292:(B2B) electrical connectors are especially vulnerable if there is any relative motion present between the mating connectors. A mechanically rigid connection system is required to hold both halves of a B2B motionless (often impossible). Wire to board (W2B) connectors tend to be immune to fretting because the wire half of the connector acts as a spring absorbing relative motion that would otherwise transfer to the contact surfaces of the W2B connector. Very few exotic B2B connectors exist that address fretting by: 1) incorporating springs into the individual contacts or 2) using a Chinese finger trap design to greatly increase the contact area. A connector design that contacts all 4-sides of a square pin instead of just one or 1 or 2 can delay the inevitable fretting some amount. Keeping contacts clean and lubricated also offers some longevity.
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In rolling element bearings fretting may occur when the bearings are operating in an oscillating motion. Examples of applications are blade bearings in wind turbines, helicopter rotor pitch bearings, and bearings in robots. If the bearing movement is limited to small motions the damage caused may be
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and inhibit oxidation. This may however, also cause the opposite effect as a lower coefficient of friction may lead to more movement. Thus, a solution must be carefully considered and tested. In the aviation industry, coatings are applied to cause a harder surface and/or influence the friction
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of a B2B connector from milliohms to ohms in just minutes when vibration is present. The relatively soft and thin gold plating used on most high quality electrical connectors is quickly worn through exposing the underlying alloy metals and with fretting debris the impedance rapidly increases.
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If the debris and/or surface subsequently undergo chemical reaction, i.e., mainly oxidation, the mechanism is termed fretting corrosion. Fretting degrades the surface, leading to increased surface roughness and micropits, which reduces the fatigue strength of the components. The
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A. Neyman, O. Olszewski, "Research on fretting wear dependence of hardness ratio and friction coefficient of fretted couple", Wear of materials, International conference No. 9, San
Francisco CA, USA (13/04/1993). Wear, vol. 162-64, Part B, pp. 939-943,
338:, whereby fatigue cracks can initiate in the fretting zone. Afterwards, the crack propagates into the material. Lap joints, common on airframe surfaces, are a prime location for fretting corrosion. This is also known as frettage or fretting corrosion.
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depending on mechanism encountered. The main difference is that false brinelling occurs under lubricated and fretting under dry contact conditions. Between false brinelling and fretting corrosion, a time-dependent relation has been proposed.
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Molloy, Dennis O.; Munir, Selin; Jack, Christopher M.; Cross, Michael B.; Walter, William L.; Walter, William K. (2014-03-19). "Fretting and corrosion in modular-neck total hip arthroplasty femoral stems".
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Somewhat counterintuitively, high contact forces on the mated connector pair (thought to help lower impedance and increase reliability) can actually make the rate of fretting even worse.
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There is currently a focus on fretting research in the aerospace industry. The dovetail blade-root connection and the spline coupling of gas turbine aero engines experience fretting.
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damage of loaded surfaces in contact while they encounter small oscillatory movements tangential to the surface. Fretting is caused by adhesion of contact surface
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Fretting resistance is not an intrinsic property of a material, or even of a material couple. There are several factors affecting fretting behavior of a contact:
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Fretting can also occur between reciprocating elements in the human body. Especially implants, for example hip implants, are often affected by fretting effects.
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Charles Lipson, Lester Vern
Colwell; Handbook of mechanical wear: wear, frettage, pitting, cavitation, corrosion; University of Michigan Press, 1961; p. 449.
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Fretting also occurs on virtually all electrical connectors subject to motion (e.g. a printed circuit board connector plugged into a backplane, i.e. SOSA/
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can show the opposite effect when they capture hard debris which becomes embedded in their bearing surfaces. They then act as a very effective
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can be identified by the presence of a pitted surface and fine 'red' iron oxide dust resembling cocoa powder. Strictly this debris is not '
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Govindarajan
Narayanan (2016-10-03). "Effect of sliding friction on spline surface failure under misaligned condition in aero engines".
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Rao, D. Srinivasa; Krishna, L. Rama; Sundararajan, G. (2017). "Detonation
Sprayed Coatings for Aerospace Applications".
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539:"Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines"
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Fretting in
Aluminium causes black debris to be present in the contact area due to the fine oxide particles.
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The fundamental way to prevent fretting is to design for no relative motion of the surfaces at the contact.
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ratio of the two sliding materials also has an effect on fretting wear. However, softer materials such as
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Soft materials often exhibit higher susceptibility to fretting than hard materials of a similar type. The
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Assessment Of Cold
Welding Between Separable Contact Surfaces Due To Impact And Fretting Under Vacuum
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Proceedings of the
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Different areas of typical false brinelling and fretting corrosion damage in a ball bearing
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630:"Reproduction of fretting wear at the stem—cement interface in total hip replacement"
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ASM Handbook, Vol. 19 "Fatigue and
Fracture Handbook", ASM International, 1996.
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plays an important role as fretting normally occurs by the contact of the
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strength of materials operating under cycling stress. This can result in
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is inevitable; however, particulates are not required to initiate fret.
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agent, wearing down the harder metal with which they are in contact.
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Another example in which fretting corrosion may occur are the pitch
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Corrosion and resulting motion-triggered contact insufficiency
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are often employed to mitigate fretting because they reduce
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ASM Handbook, Vol. 13 "Corrosion", ASM International, 1987.
688:"Fretting in Electrical/Electronic Connections: A Review"
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of the relative sliding motion is often in the order of
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Brown, L; Zhang, H; Blunt, L; Barrans, S (2007-08-01).
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
832:"Fretting, fretting corrosion and fretting mechanisms"
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The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
868:Fretting and Its Insidious Effects, by EPI Inc.
504:International Journal of Structural Integrity
471:Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies
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731:"Fretting corrosion or false brinelling?"
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427: – Wear or damage on loaded surfaces
277:Fretting electrical/electronic connectors
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
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233:Fretting examples include wear of drive
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173:to millimeters, but can be as low as 3
768:Tribology & Lubrication Technology
425:Motion-triggered contact insufficiency
18:Motion triggered contact insufficiency
543:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
180:Typically fretting is encountered in
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738:Tribology and Lubrication Technology
304:Fretting in rolling element bearings
72:adding citations to reliable sources
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830:Aydar, Akchurin (16 March 2019).
692:IEICE Transactions on Electronics
27:Wear or damage on loaded surfaces
295:Contact fretting can change the
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184:, bearing seats, bolted parts,
59:needs additional citations for
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479:10.1007/978-981-10-2134-3_22
252:subject to differentials in
762:Errichello, Robert (2004).
686:Braunovic, Milenko (2009).
37:For fretting in music, see
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708:10.1587/transele.E92.C.982
342:Factors affecting fretting
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729:Godfrey, Douglas (2003).
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537:Schwack, Fabian (2016).
385:of the mating surfaces.
30:Not to be confused with
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694:. E92-C (8): 982–991.
365:Inertness of materials
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893:Materials degradation
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599:10.2106/JBJS.L.01625
68:improve this article
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555:2016JPhCS.753k2013S
330:Fretting decreases
317:called fretting or
205:Fretting damage in
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288:). Commonly most
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419:Contact mechanics
379:Surface roughness
362:Relative humidity
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61:verification
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359:Temperature
239:driveshafts
182:shrink fits
171:micrometers
882:Categories
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570:2016-03-23
447:References
387:Lubricants
383:asperities
373:Mitigation
266:of modern
175:nanometers
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149:refers to
94:newspapers
83:"Fretting"
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888:Corrosion
716:0916-8524
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413:See also
407:abrasive
403:polymers
399:hardness
391:friction
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264:bearings
243:lug bolt
190:dovetail
147:Fretting
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