217:. The Muslim League was founded to prevent the rise of an emergence of a Hindu dominated political system, and made a number of demands to Minto. They argued that the special interests of Muslims must be maintained, and pushed for the separate election of Muslims to the provincial councils and requiring the election of a sufficient number of Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council to avoid reducing Muslims to an insignificant minority Minto encouraged the foundation of the League as a rival organization to the Indian National Congress, and promised to the deputation that they would give consideration to Muslim demands.
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political terrorism. In May and June 1906, Morley and the moderate
Congress leader Gokhale discussed the Congress's demands for reforming the Secretary of State's Council, the executive councils of the viceroy and governors, and the legislative councils. On July 1906, during a speech on the Indian Budget in the House of Commons, Morley announced that he would consider proposals on reform. This spurred leaders of the Muslim League to send the
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despite strong Indian opposition; additionally, it did not give members control over the budget, as they were only allowed to debate it, not vote on it. Unhappy with such minor concessions, many Indian
National Congress members blamed the lack of progress on the Congress's moderate strategy and agitated for a more assertive strategy against the British.
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261:. Though the Act did increase Indian participation in the legislative councils, the Act did nothing to address the Indian National Congress's demands for colonial self-government. The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims was viewed by the Congress as an imperial attempt at control through an elective policy of divide-and-rule.
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The Act itself conferred some political reforms. Both central and provincial legislative councils were increased in size and had their memberships expanded. Local bodies would elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect the members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members
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The elected
Indians were allowed to table resolutions, debate budgetary matters, and ask supplementary questions, which they were previously prevented from doing so. Nevertheless, they were not permitted to discuss foreign policy or relations with the princely states were. The British executive also
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After the
Liberal Party's victory in the 1906 general election, liberal philosopher John Morley became the Secretary of State for India; Morley strove to implement the equality of opportunity promised in 1892, but also wished to 'rally the moderates' against a rising wave of radical nationalists and
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introduced several reforms to the legislative councils in
British India; it expanded the number of members in the central and provincial councils, and permitted universities and other bodies in India to recommend and elect representatives. However, the government continued to approve many bills
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Previously, provincial councils had a majority of their members appointed from civil service officials, referred to as an "Official
Majority"; with the passage of the act, this system was lifted. However, an official majority was retained on the Central Legislative Council.
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Like the Muslim League, British administrators also sought to prevent the rise of an Indian majority in the legislature, and persuaded Minto of the danger of Muslim discontent to
British rule and that the League's demands were representative of most Indian Muslims' wishes.
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and were open only to male applicants between the ages of 17 and 22 (this was later changed to a range of 17 to 19 in 1878). British administrators' reluctance to accept
Indians into the civil service only further closed administrative positions to Indians.
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had promised racial equality in the selection of civil servants for the government of India in the
Government of India Act of 1858, but in practice Indians remained largely outside spheres of power. Examinations for the services were exclusively held in
228:, the Home Secretary, separate Muslim electorates were successfully implemented in the final plan. This sympathy to the Muslim League led to the false suspicion that the 1906 deputation had been invited by the viceroy, rather than simply received.
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was founded at
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, gathering a small group of colonial India's educated elite. One of their main grievances was the difficulty Indians faced when trying to enter the civil service and administrative roles.
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substantially changed Indian expectations for representation, with India providing substantial support for the British war effort in men, material, and money. India's sacrifice led to stronger demands, which would result in Indian Secretary
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On 1 October 1906 Minto received the deputation from the newly founded Muslim League, which comprised numerous Muslims from all Indian provinces except for the
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of the central legislature. Under the Act, Muslim members were to be elected by only Muslim voters, dividing the electorate.
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announcing further constitutional reforms towards responsible government in 1917, eventually leading to the
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An Act to amend the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892, and the Government of India Act, 1833.
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Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims, 1860–1923
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719:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (23 July 2009).
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671:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
192:In the face of growing Indian demands, the
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209:Advocation of separate Muslim electorates
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610:"The Indian Councils Act, 1909"
104:. c. 4), commonly known as the
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593:. Cambridge University Press.
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695:. Cambridge University Press.
413:"Indian Councils Act of 1909"
590:The Muslims of British India
587:Hardy, Thomas Hardy (1972).
459:The Muslims of British India
457:Hardy, Peter (25 May 1973).
306:Government of India Act 1919
279:Government of India Act 1919
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689:Robinson, Francis (1974).
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338:"Indian National Congress"
275:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
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684:(1st ed.). Palgrave.
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417:Encyclopædia Britannica
722:The Partition of India
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232:Morley–Minto Reforms
110:Minto–Morley Reforms
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249:Reaction and legacy
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644:A History of India
563:en.banglapedia.org
538:www.britannica.com
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370:www.britannica.com
259:Satyendra P. Sinha
215:Northwest Frontier
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