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1028:, the benta is a one-stringed musical bow, played using the mouth as a resonating chamber. Most probably brought to the island by Africans from Ghana, Angola, Nigeria during the slave trade, it is played as a leading instrument in "muzik di zumbi", ghost music (zumbi means ghost). The name refers to the spooky atmosphere on the plantations since there was no electricity, and the hauling wind carries the sound of the music in all directions. It is mostly accompanied by drum, hoe and "wiri" (scraper of a serrated piece of iron). The Curaçaoan benta resembles the
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in France caves and made an engraving that attempted to reproduce a c. 13,000 B.C. cave painting into a black-and-white lithograph engraving. His engraving showed a mysterious figure, a "man camouflaged to resemble a bison," in the midst of a mass of herd-animals, "herding the beasts and playing
122:
used by a number of
African peoples as well as Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It consists of a flexible, usually wooden, stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, and strung end to end with a taut cord, usually metal. It can be played with the hands or a wooden stick or branch. It is uncertain if
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as likely musical bows. One reason was that the oldest known musical bows were 10 feet long, useless for hunting, and that "musical bows were not associated with hunters' beliefs and ceremonies." Sachs considered the musical bows important, however. He pointed out that the name for the Greek lute,
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The bows used for music required a resonator, a hollowed object like a bowl, a gourd, or a musician's mouth, in order to produce audible sound. Although the musical bow could be manipulated to produce more than one tone, instruments were developed from it that used one note per string. Since each
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Henri Breuil surveyed the cave... a detailed study was published by H.Breuil and R.Begouen of the hundreds of engraved drawings in the deep gallery known as the "Sanctuary"...Its walls are filled with some 280 engraved (often superimposed) images of bison, horses, stags, reindeer, ibexes, and
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the musical bow." The artwork is confused, and those who are trying to reproduce the art in color have had to work to bring out legible images. One interpretation of the "magician-hunter" image considers his hunting-bow to be a musical bow, used as a single-stringed musical instrument.
1276:[In Les Trois Frères I would highlight his naturalistic style...The scene is famous, that of the man camouflaged to resemble a bison, (a shaman or a hunter?), that pursues or leads other animals, and that I have stood out from the set superimposed below...]
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attached to the back of the string bearer. The bow may also be stood in a pit or gourd on the ground, or one end of it may be partially placed in the mouth. This last method allows the size of the resonator to be varied as the instrument is played, thus allowing a
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En Les Trois Frères destacarĂa su estilo tan naturalista... Es famosa la escena que del hombre camuflado como un bisonte, ÂżUn chamĂĄn o un cazador?, que persigue o conduce a otros animales y que he destacado del conjunto superpuesto de
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classification, it is a "Musical bow cum stick" because it has only one curved end to flex. Under
Hornbostel-Sachs, musical bows are defined as flexible and curved string bearers or as stick zithers with both ends flexible and curved.
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Whether the bow in the cave illustration is a musical instrument or the hunting tool in a paleolithic hunt, musicologists have considered whether the bow could be a possible relative or ancestor to the
357:, the berimbau is played as part of the roda, a musical group standing in a circle, in the centre of which the capoeiristas perform or play. The Appalachian mouth-bow can be played amplified in
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1718:
831:, is used in Cambodia and is considered one of the oldest Cambodian instruments, with bas-reliefs going back to the 12th century AD. Has been thought of as musical bow; under
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von
Hornbostel, Erich M.; Sachs, Curt (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann".
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Musical bows are known by various names in the different languages of South Africa - some refer only to musical bows using gourds as resonators, others using the mouth:
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Due to the nature of their construction and playing, musical bows are quiet instruments, therefore needing a resonator to resound. The resonator can either be a
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Two bows in which the resonator is a gourd, attached to the instrument's center and pressed into the musician's chest or stomach. Both are sounded with a stick.
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a semi-human figure dances in the midst of the animals...herding the beasts and playing a musical bow. He wears the head and fur of a bison with human legs...
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531:, 'held') respectively. These two notes can already be on the string, if it is divided or stopped by a string attached to the gourd, as in the case of
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1612:
244:, a Sumerian word meaning "small bow." He considered this evidence in support of the theory that the musical bow was ancestral to the pierced lute.
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peoples. Although there are many differences between musical bows, all of them share two things: a resonator, and at least two fundamental notes.
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A variant called the "whizzing bow", which is swung with the arm in a circle is played in
Central America, China, Indonesia, and west Africa.
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resonating in the player's mouth. As well as these various forms of resonators, the bow is frequently played without a resonator at all.
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A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
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A Contemporary Study of
Musical Arts: Informed by African Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Volume 1: The Root: Foundation
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India, ca. 1725, Bundi style. A divine musician plays a hunting bow with its tip placed in a resonance pot. Possible
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people, the predominant peoples of South Africa. Historians believe that many of the musical bows came from
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British
Library, David Rycroft South Africa Collection: Musical bow lecture examples 1979: Zulu umakhweyana
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British
Library, David Rycroft South Africa Collection: Guitar talk tape A: Umakhweyana musical bow solo
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This article is about the bow as a musical instrument. For the bow used to play another instrument, see
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use the musical bow during their mitote. The TepehuĂĄn's musical bow has a gourd attached to it.
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The usual way to make the bow sound is to pluck the string, although sometimes a subsidiary
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string played a single note, adding strings added new notes for instrument families such as
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Musical bows are still used in a number of cultures today. It can be found as far south as
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musical bow used in
Burundi and Rhwanda is similar to the Uhadi bow of South Africa.
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may have been used as a musical instrument from as early as circa 13,000 B.C.
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1261:"EL ARTE RUPESTRE PALEOLĂTICO EN LAS CUEVAS FRANCESAS. LA CUEVA DE LASCAUX"
260:. Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a
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There are at least two fundamental notes produced by all musical bows, an
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Some of those instruments have more than two notes, for example the Zulu
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sounds when struck with a thin stick. Unlike string instruments used in
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Bo
Lawergren (1988). "The Origin of Musical Instruments and Sounds".
1182:"The Voice of the Sarangi, An Illustrated History of Bowing in India"
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In Africa, the musical bow is usually played by a solo performer. In
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is a musical bow, originally from Africa, that is now used in Brazil.
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511:(where the string is shortened or stopped by the player's hand). In
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playing a musical bow, using their mouths as resonators. 1970â1971.
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family. Curt Sachs said that there was good reason not to consider
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1589:"Isocco Performance @ Curacao International Song Festival 1987"
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Isocco
Performance @ Curacao International Song Festival 1987
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History and playing instructions for the Appalachian mouthbow
1436:. London: Tadema Press. pp. 179, 231, 235â236, 308â310.
1298:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 89.
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is found in Guam, probably introduced through trade between
252:, harps, and lyres. In turn, this led to being able to play
55:
915:
LatajkiaswolĂŠ is the name of a musical bow found among the
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Piompirintzi is the name of a musical bow found among the
1507:
Dargie, Dave (September 2001). Oehrle, Elizabeth (ed.).
1209:(1/3) (83 ed.). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 36.
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Kunkulkawe is the name of a musical bow found among the
507:(when the player does not shorten it or touch it) and a
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National Center for Performing Arts Quarterly Journal
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is a musical bow (played with another bow), from the
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995:wood and a fibre string, and is tapped with a rod.
1395:
1359:
1006:, played using the mouth as a resonating chamber.
942:, where it is called a "mouthbow" or "mouth bow".
823:, a gourd resonated "musical bow cum stick" whose
1657:Muzik di zumbi, benta played by Issoco in Curaçao
138:Types of bow include mouth-resonated string bow,
1402:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1366:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
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291:(derivations of the African musical bow) or the
283:. and also outside of Africa, as in the case of
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337:The most usual type of resonator consists of a
1434:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East
135:do convert their hunting bows to musical use.
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477:Musical bows are the main instruments of the
8:
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1295:Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment
559:. In certain places, it can be closer to a
318:is used to scrape the string, much as on a
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1674:
1666:
1464:The World of South African Music: A Reader
1324:"The music-bow from prehistory till today"
805:The most popular musical bow today is the
1524:
1522:
1466:. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 239.
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938:a musical bow is primarily found in the
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1638:The Mouthbow â Making Music on a Weapon
1112:
1515:(16). Digital Innovation South Africa.
1136:
1134:
547:, etc. The pitch difference between a
92:
1159:Nzewi, Meki and Nzewi, Odyke (2007).
1002:is a three-stringed musical bow from
458:, etc.) or the player's mouth (as in
275:, and as far east as eastern Africa,
7:
1644:for the Cradleboard Teaching Project
813:, most commonly associated with the
1024:In the Caribbean, on the island of
809:adaptation of the musical bow, the
400:or 'thomo' musical bow used by the
123:the musical bow developed from the
1398:The History of Musical Instruments
1362:The History of Musical Instruments
1259:Garcia, Alfredo (5 October 2014).
142:, and gourd-resonated string bow.
25:
500:) are produced by the resonator.
264:used to lift the strings off the
41:Obu man playing a musical bow in
597:musicians from the Upper Volta,
409:
389:
174:
154:
93:Problems playing this file? See
71:
27:Simple string musical instrument
1567:Games and Pastimes of the Maori
1292:Walter, Eugene Victor (1988).
578:have three, whereas the Venda
346:to be heard consisting of the
310:playing the umrubhe mouth bow.
192:There is speculation that the
1:
1619:, published January 20, 2001.
1432:Dumbrill, Richard J. (1998).
1049:, and string bows of several
181:Lithograph of scene from the
1143:"African music Musical bows"
945:In northwestern Mexico, the
492:The strongest notes are the
2062:African musical instruments
1017:culture of the Argentinian
876:in the nineteenth century.
563:(e.g. Zulu) or closer to a
2088:
1531:The Galpin Society Journal
923:, and other tribes of the
140:earth-resonated string bow
29:
1823:Music On A Long Thin Wire
1726:
1712:
1462:Lucia, Christine (2005).
1265:algargosarte.blogspot.com
1163:, p. 108. African Minds.
67:An unaccompanied berimbau
1719:HornbostelâSachs numbers
842:, a musical bow made of
240:was likely derived from
1141:Donald Keith Robotham.
1800:Long-string instrument
1509:"Magical Musical Bows"
1188:. 15 & 16: 38â47.
1180:Joep Bor (1986â1987).
802:
602:
311:
60:
50:
1564:Best, Elston (2005).
1271:on 2 September 2018.
1091:Idiophone instruments
940:Appalachian Mountains
862:, of African origin.
854:gourd is used by the
793:
593:
306:
293:Appalachian mouth-bow
268:, creating the lute.
129:San or Bushmen people
59:
40:
1394:Sachs, Curt (1940).
1358:Sachs, Curt (1940).
2072:Appalachian culture
1617:Oxford Music Online
1232:"Trois Freres Cave"
555:is usually about a
1807:Melde's experiment
1642:Buffy Sainte-Marie
1449:, pp. 308â310
1011:YelatĂĄj chos woley
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1795:Longitudinal wave
1322:Campen, Ank van.
1305:978-0-8078-1758-2
960:is played by the
882:, musical bow of
498:harmonic partials
374:Uhadi musical bow
183:Trois Frères cave
120:string instrument
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47:Cross River State
16:(Redirected from
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1859:String vibration
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1570:. pp. 313â4
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2057:Musical bows
2031:Washtub bass
1884:musical bows
1883:
1844:Scale length
1821:
1741:Third bridge
1613:Whizzing Bow
1608:
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1583:
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246:
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207:
202:Trois Frères
198:Henri Breuil
191:
137:
111:
107:
103:
101:
2006:Psalmodicon
1919:Diddley bow
1778:Fundamental
1768:Fingerboard
1748:Chordophone
1706:instruments
1244:mammoths...
1066:Ravanahatha
1053:countries.
989:New Zealand
949:Indians of
848:gut strings
801:musical bow
747:umakhweyana
586:Other names
572:umakhweyana
565:minor third
533:umakhweyana
442:umakhweyana
211:chordophone
194:hunting bow
167:ravanahatha
163:pinaka vina
125:hunting bow
116:bar zithers
104:musical bow
32:Bow (music)
2046:Categories
1939:Ichigenkin
1934:Ground bow
1879:Monochords
1869:Tuning peg
1849:Soundboard
1763:Enharmonic
1574:2015-01-22
1493:2015-01-22
1107:References
1086:Jew's harp
1019:Gran Chaco
991:, made of
968:people of
927:region of
925:Gran Chaco
897:people in
858:people of
797:playing a
660:setolotolo
582:has four.
567:(Tsonga).
557:whole tone
277:Madagascar
266:stick-neck
112:string bow
95:media help
1986:Langeleik
1924:Duxianqin
1817:Monochord
1786:Overtones
1782:Harmonics
1537:: 20â21.
1333:March 26,
1237:March 27,
1203:Anthropos
1030:Brazilian
910:Ashaninka
903:Argentina
884:Mauritius
807:Brazilian
781:umqangala
777:tolo-tolo
755:umqangala
709:tshihwana
678:segankure
632:makhoyane
580:tshihwana
468:tshihwana
464:umqangala
446:segankure
365:In Africa
250:bow harps
108:bowstring
49:, Nigeria
18:Mouth bow
2001:Onavillu
1954:Genggong
1949:Jaw harp
1897:Berimbau
1839:Re-entry
1696:Musical
1598:19 April
1215:40461485
1071:Berimbau
1060:See also
1044:HawaiĂŻan
1033:berimbao
974:Zimbabwe
947:TepehuĂĄn
850:, and a
821:Kse diev
811:berimbau
730:umrhubhe
717:tshijolo
665:TepehuĂĄn
646:S. Sotho
619:Kimbundu
561:semitone
541:berimbau
474:, etc.)
460:umrhubhe
455:berimbau
355:capoeira
324:Onavillu
308:Madosini
285:berimbau
273:Eswatini
83:berimbau
2052:Zithers
2021:Umuduri
1996:Masenqo
1979:Mukkuri
1974:Morsing
1914:ÄĂ n bầu
1907:Boom-ba
1892:Ahardin
1698:strings
1593:YouTube
1404:136â137
1076:Malunga
1051:African
1040:malunga
1026:Curaçao
958:kalumbu
951:Durango
934:In the
895:Mapuche
888:RĂŠunion
852:coconut
840:Malunga
773:Lingala
759:umhubhe
738:inkinge
734:umqunge
696:Umbundu
691:xitende
687:xizambi
576:xitende
537:xitende
529:Banjiwe
487:Khoisan
472:xizambi
450:xitende
436:(as in
418:Umuduri
404:people.
402:Basotho
381:Umuduri
289:malunga
281:RĂŠunion
242:pan-tur
237:pandura
146:History
131:of the
2026:Unitar
1991:Lesiba
1969:Kubing
1964:Khomuz
1959:Gogona
1929:Ektara
1753:Course
1736:Bridge
1704:, and
1551:842168
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1410:
1374:
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1274:abajo.
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1037:Indian
1035:, the
1004:Hawaii
970:Zambia
921:Pilaga
844:bamboo
829:copper
825:string
713:lugube
683:Tsonga
674:Tswana
651:lesiba
641:lekope
614:ngongo
551:and a
527:(from
521:Vuliwe
509:closed
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344:melody
328:Kerala
322:. The
320:violin
279:, and
262:bridge
258:chords
227:zither
225:, and
213:: the
43:Obubra
2016:Tumbi
1758:Drone
1702:wires
1547:JSTOR
1368:56â57
1211:JSTOR
1101:Benta
1047:ukeke
1015:WichĂ
1000:ukeke
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983:is a
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764:!Kung
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545:hungu
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348:notes
339:gourd
254:dyads
1829:Node
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1715:List
1600:2021
1468:ISBN
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1372:ISBN
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637:Pedi
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