349:
the lungs. Mouth breathing can particularly affect the growing face, as the abnormal pull of these muscle groups on facial bones slowly deforms these bones, causing misalignment. The earlier in life these changes take place, the greater the alterations in facial growth, and ultimately an open mouth posture is created where the upper lip is raised and the lower jaw is maintained in an open posture. The tongue, which is normally tucked under the roof of the mouth, drops to the floor of the mouth and protrudes to allow a greater volume of air intake. Consequently, an open mouth posture can lead to malocclusions and problems in swallowing. Other causes of open-mouth posture are the weakness of lip muscles, overall lack of tone in the body or hypotonia, and prolonged/chronic allergies of the respiratory tract.
238:
processes and cause open bites. In children, tongue thrusting is common due to immature oral behavior, narrow dental arch, prolonged upper respiratory tract infections, spaces between the teeth (diastema), muscle weakness, malocclusion, abnormal sucking habits, and open mouth posture due to structural abnormalities of genetic origin. Large tonsils and adenoids also contribute to
25:
125:
66:
300:
pressure can restrict the development of the oral cavity. The tongue lies low in the mouth or oral cavity and is typically forwarded between upper and lower teeth. If tongue thrust behavior is not corrected, it may affect the normal dental development. The teeth may be pushed around in different directions during the growth of permanent teeth.
364:
terms of swallowing, speech, and other aesthetic factors. A team approach has been shown to be effective in correcting orofacial myofunctional disorders. The teams include an orthodontist, dental hygienist, certified orofacial myologist, general dentist, otorhinolaryngologist, and a speech-language pathologist.
363:
An orofacial myofunctional therapist reeducates the movement of muscles including teaching the client how to breathe properly, restore correct swallowing patterns, and establish adequate labial-lingual postures. An interdisciplinary nature of treatment is always desirable to reach functional goals in
348:
The adaptation from nasal to mouth breathing takes place when changes such as chronic middle ear infections, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, upper airway infections, and sleep disturbances (e.g., snoring) take place. In addition, mouth breathing is often associated with a decrease in oxygen intake into
299:
While identifying the causes of tongue thrust, it is important to remember that the resting posture of the tongue, jaw, and lips are crucial to the normal development of the mouth and its structures. If the tongue rests against the upper front teeth, the teeth may protrude forward, and adverse tongue
245:
From the dental perspective, teeth move in relation to the balance of the soft tissue; the normal relationship of teeth lies in occlusion; and any deviation from the normal occlusion can lead to dental distress. Tongue posture plays an important role in swallowing and dentofacial growth. In case of
237:
is a type of orofacial myofunctional disorder, which is defined as habitual resting or thrusting the tongue forward and/or sideways against or between the teeth while swallowing, chewing, resting, or speaking. Abnormal swallowing patterns push the upper teeth forward and away from the upper alveolar
218:
OMD refers to the abnormal resting posture of the orofacial musculature, atypical chewing, and swallowing patterns, dental malocclusions, blocked nasal airways, and speech problems. OMD are patterns involving oral and/or orofacial musculature that interferes with normal growth, development, or
250:
swallowing, the tip of the tongue can come against or between the dentition; the midpoint may be collapsed or extended unilaterally or bilaterally; or the posterior part of the hard palate. In these conditions, there are chances of abnormal dentofacial growth and other concerns regarding the
270:
Tongue thrusting and speech problems may co-occur. Due to unconventional postures of the tongue and other articulators, interdental and frontal lisping are very common. The alveolar sounds /s/ and /z/ are produced more anteriorly thus leading to interdental fricative like sounds, /th/.
227:. OMD also refers to factors such as nonnutritive sucking behaviors, such as thumb sucking, clenching, bruxing, etc. that led to abnormal development of dentition and oral cavity. OMD in adult and geriatric populations are due to various neurological impairments,
464:
254:
There are pertinent symptomatic questions that can be considered for the diagnosis of tongue thrust swallow. Some of these questions are geared toward tongue protrusion and an opening of lips when the client is in repose; habitual
209:
behaviors are not available. However, according to previous research, 38% of various populations have OMD. The incidence is as high as 81% in children exhibiting speech/articulation problems (Kellum, 1992).
1484:
1536:
38:
267:, (Class II, III); weak chewing muscles (masseter); weak lip muscles (orbicularis oris); overdeveloped chin muscles (mentalis); muscular imbalance; abnormal dentition.
468:
1059:
1467:
1462:
950:
198:(OMD) (sometimes called “oral myofunctional disorder", and “tongue thrust”) are muscle disorders of the face, mouth, lips, or jaw due to chronic
219:
function of structures, or calls attention to itself. OMD are found in both children and adults. OMD that are commonly seen in children include
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88:
44:
1452:
1437:
427:
135:
146:
563:
Bigenzahn W, Fischman L, Mayrhofer-Krammel U (1992). "Myofunctional therapy in patients with orofacial dysfunctions affecting speech".
694:
182:
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106:
52:
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Upper airway constrictions (e.g., deviated nasal septum) or obstructions (e.g., enlarged tonsils) or infections (e.g., rhinitis)
1442:
773:
1196:
788:
768:
1531:
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1447:
1411:
84:
389:
Establish appropriate oral, lingual, and facial muscle patterns that promote correct gestures for chewing and eating
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718:
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1366:
1049:
1031:
445:
381:
1494:
1044:
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920:
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1489:
970:
824:
753:
598:
Benkert KK (1997). "The effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy in improving dental occlusion".
76:
1321:
711:
392:
Retrain oral, lingual, and facial muscles to facilitate correct resting posture of tongue, lips, and jaw
139:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
542:
Myofunctional therapy in dental practice : abnormal swallowing habits : diagnosis, treatment
1421:
1371:
1115:
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1005:
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859:
834:
839:
386:
Reinforce and establish a resting posture of the tongue away from the teeth, against the hard palate
1416:
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1221:
1181:
1171:
1054:
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1406:
1346:
1341:
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635:"ABC of oral health. Improving occlusion and orofacial aesthetics: tooth repair and replacement"
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690:
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Create an oral environment that creates favorable conditions for the development of dentition
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1336:
1326:
1176:
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1085:
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433:
374:
256:
199:
1306:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1201:
1186:
960:
895:
659:
634:
224:
1525:
1391:
1296:
1281:
1246:
1231:
1161:
1156:
1080:
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854:
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264:
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523:
1401:
1291:
1226:
1206:
1146:
1131:
935:
915:
869:
783:
778:
758:
734:
358:
228:
416:
Eliminate digit-sucking behaviors to facilitate normal growth of the palatal arch
1351:
1301:
1276:
1191:
849:
1271:
1039:
990:
940:
930:
611:
506:
490:"Orofacial myofunctional therapy: historical and philosophical considerations"
489:
404:
Maintain overall facial muscle tone needed for chewing, swallowing, and speech
650:
549:
1000:
829:
401:
Improve the relationship between dental arches; reduce open bite and overjet
668:
544:(2 ed.). Coral Gables (Florida): Institute for Myofunctional Therapy.
619:
584:
515:
814:
1105:
1100:
819:
231:, altered functioning of muscles due to aging, systemic diseases, etc.
576:
707:
703:
295:
Inappropriate development of muscles in the head and neck areas
327:
Prolonged meal times due to ineffective chewing and swallowing
118:
59:
18:
1485:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
633:
Hemmings K, Griffiths B, Hobkirk J, Scully C (August 2000).
259:; digit sucking; existence of high and narrow palatal arch;
136:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
142:
1503:
1477:
1430:
1124:
1073:
1024:
888:
807:
741:
292:Inadequate development of facial and cranial bones
223:that is also known as swallowing with an anterior
205:Recent studies on the incidence and prevalence of
1537:Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
535:
533:
339:Problems with the fitting of dentures in future
330:Spillage of food/fluid from the anterior mouth
719:
469:Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
8:
398:Prevent relapses after orthodontic treatment
87:. There might be a discussion about this on
410:Eliminate dry mouth condition or xerostomia
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
726:
712:
704:
321:Abnormal eruption of teeth and dental arch
1468:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology
1463:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology
951:List of orthodontic functional appliances
658:
505:
251:development of the craniofacial complex.
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
456:
312:Imprecise articulation of speech sounds
286:Low-lying resting posture of the tongue
1453:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
1438:American Association of Orthodontists
687:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
428:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
309:Lisping (e.g., saying “thun” for sun)
7:
395:Establish mature swallowing patterns
465:"Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders"
283:General hypotonia or low body tone
14:
196:Orofacial myofunctional disorders
34:This article has multiple issues.
565:Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica
123:
64:
23:
324:Abnormal tone of facial muscles
42:or discuss these issues on the
1443:American Board of Orthodontics
1:
1197:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist)
880:Temperomandibular dysfunction
304:Consequences of tongue thrust
789:Standard anatomical position
769:Failure of eruption of teeth
1511:Angle School of Orthodontia
1448:British Orthodontic Society
774:Little's Irregularity Index
1553:
1458:Indian Orthodontic Society
1252:John Hooper (Orthodontist)
356:
289:Imbalance in dental growth
956:List of palatal expanders
612:10.52010/ijom.1997.23.1.6
540:Garliner, Daniel (1974).
507:10.52010/ijom.1988.14.1.3
368:Goals/benefits of therapy
333:Negative cosmetic effects
1367:Frederick Lester Stanton
1050:Intrusion (orthodontics)
1032:Anchorage (orthodontics)
651:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.438
488:Hanson ML (March 1988).
446:Obligate nasal breathing
382:nasal breathing patterns
240:tongue thrust swallowing
1495:Journal of Orthodontics
1045:Interproximal reduction
981:Palatal lift prosthesis
600:Int J Orofacial Myology
494:Int J Orofacial Myology
1490:The Angle Orthodontist
971:Orthodontic technology
845:Bimaxillary Protrusion
754:Cephalometric analysis
685:Nestor, James (2020).
377:and open-mouth posture
145:by rewriting it in an
1322:Frederick Bogue Noyes
1372:Earl Emanuel Shepard
1125:Notable contributors
1036:Cantilever mechanics
1016:Twin Block Appliance
1006:Self-ligating braces
865:Condylar hyperplasia
860:Maxillary hypoplasia
413:Improve oral hygiene
77:confusing or unclear
1222:John Nutting Farrar
1182:Charles J. Burstone
1172:Holly Broadbent Sr.
1055:Molar distalization
906:Activator appliance
689:. Riverhead Books.
85:clarify the article
1532:Muscular disorders
1407:Robert M. Ricketts
1347:Alfred Paul Rogers
1342:Robert M. Ricketts
976:Orthodontic spacer
764:Dentition analysis
344:Open mouth posture
315:Open-mouth posture
147:encyclopedic style
134:is written like a
1519:
1518:
1397:Edmund H. Wuerpel
1332:Herbert A. Pullen
1317:Dean Harold Noyes
1312:George Northcroft
1287:James A. McNamara
1242:Charles A. Hawley
1167:Charles B. Bolton
1152:Hans Peter Bimler
1065:Serial extraction
926:Frankel appliance
577:10.1159/000266155
440:Napoleon Dynamite
336:Lower self-esteem
193:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
117:
116:
109:
57:
1544:
1387:Charles H. Tweed
1377:Cecil C. Steiner
1237:Thomas M. Graber
1217:William B. Downs
1212:Terry Dischinger
1142:Clifford Ballard
1137:Spencer Atkinson
1011:Splint activator
986:Palatal expander
946:Herbst Appliance
728:
721:
714:
705:
700:
673:
672:
662:
645:(7258): 438–41.
630:
624:
623:
595:
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588:
560:
554:
553:
537:
528:
527:
509:
485:
479:
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235:Tongue thrusting
188:
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127:
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105:
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68:
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49:
27:
26:
19:
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1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1499:
1473:
1426:
1422:C. Philip Adams
1382:David L. Turpin
1357:Everett Shapiro
1337:Earl W. Renfroe
1327:Albin Oppenheim
1177:Allan G. Brodie
1120:
1116:Dental elastics
1091:Stainless steel
1086:Nickel titanium
1069:
1020:
884:
875:Mouth breathing
835:Dental crowding
803:
794:Tooth ankylosis
749:Bolton analysis
737:
732:
697:
684:
681:
679:Further reading
676:
632:
631:
627:
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592:
562:
561:
557:
539:
538:
531:
487:
486:
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473:
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463:
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434:Mouth breathing
423:
375:mouth breathing
370:
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355:
346:
306:
277:
257:mouth breathing
216:
200:mouth breathing
189:
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143:help improve it
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96:
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69:
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Ravindra Nanda
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Albert Ketcham
1264:
1262:Harold Kesling
1259:
1257:Joseph Jarabak
1254:
1249:
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1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
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1202:David Di Biase
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Peter Buschang
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
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983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Lingual braces
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:ACCO appliance
892:
890:
886:
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882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
840:Dental spacing
837:
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827:
822:
817:
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696:978-0735213616
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263:(tongue-tie);
225:tongue posture
215:
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173:
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131:
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115:
114:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
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22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1538:
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1433:
1431:Organizations
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1423:
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1417:Häns Pancherz
1415:
1413:
1412:Kevin O'Brien
1410:
1408:
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1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1392:Katherine Vig
1390:
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1362:L. F. Andrews
1360:
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1325:
1323:
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1300:
1298:
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1295:
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1290:
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1282:Benno Lischer
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
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1247:Reed Holdaway
1245:
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1235:
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1232:Sheldon Friel
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1160:
1158:
1157:Samir Bishara
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1081:Beta-titanium
1079:
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868:
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855:Retrognathism
853:
851:
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833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
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816:
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800:
799:Tongue thrust
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629:
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613:
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571:(5): 238–44.
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1147:Raymond Begg
1132:Edward Angle
936:Lingual arch
916:Damon system
870:Overeruption
784:Scissor bite
779:Malocclusion
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1302:Hayes Nance
1277:Craven Kurz
1192:Calvin Case
850:Prognathism
500:(1): 3–10.
214:Indications
1526:Categories
1272:Juri Kurol
1162:Arne Björk
1040:Fiberotomy
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