish
6224:Korean
6209:Indian
5751:People
5672:Monism
5625:German
5593:Holism
5526:Modern
5504:Jewish
5427:Dvaita
5400:Indian
5323:Huayan
5175:Ajñana
5132:Indian
4997:Greco-
4982:Taoism
4972:Mohism
4918:Modern
4885:By era
4874:By era
4789:Action
4670:Monism
4590:Virtue
4572:Ethics
4247:(1984)
4239:(1981)
4231:(1979)
4223:(1971)
4215:(1903)
4207:(1887)
4199:(1874)
4191:(1861)
4183:(1843)
4175:(1820)
4167:(1788)
4159:(1785)
4151:(1780)
4143:(1759)
4135:(1740)
4127:(1726)
4119:(1677)
4077:Taylor
4062:Parfit
4057:Singer
4032:Mackie
3907:Cicero
3848:Virtue
3781:Rights
3706:Honour
3563:Jewish
3359:Sexual
3267:Animal
3249:Virtue
3193:Ethics
3080:Murder
2472:Europe
2455:Africa
2309:Humans
2160:
2064:&
2017:, 1963
2000:
1982:
1956:
1946:
1795:
1785:
1713:
1667:
1659:
1533:
1505:
1468:
1090:
567:, and
470:church
215:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6393:Aztec
6347:Greek
6327:Dutch
6317:Czech
6166:Bantu
5603:Anti-
5150:Nyaya
5140:Hindu
5000:Roman
4794:Event
4436:Logic
4339:Index
4101:Works
4072:Adams
4067:Nagel
4022:Dewey
4017:Rawls
3997:Barth
3992:Moore
3957:Hegel
3932:Xunzi
3887:Plato
3877:Laozi
3858:Wrong
3831:Japan
3821:Value
3816:Trust
3711:Ideal
3578:Stoic
3329:Media
3314:Legal
2324:Women
1802:them.
1665:JSTOR
819:, an
592:Gogol
458:Forms
388:Greek
377:Jaina
317:ought
293:norms
289:ought
273:truth
245:, or
209:India
178:ought
142:moral
90:JSTOR
76:books
5494:Sufi
5328:Chan
5187:Jain
5160:Yoga
4690:Mind
4630:Hard
4618:Hard
4052:Hare
4012:Foot
3972:Mill
3952:Kant
3947:Hume
3927:Mozi
3843:Vice
3761:Norm
3689:Evil
3684:Good
3644:Duty
3384:Meta
3307:Land
3234:Role
3219:Care
3090:Rape
2465:Asia
2158:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1954:OCLC
1944:ISBN
1793:OCLC
1783:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1657:ISSN
1531:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1258:help
1138:2010
1088:ISBN
711:and
669:good
665:more
661:less
344:does
256:and
62:news
5768:Neo
5333:Zen
3853:Vow
3583:Tao
3277:Bio
2156:),
1649:doi
823:by
787:war
673:bad
663:or
612:'s
604:by
594:'s
509:see
304:are
180:to
132:or
124:or
45:by
6471::
2240:.
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2170:,
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2050:,
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