129:
2197:
1071:
cells absorb the stain during supravital staining, they exclude it during "vital staining"; for example, they color negatively while only dead cells color positively, and thus viability can be determined by counting the percentage of total cells that stain negatively. Because the dye determines whether the staining is supravital or intravital, a combination of supravital and vital dyes can be used to more accurately classify cells into various groups (e.g., viable, dead, dying).
321:
385:
1974:
578:. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant
46:
38:
699:. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used.
374:
1062:
A “vital dye” or stain is a dye capable of penetrating living cells or tissues without causing immediate visible degenerative changes. Such dyes are useful in medical and pathological fields in order to selectively color certain structures (such as cells) in order to distinguish them from surrounding
1066:
A distinction is drawn between dyes that are meant to be used on cells that have been removed from the organism prior to study (supravital staining) and dyes that are used within a living body - administered by injection or other means (intravital staining) - as the latter is (for instance) subject
1070:
The term "vital stain" is occasionally used interchangeably with both intravital and supravital stains, the underlying concept in either case being that the cells examined are still alive. In a stricter sense, the term "vital staining" means the polar opposite of "supravital staining." If living
1063:
tissue and thus make them more visible for study (for instance, under a microscope). As the visibility is meant to allow study of the cells or tissues, it is usually important that the dye not have other effects on the structure or function of the tissue that might impair objective observation.
684:
of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding.
103:
Synthetic dyes are produced from various chemicals. The great majority of dyes are obtained in this way because of their superior cost, optical properties (color), and resilience (fastness, mordancy). Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible
1053:
Dyes produced by the textile, printing and paper industries are a source of pollution of rivers and waterways. An estimated 700,000 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually (1990 data). The disposal of that material has received much attention, using chemical and biological means.
300:
discovered that certain cells or organisms took up certain dyes selectively. He then reasoned that a sufficiently large dose could be injected to kill pathogenic microorganisms, if the dye did not affect other cells. Ehrlich went on to use a compound to target
340:
The color of a dye is dependent upon the ability of the substance to absorb light within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (380-750 nm). An earlier theory known as Witt theory stated that a colored dye had two components, a
1067:
to higher safety standards, and must typically be a chemical known to avoid causing adverse effects on any biochemistry (until cleared from the tissue), not just to the tissue being studied, or in the short term.
146:
period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes
711:. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure.
582:
is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
92:. However, due to large-scale demand and technological improvements, most dyes used in the modern world are synthetically produced from substances such as petrochemicals. Some are extracted from
707:
are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or
672:, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye
862:
Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.
361:
which serves to deepen the color. This theory has been superseded by modern electronic structure theory which states that the color in dyes is due to excitation of valence
1809:
791:, they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by
2405:
438:
using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and
1652:
1361:
1310:
1823:
1604:
Zollinger, H. (2003). Color
Chemistry. Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments, 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
53:, the blue coloration of blue jeans. Although once extracted from plants, indigo dye is now almost exclusively synthesized industrially.
1329:
Lasers in the
Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII, Madrid, Spain, 17 - 21 September 2007
1327:
1721:
1625:
1371:
1337:
1252:
2066:
1885:
128:
652:, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing
1486:
171:
were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using
1854:
1225:
1187:
640:
bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as
909:
325:
1711:
1142:
903:
891:
378:
468:
is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of
1242:
2483:
1675:
Bafana, Amit; Devi, Sivanesan
Saravana; Chakrabarti, Tapan (2011-09-28). "Azo dyes: past, present and the future".
1097:
695:
is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling
2349:
1147:
184:
109:
257:
in 1856. The discovery of mauveine started a surge in synthetic dyes and in organic chemistry in general. Other
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2400:
971:
1034:
1001:
957:
952:
947:
1025:
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fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category. Examples of acid dye are
Alizarine Pure Blue B,
2139:
1132:
133:
2196:
1745:
2059:
1924:
1442:
677:
579:
305:, the first time a chemical was used in order to selectively kill bacteria in the body. He also used
254:
31:
238:, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, only few of which are used on a commercial scale.
1595:
Hunger, K., ed. (2003). Industrial Dyes. Chemistry, Properties, Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
590:
are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in
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1803:
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1547:
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sources, with no to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the
645:
320:
384:
2329:
2319:
2012:"Problems Associated with the Dissemination of Synthetic Dyes in the Oriental Carpet Industry"
1940:
1765:
1717:
1692:
1648:
1621:
1575:"Problems Associated with the Dissemination of Synthetic Dyes in the Oriental Carpet Industry"
1458:
1411:
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1306:
1248:
1221:
1183:
1137:
920:
669:
633:
543:
199:
1831:
1017:
108:. Dyes are usually soluble in some solvent, whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can be
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2359:
1932:
1757:
1684:
1539:
1512:
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1403:
1213:
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913:
804:
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156:
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were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as
113:
74:
1275:
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2052:
1978:
1973:
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591:
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480:
88:
are derived from non-animal sources such as roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and
1475:
1928:
1446:
73:
which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an
27:
Soluble chemical substance or natural material which can impart color to other materials
2426:
2379:
2156:
1530:
Anthony S. Travis (1990). "Perkin's Mauve: Ancestor of the
Organic Chemical Industry".
1122:
931:
859:, for wood staining and producing colored lacquers, solvent inks, coloring oils, waxes.
783:
One other class that describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the
768:
756:
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235:
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1777:
1203:
1201:
1199:
377:
RIT brand dye from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the
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2344:
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2228:
1791:
1112:
924:
834:
796:
749:
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treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to
America.
152:
117:
1862:
1179:
1642:
1615:
1363:
Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing (formerly Titled: Natural Dyes in the United States)
175:
techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the
2289:
2233:
2218:
2149:
1968:
1326:
Castillejo, Marta; Moreno, Pablo; Oujja, Mohamed; et al. (15 August 2008).
1102:
875:
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708:
681:
629:
625:
562:
465:
447:
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which imparts color by absorbing light in the visible region (some examples are
342:
250:
222:
has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from
207:
85:
62:
1761:
604:
of the dye. This form is often colorless, in which case it is referred to as a
2339:
2243:
2175:
1407:
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66:
50:
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1516:
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1415:
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Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.
37:
17:
2369:
2314:
2294:
2223:
2184:
2122:
1305:. Internet Archive. Brookfield, Conn. : Twenty-First Century Books.
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97:
78:
70:
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2106:
2094:
2075:
1641:
Burrows, A.; Holman, J.; Parsons, A.; Pilling, G.; Price, G. (2009).
865:
Mayhems dye, used in water cooling for looks, often rebranded RIT dye
653:
595:
521:
223:
219:
93:
89:
2016:
Journal of the
International Committee for the History of Technology
1997:
German
History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company
1688:
1617:
Syntheses, Properties, and
Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments
1579:
Journal of the
International Committee for the History of Technology
1543:
2011:
1574:
2421:
2354:
2334:
2089:
1127:
808:
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389:
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211:
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127:
105:
44:
36:
1644:
ChemistryÂł: Introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry
823:
A number of other classes have also been established, including:
612:
reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to
2099:
1913:"Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process"
1911:
Xu, Xiang-Rong; Li, Hua-Bin; Wang, Wen-Hua; Gu, Ji-Dong (2004).
1429:
Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; et al. (2009).
812:
601:
547:
427:
423:
393:
195:
2048:
792:
273:. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.
2195:
69:
to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from
1244:
Harvesting Color: How to Find Plants and Make Natural Dyes
1170:
Steingruber, Elmar (2004). "Indigo and Indigo Colorants".
546:
are used in the production of some lasers, optical media (
2044:
1977: This article incorporates text available under the
1752:. Food chemistry and biochemistry • Food bioprocessing.
608:, and has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent
570:, which improves the fastness of the dye against water,
276:
The discovery of mauve also led to developments within
2182:
2173:
2154:
2120:
2104:
1503:
Hubner, K. (2006). "History – 150 Years of mauveine".
442:
groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to
132:
Dyeing wool cloth, 1482: from a French translation of
2028:"Synthetic Dye - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2445:
2414:
2393:
2272:
2206:
2082:
1958:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/vital%20dye
484:is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly
81:to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
1394:Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man".
815:. Some naturally occurring dyes are also used.
464:, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually
1210:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1208:Booth, Gerald (2000). "Dyes, General Survey".
1172:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
680:, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing
2060:
1969:https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/78967
324:Historical collection of over 10,000 dyes at
8:
668:were originally developed for the dyeing of
1886:"New solution for dye wastewater pollution"
2406:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
2067:
2053:
2045:
1808:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
676:, but they can also be used to dye nylon,
1302:Dyes : from sea snails to synthetics
241:Early industrialization was conducted by
2004:The Emergence of the German Dye Industry
827:Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur
718:
1744:Rodriguez-Amaya, Delia B (2016-02-01).
1162:
65:substance that chemically bonds to the
1801:
807:compounds are used for colors such as
245:in Scotland. The first synthetic dye,
202:in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000
1746:"Natural food pigments and colorants"
1710:Silfvast, William T. (21 July 2008).
691:is a technique in which an insoluble
660:fibers at home or in the art studio.
210:evidence shows that, particularly in
7:
1360:Adrosko, Rita J. (8 November 1971).
1241:Burgess, Rebecca (8 November 2017).
1084:, any colored substance in organisms
930:Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of
715:Some dyes commonly used in Staining:
1276:"dye - Synthetic dyes | Britannica"
936:Quinone-imine dyes, derivatives of
787:. Because food dyes are classed as
2022:: 138–59 – via academia.edu.
1647:. OUP Oxford. pp. 1005–1006.
1585:: 138–59 – via academia.edu.
1431:"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers"
25:
1937:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.030
1972:
460:dyes that are mainly applied to
1794:; Hillman, L. W., eds. (1990).
1750:Current Opinion in Food Science
1716:. Cambridge University Press.
1011:Fluorene dyes, derivatives of
853:, for textile fibres and paper
636:with the fiber substrate. The
492:, with the addition of either
198:fibers have been found in the
187:were brought to Europe by the
1:
1884:Brindley, Lewis (July 2009).
1180:10.1002/14356007.a14_149.pub2
1614:Zollinger, Heinrich (2003).
1491:The Courier & Advertiser
910:Category:Triarylmethane dyes
632:that is capable of directly
326:Technical University Dresden
284:. In 1863 the forerunner to
2183:
2174:
2155:
2121:
2105:
983:Oxazone dyes, derivates of
906:, based on diphenyl methane
904:Category:Diarylmethane dyes
892:Category:Anthraquinone dyes
594:produces the water-soluble
520:). Direct dyes are used on
379:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
2500:
1999:(2004) covers 1865 to 2000
1762:10.1016/j.cofs.2015.08.004
1476:Supporting Online Material
1098:Industrial dye degradation
288:was formed in what became
29:
2193:
1733:– via Google Books.
1620:. John Wiley & Sons.
1408:10.1126/science.325_1329a
1383:– via Google Books.
1349:– via Google Books.
1264:– via Google Books.
974:, derivates of indophenol
878:, dyes are divided into:
418:dyes that are applied to
142:dyeing dates back to the
2453:Glossary of dyeing terms
2273:Traditional textile dyes
1855:"Stainsfile - Dye index"
1299:Kassinger, Ruth (2003).
1218:10.1002/14356007.a09_073
972:Category:Indophenol dyes
616:, the original vat dye.
532:. They are also used as
2010:Eiland, Murray (1999).
1573:Eiland, Murray (1999).
1487:John Pullar (1803–1878)
1455:10.1126/science.1175404
1366:. Courier Corporation.
1174:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1035:Category:Rhodamine dyes
874:By the nature of their
851:Fluorescent brighteners
261:dyes followed, such as
2200:
1532:Technology and Culture
1517:10.1002/ciuz.200690054
1505:Chemie in unserer Zeit
1026:Category:Fluorone dyes
1002:Category:Safranin dyes
997:Category:Thiazole dyes
990:Category:Thiazine dyes
948:Category:Eurhodin dyes
883:Category:Acridine dyes
396:
381:
332:
136:
54:
49:Chemical structure of
42:
2199:
2140:Reactive dye printing
2032:www.sciencedirect.com
1995:Abelshauser, Werner.
1677:Environmental Reviews
980:, derivates of oxazin
488:dye bath, at or near
387:
376:
323:
134:Bartolomaeus Anglicus
131:
112:with the addition of
48:
40:
1853:Llewellyn, Bryan D.
1796:Dye Laser Principles
978:Category:Oxazin dyes
819:Other important dyes
678:cellulose triacetate
580:potassium dichromate
255:William Henry Perkin
41:Drying colored cloth
32:Dye (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
1929:2004Chmsp..57..595X
1447:2009Sci...325.1359K
720:
200:Republic of Georgia
2280:Armenian cochineal
2201:
1713:Laser Fundamentals
1280:www.britannica.com
1143:Inorganic pigments
1082:Biological pigment
943:Category:Azin dyes
719:
556:color filter array
481:substantive dyeing
456:are water-soluble
397:
382:
365:by visible light.
333:
243:J. Pullar and Sons
137:
110:rendered insoluble
77:and may require a
55:
43:
2484:Textile chemistry
2466:
2465:
1654:978-0-19-927789-6
1312:978-0-7613-2112-5
1247:. Artisan Books.
1037:, derivatives of
953:Category:Safranih
923:, based on -N=N-
921:Category:Azo dyes
900:Arylmethane dyes
870:Chromophoric dyes
847:dyes, for leather
776:
775:
670:cellulose acetate
538:biological stains
528:, wool, silk and
249:, was discovered
16:(Redirected from
2491:
2360:Polish cochineal
2188:
2179:
2160:
2126:
2110:
2069:
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2055:
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2041:
2039:
2038:
2023:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1960:
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1948:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1865:on 16 April 2008
1861:. Archived from
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1824:"patentstorm.us"
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1741:
1735:
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1263:
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1238:
1232:
1231:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1148:Organic pigments
914:triphenylmethane
805:triphenylmethane
721:
510:sodium carbonate
313:responsible for
84:The majority of
75:aqueous solution
21:
2499:
2498:
2494:
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1992:
1990:Further reading
1987:
1986:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
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1909:
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1896:
1894:
1891:Chemistry World
1883:
1882:
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1859:Stainsfile.info
1852:
1851:
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1835:
1834:on 12 June 2011
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1683:(NA): 350–371.
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885:, derivates of
872:
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799:dyes, although
781:
592:alkaline liquor
519:
515:
507:
503:
494:sodium chloride
371:
357:groups) and an
338:
251:serendipitously
126:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2497:
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2481:
2471:
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2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:Use of saffron
2397:
2395:
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2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
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2297:
2292:
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2256:
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2210:
2208:
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2203:
2194:
2192:
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2171:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2097:
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2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2024:
2007:
2002:Beer, John J.
2000:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1961:
1950:
1923:(7): 595–600.
1903:
1876:
1845:
1828:Patentstorm.us
1815:
1783:
1736:
1722:
1702:
1667:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1565:
1522:
1511:(4): 274–275.
1495:
1479:
1441:(5946): 1359.
1421:
1402:(5946): 1329.
1386:
1372:
1352:
1338:
1318:
1311:
1291:
1267:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1195:
1188:
1161:
1160:
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1155:
1153:
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1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Phototendering
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1059:
1056:
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1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
987:
981:
975:
969:
966:
965:
964:
955:
950:
934:
932:phthalocyanine
928:
918:
917:
916:
907:
898:
889:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
860:
854:
848:
842:
828:
820:
817:
789:food additives
780:
777:
774:
773:
771:
769:Methylene blue
765:
764:
759:
757:Crystal violet
753:
752:
747:
741:
740:
735:
729:
728:
725:
628:attached to a
552:camera sensors
517:
513:
505:
501:
498:sodium sulfate
462:acrylic fibers
436:acrylic fibers
370:
367:
337:
334:
309:to target the
307:methylene blue
208:Archaeological
125:
122:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2496:
2485:
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2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Tyrian purple
2373:
2371:
2368:
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2240:
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2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:Types of dyes
2205:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1792:Duarte, F. J.
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1725:
1723:9781139855570
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1627:9783906390239
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
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1541:
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1518:
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1506:
1499:
1496:
1493:, 7 June 2016
1492:
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1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1373:9780486226880
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1339:9780203882085
1335:
1332:. CRC Press.
1331:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1256:
1254:9781579654252
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:. Wiley-VCH.
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Hair coloring
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:Xanthene dyes
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
988:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
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951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
939:
935:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
899:
897:
896:anthraquinone
893:
890:
888:
884:
881:
880:
879:
877:
869:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:
826:
825:
824:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:anthraquinone
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
748:
746:
745:Basic fuchsin
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
717:
716:
712:
710:
706:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
665:Disperse dyes
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
621:Reactive dyes
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
534:pH indicators
531:
527:
523:
511:
499:
495:
491:
490:boiling point
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:and modified
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
395:
391:
386:
380:
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
236:plant kingdom
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:resist dyeing
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Tyrian purple
145:
141:
135:
130:
123:
121:
119:
116:to produce a
115:
111:
107:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2458:List of dyes
2330:Dyer's broom
2285:Black walnut
2213:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1996:
1971:
1964:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1858:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1827:
1818:
1795:
1786:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1712:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1660:February 26,
1658:. Retrieved
1643:
1636:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1538:(1): 51–82.
1535:
1531:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1362:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1328:
1321:
1301:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1243:
1236:
1209:
1171:
1165:
1133:Natural dyes
1113:List of dyes
1069:
1065:
1061:
1052:
873:
857:Solvent dyes
835:rhodamine 6G
822:
782:
750:Acid fuchsin
727:Acidic Dyes
714:
713:
702:
701:
689:Azoic dyeing
688:
687:
663:
662:
619:
618:
585:
584:
576:perspiration
563:Mordant dyes
561:
560:
542:
479:
475:
474:
453:
452:
402:
401:
398:
339:
298:Paul Ehrlich
282:chemotherapy
275:
240:
193:
151:and crimson
138:
118:lake pigment
102:
86:natural dyes
83:
58:
56:
2239:Substantive
2157:RĹŤketsuzome
2150:Ring dyeing
1917:Chemosphere
1798:. New York.
1103:J-aggregate
1028:, based on
876:chromophore
795:. Many are
793:legislation
724:Basic Dyes
709:polysulfide
704:Sulfur dyes
682:temperature
650:Drimarene K
630:substituent
626:chromophore
466:acetic acid
448:Acid red 88
392:dyeing her
363:Ď€-electrons
343:chromophore
296:. In 1891,
18:Mordant Dye
2473:Categories
2415:Craft dyes
2176:Tsutsugaki
2083:Techniques
2037:2022-11-18
1897:2018-07-08
1869:8 November
1838:8 November
1729:8 November
1379:8 November
1345:8 November
1285:2022-06-20
1260:8 November
1227:3527306730
1189:3527306730
1157:References
1108:Laser dyes
1058:Vital dyes
831:Laser dyes
697:components
656:and other
646:Cibacron F
642:Procion MX
624:utilize a
566:require a
544:Laser dyes
496:(NaCl) or
454:Basic dyes
444:cellulosic
359:auxochrome
311:plasmodium
278:immunology
51:indigo dye
2446:Reference
2300:Cochineal
2290:Bloodroot
2259:Discharge
2116:Kalamkari
1979:CC BY 3.0
1804:cite book
1770:2214-7993
1756:: 20–26.
1697:1181-8700
1560:112031120
1471:206520793
1049:Pollution
1039:rhodamine
927:structure
779:Food dyes
762:Congo red
674:polyester
658:cellulose
610:oxidation
606:Leuco dye
524:, paper,
404:Acid dyes
336:Chemistry
290:Wuppertal
267:safranine
228:vegetable
216:Phoenicia
181:cochineal
177:New World
144:Neolithic
67:substrate
2370:Turmeric
2315:Dyewoods
2295:Brazilin
2254:Disperse
2229:Reactive
2123:Katazome
1981:license.
1945:15488921
1778:93008250
1463:19745144
1416:19745126
1138:Pigments
1075:See also
1030:fluorone
1013:fluorene
968:Indamins
962:safranin
887:acridine
839:coumarin
785:food dye
733:Safranin
638:covalent
634:reacting
587:Vat dyes
486:alkaline
458:cationic
440:cationic
422:such as
303:syphilis
286:Bayer AG
271:induline
263:fuchsine
179:such as
98:minerals
71:pigments
2432:Procion
2427:Inkodye
2394:History
2365:Saffron
2350:Logwood
2325:Gamboge
2305:Cudbear
2264:Pigment
2234:Solvent
2219:Natural
2169:Tie-dye
2164:Shibori
2135:Mordant
2130:Leheria
1925:Bibcode
1552:3105760
1443:Bibcode
1435:Science
1396:Science
1118:Oxidant
1018:Pyronin
985:oxazone
938:quinone
845:Leather
693:Azo dye
568:mordant
550:), and
536:and as
526:leather
450:, etc.
416:anionic
413:soluble
355:quinoid
330:Germany
315:malaria
294:Germany
259:aniline
232:mineral
189:Spanish
185:logwood
165:saffron
140:Textile
124:History
96:and/or
94:insects
90:lichens
79:mordant
63:colored
2355:Madder
2345:Kermes
2340:Indigo
2320:Fustic
2244:Sulfur
2145:Resist
2107:Kasuri
2095:Dyeing
2076:Dyeing
2006:(1959)
1943:
1776:
1768:
1720:
1695:
1651:
1624:
1558:
1550:
1469:
1461:
1414:
1370:
1336:
1309:
1251:
1224:
1186:
654:cotton
648:, and
614:indigo
596:alkali
522:cotton
476:Direct
420:fibers
269:, and
224:animal
220:dyeing
169:madder
167:, and
161:indigo
153:kermes
2422:Dylon
2335:Henna
2310:Cutch
2185:YĹ«zen
2090:Batik
1774:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1548:JSTOR
1467:S2CID
1128:Stain
841:dyes.
809:green
738:Eosin
599:metal
572:light
530:nylon
508:) or
470:paper
432:nylon
409:water
390:woman
369:Types
347:nitro
247:mauve
212:India
194:Dyed
106:light
61:is a
2479:Dyes
2385:Woad
2380:Weld
2224:Acid
2214:Dyes
2100:Ikat
1941:PMID
1871:2017
1840:2017
1810:link
1766:ISSN
1731:2017
1718:ISBN
1693:ISSN
1662:2021
1649:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1459:PMID
1412:PMID
1381:2017
1368:ISBN
1347:2017
1334:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1262:2017
1249:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1020:dyes
958:dyes
837:and
813:blue
811:and
803:and
602:salt
574:and
548:CD-R
428:wool
424:silk
407:are
394:hair
280:and
214:and
196:flax
183:and
157:woad
114:salt
2437:Rit
2249:Vat
1933:doi
1758:doi
1685:doi
1540:doi
1513:doi
1451:doi
1439:325
1404:doi
1400:325
1214:doi
1176:doi
925:azo
797:azo
558:).
512:(Na
500:(Na
478:or
351:azo
253:by
230:or
59:dye
2475::
2030:.
2018:.
2014:.
1939:.
1931:.
1921:57
1919:.
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1806:}}
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1489:-
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1278:.
1220:.
1198:^
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833::
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516:CO
504:SO
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430:,
426:,
388:A
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292:,
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226:,
218:,
206:.
204:BP
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2020:5
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554:(
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514:2
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
