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580:', has killed children even more recently. In locations where the gas seeps from the ground at relatively high levels, without the dispersing effects of wind, its effects can be deadly. On 8 March 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory discovered a new vent that opened in the northeast edge of the crater, following local reports of rumblings coming from the volcano. Some fear that this could lead to a
408:
Not much is known about how long the volcano has been erupting, but it has erupted at least 34 times since 1882, including many periods where activity was continuous for years at a time, often in the form of a churning lava lake in the crater. The existence of the lava lake had been suspected for
434:
Between 1894 and 1977 the crater contained an active lava lake. On 10 January 1977, the crater walls fractured, and the lava lake drained in less than an hour. The lava flowed down the flanks of the volcano at speeds of up to 60 km/h (37 mph) on the upper slopes, the fastest lava flow
610:
was cut off by lava, and authorities urged residents from the city of Goma to evacuate, causing thousands of people to leave their homes. There was also an electricity cut across large areas following the eruption. As of 27 May 2021, 37 people were missing and presumed dead, after a lava flow
325:
Nyiragongo's lava lake has at times been the most voluminous known lava lake in recent history. The depth of the lava lake varies considerably. A maximum elevation of the lava lake was recorded at about 3,250 m (10,660 ft) prior to the
January 1977 eruption – a lake depth of about
929:
489:. Lava streamed from three spatter cones at the end of the fissure and flowed in a stream 200 to 1,000 metres (660 to 3,280 ft) wide and up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep through Goma. Warnings had been given and 400,000 people were evacuated from the city across the
1196:, January 15, 1977, p.6; A brief sentence in a BBC online report more than 40 years after the event ("The volcano's deadliest eruption happened in 1977, when more than 600 people died") is not supported by reports made in the first few years after the event.
326:
600 m (2,000 ft). Following the
January 2002 eruption, the lava lake was recorded at a low of about 2,600 m (8,500 ft), or 900 m (3,000 ft) below the rim. The level has gradually risen since then. Nyiragongo and nearby
631:
The volcano is continuously monitored by a team of scientists at the Goma
Volcanic Observatory (GVO), with seismic data produced every four minutes and temperature data produced every ten minutes. Continued funding for the GVO is in doubt, as the
2001:
874:. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique: Annales – Serie in 8° – Sciences Géologiques, volume 81. Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa / Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.
539:
Immediately after the eruption stopped, a large number of earthquakes were felt around Goma and
Gisenyi. This swarm activity continued for about three months and caused the collapse of more buildings.
132:
1991:
685:
1089:
532:
and buildings collapsing due to the lava and earthquakes. Lava covered 13 percent of Goma, about 1.8 square miles (4.7 km), and nearly 120,000 people were left
481:
opened in the south flank of the volcano, spreading in a few hours from 2,800 to 1,550 metres (9,190 to 5,090 ft) elevation and reaching the outskirts of the city of
469:
Lava lakes reformed in the crater in eruptions in 1982–1983 and 1994. Another major eruption of the volcano began on 17 January 2002, after several months of increased
548:
1639:
Demant A, Lestrade P, Lubala RT, Kampunzu AB, Durieux J (1994). "Volcanological and petrological evolution of
Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire".
350:
The volcano partly overlaps with two older volcanoes, Baruta and
Shaheru, and is also surrounded by hundreds of small volcanic cinder cones from flank eruptions.
1125:
1775:
1148:
1372:
89:
1986:
1626:
Allard P, Baxter P, Halbwachs M, Kasareka M, Komorowski JC, Joron JL (2003). "The most destructive effusive eruption in modern history: Nyiragongo 2003".
1855:
505:. This raised fears that the lava might cause gas-saturated waters deep in the lake to suddenly rise to the surface, releasing lethally large amounts of
1053:
1583:"Congo's Mount Nyiragongo Volcano Destroys Hundreds of Homes; At Least 37 Dead | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"
1303:
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recorded to date, overwhelming villages and killing at least 50 people in the villages of Kibati and Moniki, according to reports made at the time.
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Within 30 minutes, the lava lake had emptied, flowing north, south, and west of the volcano. Nowhere else in the world does such a steep-sided
2006:
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move rather slowly and rarely pose a danger to human life, Nyiragongo's lava flows may race downhill at up to 100 km/h (60 mph).
2021:
1206:
1731:
1320:
273:
1277:
1238:
Nakamura, Y.; Aoki, K. (1980). "The 1977 eruption of
Nyiragongo volcano, eastern Africa, and chemical composition of the ejecta".
446:. The 1977 eruption raised awareness of the unique dangers posed by Nyiragongo, and because of this, in 1991 it was designated a
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some time but was not scientifically confirmed until 1948. At that time, it was measured at nearly 120,000 square metres (1.3
322:
within the crater walls – one at about 3,175 m (10,417 ft) and a lower one at about 2,975 m (9,760 ft).
442:
contain a lake of such fluid lava. Nyiragongo's proximity to heavily populated areas increases its potential for causing a
1423:
930:"Petrology of combeite-and götzenite-bearing nephelinite at Nyiragongo, Virunga Volcanic Province in the East African Rift"
82:
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419: sq ft). Subsequent expeditions showed that the lake fluctuated in size, depth, and temperature over time.
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1678:"Computer simulations of lava flow paths in the town of Goma, Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo"
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1424:"Nyiragongo volcano (DR Congo): fracture opens new vent inside crater – precursor of possible flank eruption?"
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615:. The eruption resulted in at least 32 deaths, mostly caused by car crashes in the ensuing evacuation.
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The lava lake activity is ongoing. As of 2020, the lake is mostly confined within a broad, steep-sided
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584:. Observers in 2020 witnessed a rise in the lava lake and other signs of an impending eruption.
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755:"January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo"
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426:(roughly 18 m (60 ft) high by 180 m (600 ft) wide) on the crater floor.
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in 1986. This did not happen, but volcanologists continue to monitor the area closely.
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Favalli M, Chirico GD, Papale P, Pareschi MT, Coltelli M, Lucaya N, Boschi E (2006).
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Six months after the start of the 2002 eruption, Nyiragongo volcano erupted again.
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1373:"Democratic Republic of the Congo – Volcano Fact Sheet #13, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002"
314:. The main crater is about two kilometres (1 mi) wide and usually contains a
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1488:
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974:"ERUPTION AT NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 17-18 JANUARY 2002"
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and moved towards the city centre of eastern Goma. It was later confirmed by the
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1003:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 272–273.
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606:'s military governor that the eruption was at around 17:00 GMT. A highway to
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The 1977 eruption was preceded by the creation of a new small volcanic vent,
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Nyamuragira (left) and
Nyiragongo (right). Vertical scale exaggerated (1.5×).
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HUGE Lava
Eruption Burns Homes! Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo - May 22, 2021
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392:. This very low silica composition results in eruptions with unusually
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1608:"Thousands in Goma evacuated amid fears of further volcanic eruption"
893:
Sahama, Thure Georg (1962). "Petrology of Mt. Nyiragongo: a review".
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62:
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on France 24 TV's channel, including the video, but missing the text
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during the eruption. Lava covered the northern end of the runway at
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1024:
Global
Volcanism Program (2020). Bennis, K. L.; Venzke, E. (eds.).
797:
Burgi, P.-Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, Dario; Eymold, W. K. (2014).
1940:
1555:"DR Congo to start phased return of residents to volcano-hit Goma"
622:
554:
Satellite image of the eruption plume from Nyiragongo in July 2004
393:
341:
1800:
BBC News pictures of the destruction of Goma by the 2002 Eruption
1271:"Cooperative Observations at Nyiragongo Volcano in D.R. of Congo"
612:
482:
357:
and lava flows. Nyiragongo's lavas are low-silica, alkali-rich,
303:
1837:
1515:"DR Congo orders Goma evacuation after Mount Nyiragongo erupts"
368:. They range from olivine-rich melilitites through leucites to
1401:
229:
1529:"Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts"
1438:"Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts"
262:
1489:"'Mount Nyiragongo: People flee as DR Congo volcano erupts'"
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with an elevation of 3,470 m (11,385 ft) in the
241:
928:
Andersen, Tom; Elburg, Marlina; Erambert, Muriel (2012).
686:
List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
372:, containing, in various proportions mainly the minerals
259:
247:
238:
1814:
Stromboli Online's expedition to Nyiragongo in May, 2005
330:
are together responsible for 40% of Africa's historical
2002:
Stratovolcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1141:"Nyiragongo Crater: Journey to the Center of the World"
1276:. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo.
627:
Satellite image of Nyiragongo's lava lake in July 2018
598:
An eruption began on 22 May 2021. Lava approached the
501:, leaving the southern two-thirds usable, and reached
302:, about 12 km (7.5 mi) north of the town of
27:
Active volcano in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
999:
Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
576:
Localized carbon dioxide toxicity, known locally as '
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30:"Nyiragongo" redirects here. For the territory, see
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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1464:"DR Congo volcano erupts, mass evacuation ordered"
485:, the provincial capital on the northern shore of
1992:Mountains of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
994:
992:
990:
895:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
714:
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636:decided in 2020 to terminate its contributions.
524:About 245 people died in the eruption from
1240:Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan
1192:"Volcano Deaths Estimated at 50", AP report in
318:. The crater presently has two distinct cooled
1795:Photos of Nyiragongo lava lake in January 2011
1076:"Lava lake rises at dangerous African volcano"
748:
746:
1849:
865:
863:
8:
803:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
799:"Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake"
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759:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1819:Alkali Basalt Association of the Continents
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477:activity. A 13 kilometres (8.1 mi)
457:, a short distance away on the slopes of
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1030:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
681:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
139:
51:Mount Nyiragongo viewed aerially in 2014
1321:"'I monitor Congo's deadliest volcano'"
1056:from the original on 18 September 2020.
702:
654:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
544:
1517:. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. 22 May 2021.
1315:
1313:
1264:
1262:
1751:"Kvinde overlevede fald på 100-meter"
1306:from the original on 3 December 2019.
1128:from the original on 14 October 2020.
611:reached the outskirts of the city of
7:
1782:Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat?
1776:Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat?
1151:from the original on 28 August 2020.
972:Baxter, Peter J (18 February 2002).
753:Tedesco, Dario; et al. (2007).
1165:Guinness Book of World Records 2014
1987:Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley
1771:The Big Picture: Nyiragongo Crater
1426:. Volcano Discovery. 8 March 2016.
1345:Solana, Carmen (31 January 2002).
1296:"'Killer Lake' Could Power Rwanda"
1168:. The Jim Pattison Group. p.
1139:Nelson, Paula (28 February 2011).
25:
1718:Nyiragongo: The Forbidden Volcano
1283:from the original on 29 May 2005.
1074:Pease, Roland (13 October 2020).
1026:"Report on Nyiragongo (DR Congo)"
310:and just west of the border with
1778:on France 24 TV (video missing)
1042:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202006-223030
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300:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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208:22 February 2024 – present
166:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1829:Mount Nyiragongo tourism Portal
1682:Journal of Geophysical Research
1294:Sanders, Edmund (23 May 2008).
1628:Geophysical Research Abstracts
1036:(6). Smithsonian Institution.
594:2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption
450:, worthy of particular study.
353:Nyiragongo's cone consists of
18:Mount Nyiragongo 2002 eruption
1:
1790:Tourism at Nyiragongo Volcano
67:3,470 m (11,385 ft)
2007:21st-century volcanic events
1749:Rosbøg Sanne (7 July 2007).
1106:10.1126/science.370.6514.270
1001:Natural Wonders of the World
959:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.018
870:Sahama, Thure Georg (1978).
566:Mount Nyiragongo's lava lake
77:1,443 m (4,734 ft)
2048:
2022:Geological type localities
1809:: "Volcano Under the City"
591:
499:Goma International Airport
29:
1871:
1714:; Bichet, Pierre (1979).
493:border into neighbouring
125:
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1398:"Volcano Under the City"
1371:USAID (15 August 2002).
872:The Nyiragongo main cone
725:Global Volcanism Program
1641:Bulletin of Volcanology
1252:10.18940/kazanc.25.1_17
1162:Glenday, Craig (2013).
839:"Virunga National Park"
730:Smithsonian Institution
513: – similar to the
294:. It is located inside
1207:"IAVCEI NEWS 1/2 1996"
907:10.1144/transed.19.1.1
628:
347:
1722:. Barron's. pp.
1269:Hiroyuki, Hamaguchi.
626:
515:disaster at Lake Nyos
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296:Virunga National Park
1703:10.1029/2004JB003527
1347:"Gone with the wind"
824:10.1002/2013JB010895
780:10.1029/2006JB004762
396:flows. Whereas most
364:essentially free of
290:associated with the
105:1.51917°S 29.25417°E
32:Nyiragongo Territory
1694:2006JGRB..111.6202F
1653:1994BVol...56...47D
1587:The Weather Channel
1098:2020Sci...370..270P
951:2012Litho.152..105A
843:World Heritage List
815:2014JGRB..119.4106B
771:2007JGRB..112.9202T
604:North Kivu province
101: /
1661:10.1007/BF00279728
1256:(English abstract)
1194:Omaha World-Herald
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332:volcanic eruptions
110:-1.51917; 29.25417
57:Highest point
1997:Virunga Mountains
1964:
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1824:Google Earth view
1468:www.aljazeera.com
1404:. 1 November 2005
1300:Los Angeles Times
1179:978-1-908843-15-9
1010:978-0-89577-087-5
288:Virunga Mountains
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1753:(in Danish).
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1619:Bibliography
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
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1406:. Retrieved
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1380:. Retrieved
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1354:. Retrieved
1351:The Guardian
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1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1299:
1289:
1246:(1): 17–32.
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1221:. Retrieved
1214:the original
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850:. Retrieved
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733:. Retrieved
723:
720:"Nyiragongo"
630:
600:Goma airport
597:
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541:
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526:asphyxiation
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370:nephelinites
355:pyroclastics
352:
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324:
320:lava benches
214:
213:
174:Parent range
1926:Santa María
1092:: 270–271.
945:: 105–121.
901:(1): 1–28.
852:13 February
459:Nyamuragira
424:cinder cone
328:Nyamuragira
108: /
83:Coordinates
2032:Lava lakes
1971:Categories
1921:Sakurajima
1911:Nyiragongo
1876:Avachinsky
1560:Al Jazeera
1382:15 January
1330:19 October
1223:21 October
979:17 January
735:3 December
692:References
634:World Bank
619:Monitoring
398:lava flows
359:ultramafic
96:29°15′15″E
73:Prominence
2012:Lake Kivu
1931:Santorini
1901:Mauna Loa
1896:Koryaksky
1669:129031508
1408:18 August
1377:ReliefWeb
1122:222821982
1050:241509044
915:130469613
880:434026615
503:Lake Kivu
487:Lake Kivu
475:fumarolic
386:kalsilite
374:nepheline
366:feldspars
316:lava lake
308:Lake Kivu
298:, in the
121:Geography
93:1°31′09″S
63:Elevation
1956:Vesuvius
1634:: 11970.
1533:BBC News
1493:BBC News
1442:BBC News
1356:4 August
1325:BBC News
1304:Archived
1278:Archived
1149:Archived
1126:Archived
1114:33060337
1088:(6514).
1054:Archived
640:See also
534:homeless
519:Cameroon
382:melilite
162:Location
1916:Rainier
1891:Galeras
1742:4114550
1690:Bibcode
1649:Bibcode
1094:Bibcode
1081:Science
947:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
767:Bibcode
511:methane
495:Gisenyi
491:Rwandan
479:fissure
471:seismic
378:leucite
338:Geology
275:neer-ə-
186:Geology
1946:Ulawun
1906:Merapi
1881:Colima
1740:
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1592:25 May
1567:9 June
1539:23 May
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938:Lithos
913:
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847:UNESCO
578:mazuku
455:Murara
388:, and
312:Rwanda
1951:Unzen
1941:Teide
1665:S2CID
1281:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1118:S2CID
1046:S2CID
933:(PDF)
911:S2CID
697:Notes
394:fluid
2017:Goma
1936:Taal
1886:Etna
1807:Nova
1805:PBS
1738:OCLC
1728:ISBN
1594:2021
1569:2021
1541:2021
1501:2021
1475:2021
1450:2021
1410:2013
1384:2021
1358:2018
1332:2017
1225:2014
1174:ISBN
1110:PMID
1005:ISBN
981:2021
876:OCLC
854:2016
737:2021
613:Goma
608:Beni
509:and
483:Goma
473:and
306:and
304:Goma
277:GONG
1724:288
1698:doi
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1657:doi
1402:PBS
1248:doi
1102:doi
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1038:doi
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